CHELATED CHELATED MINERALS IN MINERALS IN

ANIMAL NUTRITIONANIMAL NUTRITION

Rajendran, C.Kathirvelan and V.Balakrishnan

Madras Veterinary College

Chennai, INDIA

Role of Minerals:

7 macro minerals

9 micro mineral.

Minerals fed to Cattle

Role as Buffer

1. Feed intake

2. milk production

3. Enhance milk composition

4. Sustain health

INTRODUCTION

““All Physiological FunctionAll Physiological Function”

Mineral deficiency occur

All Livestock & Poultry

May be sufficient amount in diet

Interaction between minerals

Presence of Anti nutritional factors

Phytate

Oxalate

Mimosine

Gossypol

Extend of mineral absorption in ruminant

CobaltCobalt

7-10%7-10%IronIron

3-4%3-4%ManganeseManganese

1-3%1-3%CopperCopper

Extent of Extent of absorption (%)absorption (%)

MineralsMinerals

Non-ruminant little higher with mineral

Factor affecting absorption

1. Chemical form – Organic, Inorganic

2. Other dietary factor –pH, Solubility etc.,

25 %

How to increase absorption

Complexing inorganic element with organic compound. This is called ‘Chelates’.

Chelates :

It is a cyclic compound which is formed between an organic molecule and a metallic ion. Held with in the organic molecule as if by a “claw”.

Chelate -Greek word - ‘Claw’

Naturally occurring chelates :

Chlorophyll'sCytochromeHaemoglobin

Vitamin B12

Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals

1.Metal (specific amino acid) Complex

2.Metal Aminoacid Complex

3.Metal Aminoacid Chelate

4.Mineral proteinnates

5.Mineral polysaccharide complex

Complexation and Chelates

[Cu (NH3)2]

Metalic ion + Ligand Complex

complex may be as simple as only one bond

Or complex contain many bond - Chelates

Cu2 + NH3 [Cu (NH3)2 + NH3

(Lewis acid) (Lewis base)

COMPLEX

Metal ComplexCu

NH3

Metal Chelate

Metal (specific amino acid) Complex – The product

resulting from complexing a soluble metal salt with a

specific amino acid. Minimum metal must be declared.

When used as a commercial feed ingredient, it must be

declared as a specific metal, i.e copper lysine complex,

zinc lysine complex etc.

Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals

Examples are:Copper lysine complex Zinc lysine complex Ferric methionine complex Manganese methionine complex Zinc methionine complex

Metal Aminoacid Complex – Product resulting from complexing of

a soluble metal salt (such as copper or manganese, etc) with an

amino acid(s). Minimum metal content must declared. When used

as a commercial feed ingredient.

Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals

Examples are: Copper amino acid complex Zinc amino acid complex Magnesium amino acid complex Iron amino acid complex Calcium amino acid complex Potassium amino acid complex Manganese amino acid complex

Metal Aminoacid Chelate – The product resulting from the

reaction of a metal ion from a soluble metal salt with amino

acids, with a mole ratio of one mole of metal to one to three

(preferably two) moles of amino acids to form coordinate

covalent bonds.

Amino acids molecular weight must be approximately 150

the chelate molecular weight must not exceed 800. The

minimum metal content must be declared. When used as a

commercial feed ingredient,

Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals

Examples are:Calcium amino acid chelate Cobalt amino acid chelate Copper amino acid chelate Iron amino acid chelate

Magnesium amino acid chelate Manganese amino acid chelate Zinc amino acid chelate

Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals

Metal proteinate is the product resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with amino acids and/or partially hydrolyzed protein. It must be declared as a ingredient as the specific metal proteinate.

Examples are:Copper proteinate Zinc proteinate Magnesium proteinate Iron proteinate Cobalt proteinate Manganese proteinate Calcium proteinate

Classification of organic mineralsClassification of organic minerals

Metal Polysaccharide Complex – is the product resulting

from complexing of a soluble salt with a polysaccharide

solution declared as a ingredient as the specific metal

complex

Examples are:Copper polysaccharide complex Iron polysaccharide complex Zinc polysaccharide complex Magnesium polysaccharide complex

How to prepare a chelate

By reaction

mineral salt +

enzymatically prepared Amino acid/ peptide

Controlled condition

Ligand bind the metal atom at one or more point

Form Ring

Primary chelated mineral used in animal feeds are Primary chelated mineral used in animal feeds are

Zinc

Iron

Manganese

Cobalt

Copper

These are “transitional” element

It prefer to form co-ordinate covalent bond- a hybrid form of linkage – stable complex

Ca, Mg, k

Technology for preparation of chelated minerals

Hydrolysis of Protein

Separation by centrifuge and ultrafiltration

Chelation process

Removal of unbound mineral

Drying grinding and storage

Dinhh and Aruna Chhabra, 2003

1. Charge / radius :

2. Neural binder – more polar – Higher tendency to coordinate metal ion.

3. Alkaline binder – Stabilization by formation of covalent bond

4. Chelation effect :

1. Mono dentate – less stable2. Multi dentate – more stable

5. Dimensions of Chelation :

1. 5 term 2. 6 term

7. Shape: Steric Tension

High stability

Chelated minerals...Factors influencing stabilityFactors influencing stability

Use of chelates in Animal Nutrition

Main Objectives :

1. Reduction of antagonism, interferences and competition among minerals.

2. Improve the bioavailability of minerals

3. Counteract antinutritional factors, which affecting minerals

4. Performance improvement

5. Health improvement (immune status, functional nutrition)

6. over all animal welfare

7. Improvement in animal produces quality (meat, milk, egg, wool etc.,)

8. Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals on vitamins in premixes and feed.

9. Protect environment by reducing metal pollution.

Mode of action

Stable in rumen environment & abomasum

Delivered in small intestine as such.

Absorbed through active transport (more blood level)

It act as biological complex (more tissue level)

Enter into different pool

Metabolizable in differently(Neathery et al 1972) (Pharmaco-dyanamics nutrient) (using 65Zn)

RuminantRuminantss

Mineral Amino Acid complex

Zinc methionine

Zinc lysine

Manganese methionine

Iron methionine

Copper lysine

Zinc methionine has been studied greatest extend.

Not much research on zinc lysine & iron methionine in ruminants.

Zinc mehionine

Not degraded

Remain intact

Bind with feed particle or micro organism

So no insoluble complex

Sperars 1989

Semi purifical diet deficient in zinc ZM compared with zinc oxide.

Absorption similar

Metabolized differently, Zno. Excreted more through urine.

Chelated minerals usually cost more, per unit of metal element, than the same metal in inorganic form. Historically the argument against chelates was that increased use of inorganics was more economic than feeding chelates. However, there is indication that in some situations, chelates can achieve biologic endpoints that inorganics cannot.

CONCLUSION

Chelated mineral can be used when more amount of antinutritional factor or interference affects mineral utilizationIt can be used as immuno-stimulant but more data is needed.