CHELATED CHELATED MINERALS IN MINERALS IN
ANIMAL NUTRITIONANIMAL NUTRITION
Rajendran, C.Kathirvelan and V.Balakrishnan
Madras Veterinary College
Chennai, INDIA
Role of Minerals:
7 macro minerals
9 micro mineral.
Minerals fed to Cattle
Role as Buffer
1. Feed intake
2. milk production
3. Enhance milk composition
4. Sustain health
INTRODUCTION
““All Physiological FunctionAll Physiological Function”
Mineral deficiency occur
All Livestock & Poultry
May be sufficient amount in diet
Interaction between minerals
Presence of Anti nutritional factors
Phytate
Oxalate
Mimosine
Gossypol
Extend of mineral absorption in ruminant
CobaltCobalt
7-10%7-10%IronIron
3-4%3-4%ManganeseManganese
1-3%1-3%CopperCopper
Extent of Extent of absorption (%)absorption (%)
MineralsMinerals
Non-ruminant little higher with mineral
Factor affecting absorption
1. Chemical form – Organic, Inorganic
2. Other dietary factor –pH, Solubility etc.,
25 %
How to increase absorption
Complexing inorganic element with organic compound. This is called ‘Chelates’.
Chelates :
It is a cyclic compound which is formed between an organic molecule and a metallic ion. Held with in the organic molecule as if by a “claw”.
Chelate -Greek word - ‘Claw’
Naturally occurring chelates :
Chlorophyll'sCytochromeHaemoglobin
Vitamin B12
Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals
1.Metal (specific amino acid) Complex
2.Metal Aminoacid Complex
3.Metal Aminoacid Chelate
4.Mineral proteinnates
5.Mineral polysaccharide complex
Complexation and Chelates
[Cu (NH3)2]
Metalic ion + Ligand Complex
complex may be as simple as only one bond
Or complex contain many bond - Chelates
Cu2 + NH3 [Cu (NH3)2 + NH3
(Lewis acid) (Lewis base)
COMPLEX
Metal ComplexCu
NH3
Metal Chelate
Metal (specific amino acid) Complex – The product
resulting from complexing a soluble metal salt with a
specific amino acid. Minimum metal must be declared.
When used as a commercial feed ingredient, it must be
declared as a specific metal, i.e copper lysine complex,
zinc lysine complex etc.
Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals
Examples are:Copper lysine complex Zinc lysine complex Ferric methionine complex Manganese methionine complex Zinc methionine complex
Metal Aminoacid Complex – Product resulting from complexing of
a soluble metal salt (such as copper or manganese, etc) with an
amino acid(s). Minimum metal content must declared. When used
as a commercial feed ingredient.
Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals
Examples are: Copper amino acid complex Zinc amino acid complex Magnesium amino acid complex Iron amino acid complex Calcium amino acid complex Potassium amino acid complex Manganese amino acid complex
Metal Aminoacid Chelate – The product resulting from the
reaction of a metal ion from a soluble metal salt with amino
acids, with a mole ratio of one mole of metal to one to three
(preferably two) moles of amino acids to form coordinate
covalent bonds.
Amino acids molecular weight must be approximately 150
the chelate molecular weight must not exceed 800. The
minimum metal content must be declared. When used as a
commercial feed ingredient,
Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals
Examples are:Calcium amino acid chelate Cobalt amino acid chelate Copper amino acid chelate Iron amino acid chelate
Magnesium amino acid chelate Manganese amino acid chelate Zinc amino acid chelate
Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals
Metal proteinate is the product resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with amino acids and/or partially hydrolyzed protein. It must be declared as a ingredient as the specific metal proteinate.
Examples are:Copper proteinate Zinc proteinate Magnesium proteinate Iron proteinate Cobalt proteinate Manganese proteinate Calcium proteinate
Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals
Metal Polysaccharide Complex – is the product resulting
from complexing of a soluble salt with a polysaccharide
solution declared as a ingredient as the specific metal
complex
Examples are:Copper polysaccharide complex Iron polysaccharide complex Zinc polysaccharide complex Magnesium polysaccharide complex
How to prepare a chelate
By reaction
mineral salt +
enzymatically prepared Amino acid/ peptide
Controlled condition
Ligand bind the metal atom at one or more point
Form Ring
Primary chelated mineral used in animal feeds are Primary chelated mineral used in animal feeds are
Zinc
Iron
Manganese
Cobalt
Copper
These are “transitional” element
It prefer to form co-ordinate covalent bond- a hybrid form of linkage – stable complex
Ca, Mg, k
Technology for preparation of chelated minerals
Hydrolysis of Protein
Separation by centrifuge and ultrafiltration
Chelation process
Removal of unbound mineral
Drying grinding and storage
Dinhh and Aruna Chhabra, 2003
1. Charge / radius :
2. Neural binder – more polar – Higher tendency to coordinate metal ion.
3. Alkaline binder – Stabilization by formation of covalent bond
4. Chelation effect :
1. Mono dentate – less stable2. Multi dentate – more stable
5. Dimensions of Chelation :
1. 5 term 2. 6 term
7. Shape: Steric Tension
High stability
Chelated minerals...Factors influencing stabilityFactors influencing stability
Use of chelates in Animal Nutrition
Main Objectives :
1. Reduction of antagonism, interferences and competition among minerals.
2. Improve the bioavailability of minerals
3. Counteract antinutritional factors, which affecting minerals
4. Performance improvement
5. Health improvement (immune status, functional nutrition)
6. over all animal welfare
7. Improvement in animal produces quality (meat, milk, egg, wool etc.,)
8. Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals on vitamins in premixes and feed.
9. Protect environment by reducing metal pollution.
Mode of action
Stable in rumen environment & abomasum
Delivered in small intestine as such.
Absorbed through active transport (more blood level)
It act as biological complex (more tissue level)
Enter into different pool
Metabolizable in differently(Neathery et al 1972) (Pharmaco-dyanamics nutrient) (using 65Zn)
RuminantRuminantss
Mineral Amino Acid complex
Zinc methionine
Zinc lysine
Manganese methionine
Iron methionine
Copper lysine
Zinc methionine has been studied greatest extend.
Not much research on zinc lysine & iron methionine in ruminants.
Zinc mehionine
Not degraded
Remain intact
Bind with feed particle or micro organism
So no insoluble complex
Sperars 1989
Semi purifical diet deficient in zinc ZM compared with zinc oxide.
Absorption similar
Metabolized differently, Zno. Excreted more through urine.
Chelated minerals usually cost more, per unit of metal element, than the same metal in inorganic form. Historically the argument against chelates was that increased use of inorganics was more economic than feeding chelates. However, there is indication that in some situations, chelates can achieve biologic endpoints that inorganics cannot.
CONCLUSION
Chelated mineral can be used when more amount of antinutritional factor or interference affects mineral utilizationIt can be used as immuno-stimulant but more data is needed.