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IntroductIonPoisonous plants represent one o the greatest haz-ards to livestock ranching on western rangelands. Inaddition to direct losses by death, there are those dueto weight loss, poor reproductive perormance, andpoor health. Through scientic reports and practicalexperience, ranch managers have learned to recog-nize poisonous plants and keep livestock losses to a
minimum. Some o the things that can be done toprevent problems with poisonous plants are
1. Know the poisonous plants. This is the rst lineo deense against toxic plants.
2. Practice good range management. To a limiteddegree, poisonous plants will always be presenton rangelands, but the real danger is when theplants are eaten. Livestock poisoning is more o-ten the result o poor range condition and poormanagement than the presence o poisonous
plants. Most poisonous plants are unpalatableand will be eaten only i other good quality or-age is not available.
3. Feed adequate mineral and vitamin A supple-ments. Livestock in poor health are more suscep-tible to many toxins than are healthy animals.
4. Provide adequate orage, especially during earlyspring or drought periods.
5. Avoid driving livestock through inested or poorcondition range. Hungry animals lose their se-lectivity, and poor rangelands contain ar morepoisonous plants than those in good condition.
6. Use control measuresherbicides, grubbing, etc.on heavy inestations o toxic plants.
The most common toxins in New Mexico poi-sonous plants are alkaloids, glycosides, minerals,nitrogenous compounds, oxalates and other organicacids, compounds causing photosensitivity, and res-ins or resinoids (see Tables 1 and 2).
Alkaloids. These are the most powerul poisonsand produce strong physiological reactions, general-ly aecting the nervous system. The alkaloid is usu-ally distributed throughout the plant and is activewhether it is resh or dry. There are no antidotes oralkaloid poisoning. Some o the common alkaloid-containing range plants are locoweeds (Astragalusspp.), larkspur (Delphinium spp.), groundsel (Sene-cio spp.), and lupine (Lupinusspp.).
Glycosides. Glycosides are compounds com-
posed o a toxic agent combined with a sugar. Thetoxic agent is harmul when released rom the gly-cosides. Cyanide (HCN, prussic acid) is the mostcommon toxin in the glycosides. Glycoside levels inthe plant are oten related to environmental actorssuch as reezing, wilting, drought, and crushing.Cyanide is generally not retained in plant tissuesater drying. Catclaw (Acacia greggii), chokecherry(Prunus virginiana), and johnsongrass (Sorghumhalepense) are potential cyanide producers.
Minerals. Excessive absorption o certain miner-als may be dangerous to livestock. Selenium is pos-sibly the most important poisonous mineral in NewMexico. It may be ound in some species o loco-
1Proessor, Department o Animal and Range Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces.
To fnd more resources or your business, home, or amily, visit the College o Agricultural, Consumer and EnvironmentalSciences on the World Wide Web at aces.nmsu.edu
A Aa chki Pi Iji rag Pa nw MiCircular 636
Ky W. A1
Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental SciencesThis publication is scheduled to be updated and reissued 02/15.
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weed (Astragalusspp.), ourwing saltbush (Atriplexcanescens), snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), andasters (Asterspp.). Princes plume (Stanleya pinnata)grows only on selenierous soils.
Nitrogenous compounds. Both range and cropplants may contain potentially toxic levels o ni-trogenous compounds. Care must be taken duringdrought or ater ertilizer or herbicide application.Nitrates are also toxic in dry material and silage.Nitrogenous compounds are oten ound in manyspecies o the amaranth (Amaranthaceae), sunfow-er (Asteraceae), mustard (Brassicaceae), and goose-oot (Chenopodiaceae) amilies.
Oxalates and organic acids. Many plantscontain oxalates, but ew species in New Mexicocontain enough to be considered dangerous. Ha-
logeton (Halogeton glomeratus) and dock (Rumexspp.) possess soluble oxalates that are corrosive toanimal tissue. Non-ruminants are more susceptibleto oxalate poisoning than ruminants because thelarge rumen capacity enables the animal to detoxiysmall amounts o soluble oxalates. Most cases o ru-minant poisoning occur on poor condition range-lands.
Compounds causing photosensitivity. On cer-tain occasions, animals become hypersensitive tolight. Photodynamic pigments contained in horse-brush (etradymia spp.), lechuguilla (Agave lechu-guilla), sacahuista (Nolina spp.), and puncture-vine(ribulus terrestris) react with light to produce swell-ing about the head, blistering, and a sunburnedappearance. Damage may be so severe that the lips,ears, and eyelids may be lost. Bacterial inectionmay also set in.
Resins or resinoids. These are highly complexorganic compounds that are present in a numbero plants. Resins are ound in milkweeds (Asclepias
spp.), marijuana (Cannabis sativa), water hemlock(Cicuta maculata), and chinaberry tree (Melia aze-darach).
Several noxious plants contain no poisonouscompounds, and instead cause injury through me-
chanical means i grazed. This is oten by long awnsor bristles (Aristida spp., Hordeum jubatum, Stipaspp.) or by stinging hairs (Urtiea spp.).
PoIsonous PlAnts of neW MexIcoThere are at least 270 poisonous plants known tooccur in New Mexico (Table 3). The ollowing listincludes all New Mexico range plants known to bepoisonous or injurious to livestock or humans, eventhough many o these do not pose a threat exceptin exceptional circumstances. Also included are aew very common poisonous ornamentals or gar-den plants that may occasionally escape. The majorpoisonous plants that are likely to cause problemsand should be watched or are marked with an as-
terisk (*). The list is arranged in alphabetical orderby plant amily and scientic name. Indications otoxins and animals aected are only those reportedand veried. The plants may be toxic to animalsother than those listed.
able 1. Plant oxins and Teir Efects on Livestockoxin Efect and Symptoms
Alkaloids Nervous system, liver damage, locoism,trembling, abortion, depression, paralysis,vomiting, loss o coordination, coma, and death
Glycosides Excitement, gasping, staggering, paralysis,prostration, convulsions, emphysema, blindness,coma, and death
Mineral Birth deects, loss o appetite, depression, laboredpoisoning breathing, excessive urination, coma, and
death through respiratory and myocardial ailure
Nitrogenous Abortion, depression o lactation, discoloredcompounds urine, vitamin A deciency, brown blood,
trembling, weakness, labored breathing,hemorrhages, coma, and death
Oxalates Nervous system, reduced coagulability o blood,acute kidney infammation, dullness, colic,depression, labored breathing, prostration,
weakness, coma, and death
Compounds causing Liver damage, infammation o skin, itching,photosensitivity necrosis o skin, restlessness, leakage o serum
through skin; death does not occur directly romthe photodynamic action, but through kidney
ailureResins or resinoids Direct irritation o the nervous and muscular
tissue, depression, weakness, staggering, laboredbreathing, elevated temperature, dilation opupils, degeneration o kidneys, coma, and death
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able 2. Distribution o oxins in the Major Plant Families in New MexicoNumber o species Number o species Number o species
Family in which toxin occurs Family in which toxin occurs Family in which toxin occursoxin in New Mexico oxin in New Mexico oxin in New Mexico
Fabaceae Photosensitization 2 Brassicaceae
Alkaloids 21 Unknown 2 Allylisothiocyanate
Dicoumarin 2 Solanaceae Glycosides 1
Glycosides 3 Alkaloids 11 Mustard oil 1
Photosensitization 3 Glycosides 1 Selenium 1
Saponin 1 Unknown 2 Unknown 2
Selenium 13 Chenopodiaceae Ascelepiadaceae
Unknown 10 Antihelminthic oil 1 Alkaloids 7
Asteraceae Glycosides 1 Glycosides 7
Acrid substance 2 Nitrogenous compounds 3 Resinoids 7
Alcohol 1 Oxalates 4 Rosaceae
Alkaloids 5 Photosensitization 1 Glycosides 7
Glycosides 3 Selenium 3 Euphorbiaceae
Nitrogenous compounds 2 Ranunculaceae Acrid substance 3
Photosensitization 2 Alkaloids 6 Croton oil 1
Saponin 2 Glycosides 4 Photosensitization 1
Selenium 11 Hairballs 1 Unknown 1
Unknown 21 Irritant oils 1 Liliaceae
Volatile oils 2 Apiaceae Alkaloids 4
Poaceae Alcohol 2 Unknown 2
Fungus 1 Alkaloids 2 Polygonaceae
Glycosides 3 Nitrogenous compounds 2 Nitrogenous compounds 1
Mechanically injurous 10 Unknown 2 Oxalates 4
Nitrogenous compounds 3 Photosensitization 1
able 3. Number o Poisonous or Noxious Range Plants in New Mexico
Family Number o species Family Number o species Family Number o species
Fabaceae 52 Ranunculaceae 12 Rosaceae 6
Asteraceae 50 Apiaceae 10 Polygonaceae
Poaceae 32 Brassicaceae 8 38 other amilies 66
Solanaceae 14 Asclepiadaceae 7
Chenopodiaceae 12 Euphorbiaceae 7 otal 281
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AgavaaAgave lechuguilla orr.Common name: lechuguillaToxin: unknown substances producing hepatogenicphotosensitization; saponinsHabitat: dry hills and plainsAnimals aected: sheep, goats
Nolina microcarpa Wats.Common name: beargrass, sacahuistaoxin: unknownHabitat: dry, rocky hills and plainsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats
Nolina texana Wats.Common name: beargrass, sacahuistaoxin: unknownHabitat: dry, rocky hills and plains
Animals aected: cattle, sheep, goats
Amaahaa*Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats.Common name: pigweed, carelessweed, redrootamaranthoxin: nitratesHabitat: gardens and old elds, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Amaranthus retroexusL.Common name: pigweed, carelessweed, redroot
amaranthoxin: nitratesHabitat: gardens and old elds, waste placesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Aaaiaa*oxicodendron radicans(L.) KuntzeCommon name: poison ivyoxin: urushiol, a skin irritantHabitat: moist areas at lower elevations, ravinesAnimals aected: humans (dermatitis)
ApiaaApium graveolensL.Common name: celeryoxin: nitrates (in the tops)Habitat: waste groundAnimals aected: cattle
Berula erecta (Huds.) Cov.Common name: water parsnipoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: waterways, wet habitatsAnimals aected: cattle
*Cicuta maculata L.Common name: water hemlockoxin: cicutoxin (alcohol)Habitat: streams and marshesAnimals aected: all animals and humans
Conium maculatum L.Common name: poison hemlockoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: moist roadsides, ditches, edges o culti-vated eldsAnimals aected: all animals and humans
Daucus carota L.Common name: wild carrot, Queen Anns laceoxin: nitratesHabitat: waste areasAnimals aected: horses, cattle
Pastinaca sativa L.Common name: parsnipoxin: unknownHabitat: disturbed ground, cultivated areasAnimals aected: humans
Sium suaveWalt.Common name: water parsnipoxin: unknownHabitat: marshes and wet soilsAnimals aected: cattle, swine
ApyaaApocynum androsaemiolium L.Common name: spreading dogbaneoxin: resins, glycosides
Habitat: open places, coarse soils along streams,meadows, and wooded hillsidesAnimals aected: cats, dogs
Apocynum cannabinum L.Common name: dogbane, hemp dogbaneoxin: resins, glycosides
* Major poisonous plant
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Apyaa (.)
Habitat: open places, coarse soils along streamsAnimals aected: cats, dogs
Nerium oleanderL.Common name: oleanderoxin: glycosidesHabitat: common ornamentalAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, humans
Apiaaa*Asclepias asperula (Decne) WoodsonCommon name: rough milkweed, spiderantelopehornoxin: resinoids, glycosides, alkaloidsHabitat: open dry plains, fats, desert swales, sandyor rocky hillsides with pinyon, juniper, or oakAnimals aected: sheep, cattle goats, horses, poultry
*Asclepias incarnata L.Common name: swamp milkweedoxin: resinoids, glycosides, alkaloidsHabitat: marshesAnimals aected: sheep, cattle, horses, poultry
*Asclepias latiolia (orr.) Ra.Common name: broadlea milkweedoxin: resinoids, glycosides, alkaloidsHabitat: dry plains in sandy soilsAnimals aected: sheep, goats
*Asclepias pumila Voil.Common name: low whorled milkweed, plainswhorled milkweedoxin: resinoids, glycosides, alkaloidsHabitat: plains, low hillsAnimals aected: sheep, goats
*Asclepias speciosa orr.Common name: showy milkweedoxin: resinoids, glycosides, alkaloids
Habitat: prairies, open areasAnimals aected: sheep, goats
*Asclepias subverticillata Vail.Common name: whorled milkweed, westernwhorled milkweedoxin: resinoides, glycosides, alkaloids
Habitat: dry plains and oothills, waterways, irriga-tion canalsAnimals aected: sheep, goats
*Asclepias verticillata L.Common name: whorled milkweedoxin: resinoids, glycosides, alkaloidsHabitat: plains o northeastern New MexicoAnimals aected: sheep, cattle, horses
AaaAchillea milleolium L.Common name: yarrowoxin: alkaloids and glycosidesHabitat: variousAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Anthemis cotula L.
Common name: dog ennel, mayweedoxin: acrid substance irritating to mucousmembranesHabitat: disturbed soils, elds, waste placesAnimals aected: poultry
Artemisia liolia orr.Common name: sand sagebrushoxin: volatile oilsHabitat: sandy soilsAnimals aected: horses
Artemisia spinescens(DC.) EatonCommon name: bud sagebrushoxin: volatile oilsHabitat: dry plains, hillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Aster adscendensLindl.Common name: asteroxin: seleniumHabitat: mountain meadowsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Aster coerulescensDC.Common name: asteroxin: seleniumHabitat: wet ground, along streamsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
* Major poisonous plant
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Aaa (.)
Aster commutatusGrayCommon name: asteroxin: seleniumHabitat: open elds, waste groundsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Aster ericoidesL.Common name: asteroxin: seleniumHabitat: meadows, open woodsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Aster glaucoidesBlakeCommon name: gray asteroxin: seleniumHabitat: mountainsAnimals aected: sheep
Aster laevisL.Common name: smooth asteroxin: seleniumHabitat: scattered in dry to moist placesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Aster occidentalis(Nutt.) orr. & GrayCommon name: western asteroxin: seleniumHabitat: mountain meadows at moderate elevationsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Aster pauciorusNutt.Common name: ewheaded asteroxin: seleniumHabitat: widespread in saline soilsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Baccharis pteronioidesDC.Common name: yerba-de-pasmooxin: unknownHabitat: dry, open hills
Animals aected: cattle, sheep
Bahia oppositiolia (Nutt.) DC.Common name: bahia, plains bahiaoxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: dry soils o plains and hillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
*Baileya multiradiata Harv. & GrayCommon name: desert baileya, desert marigoldoxin: unknownHabitat: sandy and gravelly soils in dry areasAnimals aected: sheep, goats
Centaurea repensL.Common name: Russian knapweedoxin: unknownHabitat: elds, roadsides, waste placesAnimals aected: horses
Centaurea solstitialisL.Common name: yellow starthistleoxin: unknownHabitat: waste groundsAnimals aected: horses
Chrysothamnus nauseosus(Pall.) BrittonCommon name: rubber rabbitbrushoxin: unknownHabitat: dry, open places at moderate and lowelevationsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Conyza coulteriGrayCommon name: conyzaoxin: unknownHabitat: plains, valleys, alkaline soilsAnimals aected: sheep
Flourensia cernua DC.Common name: tarbushoxin: unknownHabitat: dry plains, hills, mesasAnimals aected: sheep, goats
Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) DunalCommon name: curlycup gumweedoxin: seleniumHabitat: dry open places, prairies, plains,
roadsides, eldsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Gutierrezia microcephala (DC.) GrayCommon name: broomweed, perennial snakeweed,turpentine weed, snakeweed, matchweedoxin: saponin
* Major poisonous plant
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Aaa (.)
Habitat: dry plains, slopes, mesasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats, swine,chicks, rabbits
*Gutierrezia sarothrae(Pursh) Britt. & RusbyCommon name: broom snakeweed, snakeweed,matchbrush, turpentine weedoxin: saponinHabitat: dry stony plains, slopes, mesasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats, swine,chicks, rabbits
*Haplopappus tenuisectus(Greene) BlakeCommon name: burrowweedoxin: tremetol (alcohol)Habitat: dry slopes and mesasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
*Helenium autumnaleL.Common name: sneezeweed, bitterweedoxin: unknown acrid substanceHabitat: moist low ground in lowlands andoothillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
*Helenium hoopesiiGrayCommon name: sneezeweed, orange sneezeweedoxin: glycoside (dugaldin)Habitat: high mountain slopes and valleys, otenorming dense stands in moist, sunny, undisturbedlocalitiesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
*Helenium microcephalum DC.Common name: sneezeweedoxin: unknownHabitat: moist groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, mules
*Hymenoxys odorata DC.
Common name: bitterweed, bitter rubberweedoxin: unknownHabitat: semiarid rangeAnimals aected: sheep
*Hymenoxys richardsonii(Hook.) CockerellCommon name: pingue, Colorado rubberweed,rubberweed
oxin: unknown, may be associated with mineralimbalanceHabitat: dry, rocky, or clay soils o plains andmountain slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats
*Isocoma wrightii(Gray) Rydb.Common name: rayless goldenrod, jimmyweed,burrowweedoxin: tremetol (alcohol)Habitat: river valleys, drainage areas, irrigationcanalsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Lactuca serriola L.Common name: wild lettuceoxin: unknownHabitat: waste grounds, valleys, stream banks
Animals aected: cattle
*Oxytenia acerosa Nutt.Common name: copperweedoxin: unknownHabitat: alkaline soils in draws and streambeds,desert rangesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Psathyrotes annua (Nutt.) GrayCommon name: annual psathyrotesoxin: unknownHabitat: dry, sandy, oten alkaline soils, especiallycreekbeds, dry washesAnimals aected: sheep
*Psilostrophe sparsiora (Gray) A. Nels.Common name: paperfoweroxin: unknown, induces kidney damageHabitat: dry, open rangeAnimals aected: sheep
*Psilostrophe tagetinae(Nutt.) Greene
Common name: paperfoweroxin: unknown, induces kidney damageHabitat: dry, open rangeAnimals aected: sheep
Rudbeckia laciniata L.Common name: golden glow, conefower,thimble weed
* Major poisonous plant
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Aaa (.)oxin: unknownHabitat: moist, rich soilsAnimals aected: swine, sheep
Rudbeckia hirta L.Common name: black-eyed Susanoxin: unknownHabitat: open slopes, meadowsAnimals aected: cattle, swine
Sartwellia averiaeGrayCommon name: sartwelliaoxin: unknownHabitat: alkaline soils, gypsumAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats
*Senecio accidusLessing
Common name: threadlea groundseloxin: pyrrolizidine alkaloidsHabitat: dry slopes, mesas, dry washesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats
*Senecio riddelliiorr. & GrayCommon name: Riddells groundseloxin: pyrrolizidine alkaloidsHabitat: dry, sandy soilsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats
Senecio spartioidesorr. & GrayCommon name: broom groundseloxin: pyrrolizidine alkaloidsHabitat: valleys, plains, open areas, pine orestsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats
Senecio vulgarisL.Common name: common groundseloxin: pyrrolizidine alkaloidsHabitat: gardens, disturbed groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats
Sideranthus grindelioides(Nutt.) Rydb.Common name: ironweedoxin: seleniumHabitat: dry plains, rocky hillsAnimals aected: sheep
anacetum vulgareL.Common name: common tansy
oxin: ethereal oil; causes abortionsHabitat: roadsides, waste areas, ditchbanks,moist areasAnimals aected: cattle
*etradymia canescensDC.Common name: horsebrushoxin: photosensitizing compoundsHabitat: dry desert and sagebrush rangeAnimals aected: sheep
*etradymia spinosa orr. & GrayCommon name: spiny horsebrushoxin: photosensitzing compoundsHabitat: dry desert and sagebrush rangeAnimals aected: sheep
Viguiera annua (Jones) Blake
Common name: annual goldeneyeoxin: unknownHabitat: dry hills and mesasAnimals aected: cattle
*Xanthium spinosum L.Common name: spiny cockleburoxin: hydroquinoneHabitat: waste places, eldsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, owl, swine
*Xanthium strumarium L.Common name: cockleburoxin: hydroquinoneHabitat: elds and waste placesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, owl, swine
BagiaaAmsinckia intermedia Fisch & MayCommon name: ddleneckoxin: unknownHabitat: dry, open, cultivated ground andwaste areas
Animals aected: cattle, horses, swine
Cynoglossum ofcinaleL.Common name: hounds tongueoxin: unknownHabitat: waste places in plains and hillsAnimals aected: cattle
* Major poisonous plant
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Baiaa
Barbarea vulgarisR. Br.Common name: yellow rocketoxin: mustard oilHabitat: wet meadows, waste placesAnimals aected: horses
Brassica hirta MoenchCommon name: white mustardoxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: cultivated elds, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Brassica kaberWheelerCommon name: charlockoxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: grain elds, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, swine
Brassica nigra KochCommon name: black mustardoxin: goiterogenic glycosideHabitat: cultivated eldsAnimals aected: cattle
*Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.Common name: tansy mustardoxin: unknownHabitat: sandy soilsAnimals aected: cattle
Raphanus raphanastrum L.Common name: wild radishoxin: unknownHabitat: cultivated areas, waste placesAnimals aected: cattle
Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britt.Common name: princes plumeoxin: seleniumHabitat: desert areas, dry plains and mesas
Animals aected: cattle, sheep
Tlaspi arvenseL.Common name: eld pennycressoxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: cultivated elds, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle
campaaa
Lobelia cardinalisL.Common name: western cardinal foweroxin: alkaloidsHabitat: wet groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats
caabiaaCannabis sativa L.Common name: marijuanaoxin: tetrahydrocannabinolHabitat: waste placesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, humans
cappaiaaWislizenia reracta Engelm.Common name: jackass cloveroxin: unknown
Habitat: roadsides, eldsAnimals aected: cattle
capiiaaSambucus mexicana Presl.Common name: Mexican elderoxin: unknownHabitat: valleys, stream banks, ornamentalAnimals aected: cattle, swine
Sambucus microbotrysRydb.Common name: Rocky Mountain red elder
oxin: unknown, concentrated in rootHabitat: moist woods, 8,00012,000 eetAnimals aected: cattle, swine
cayphyaaAgrostemma githago L.Common name: corn cockleoxin: cardiac glycosideHabitat: cultivated elds, waste placesAnimals aected: cattle, swine, poultry
*Drymaria pachyphylla Woot. & Standl.Common name: inkweed, drymaryoxin: unknownHabitat: alkaline clay soilsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
* Major poisonous plant
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cayphyaa (.)Saponaria ofcinalisL.Common name: bouncing bet, soapwortoxin: saponinHabitat: waste areas, roadsidesAnimals aected: sheep, rabbits
Saponaria vaccaria L.Common name: cow cockleoxin: saponinHabitat: waste areas, roadsidesAnimals aected: sheep, rabbits
chpiaaAtriplex canescens(Pursh) JamesCommon name: our-wing saltbushoxin: seleniumHabitat: dry plains, canyons
Animals aected: cattle, sheep
Atriplex nuttalliiWats. subsp. cuneata (A. Nels.)Common name: Nuttall saltbushoxin: seleniumHabitat: dry hills and slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Atriplex rosea L.Common name: red orache, red shadscaleoxin: seleniumHabitat: waste areas
Animals aected: cattle, sheep
Bassia hyssopiolia (Pall.) KuntzeCommon name: bassiaoxin: oxalatesHabitat: dry, saline areasAnimals aected: sheep
*Chenopodium album L.Common name: lambsquarter, gooseootoxin: nitrates
Habitat: waste placesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Chenopodium ambrosioidesL.Common name: gooseootoxin: antihelminthic oil
Habitat: waste placesAnimals aected: geese
Chenopodium glaucum L.Common name: oaklea gooseootoxin: nitratesHabitat: waste placesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
*Halogeton glomeratus(Bieg.) C.A. Mey.Common name: halogeton, barillaoxin: oxalatesHabitat: dry saline plains and alkaline areas,roadsidesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.Common name: summer cypress, kochia
oxin: photosensitizing compoundsHabitat: dry soils, roadsides, waste placesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Salsola tragusL.Common name: Russian thistle, tumbleweedoxin: nitratesHabitat: dry soils o plains and oothillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Sarcobatus vermiculatus(Hook.) orr.Common name: greasewoodoxin: oxalatesHabitat: alkaline fats or saline areas at lowelevationsAnimals aected: sheep, sometimes cattle
Suckleya suckleyana (orr.) Rydb.Common name: poison suckleyaoxin: hydrocyanic acidHabitat: moist ground, near ponds and reservoirsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
cypaaScirpus americanusPers.Common name: bulrushoxin: unknown, suspected o producing pulmo-nary emphysemaHabitat: wet or moist groundAnimals aected: sheep, sometimes cattle
* Major poisonous plant
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eqiaa
*Equisetum arvenseL.Common name: horsetail, scouring rushoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: sandy or gravelly soils along streams, moistelds, meadowsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats
*Equisetum hiemaleL.Common name: scouring rush, horsetailoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: low moist areas, mostly along streamsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats
*Equisetum laevigatum R. Br.Common name: smooth horsetailoxin: thiaminaseHabitat: marshes, alluvial thickets, cultivated areas
Animals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats
ephbiaaCroton texensis(Klotz.) DC.Common name: exas crotonoxin: croton oil (caustic)Habitat: roadsides, elds, dry streambedsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Euphorbia albomarginata orr. & GrayCommon name: spurgeoxin: unknown photosensitizing substance
Habitat: dry fats and slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Euphorbia esula L.Common name: leay spurgeoxin: unknown acrid principleHabitat: waste areasAnimals aected: sheep, horses
Euphorbia maculata L.Common name: eyebane, spotted spurge
oxin: unknown photosensitizing substanceHabitat: elds, slopes, canyonsAnimals aected: sheep
Euphorbia marginata PurshCommon name: snow-on-the-mountainoxin: unknown acrid principle
Habitat: plains, ornamentalAnimals aected: cattle, humans
Euphorbia prostrata Alt.Common name: euphorbiaoxin: unknown acrid principleHabitat: open plains and waste areasAnimals aected: cattle
Reverchonia arenaria GrayCommon name: reverchoniaoxin: unknownHabitat: dry, sandy groundAnimals aected: sheep
fabaa*Acacia constricta Benth.Common name: whitethorn acacia
oxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: dry slopes and mesasAnimals aected: cattle
Acacia greggiiGrayCommon name: catclaw acaciaoxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: along streams and washes; southernNew MexicoAnimals aected: sheep
Astragalus albulusWoot. & Standl.
Common name: Cibola milkvetchoxin: seleniumHabitat: clay fats, low hills, sandstone soilsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Astragalus allochrousGray var. allochrousCommon name: halmoon locoweedoxin: swainsonineHabitat: dry slopes, plains, and valleysAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Astragalus allochrousGray var.playanus(M.E.Jones) IselyCommon name: Wooton locoweedoxin: alkaloid (locoine)Habitat: plains, slopes, valleysAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
* Major poisonous plant
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fabaa (.)
*Astragalus praelongusvar. ellisiae(Rydb.) BarnebyCommon name: Ellis milkvetchoxin: seleniumHabitat: variety o habitats, widespreadAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Astragalus racemosusPursh var. racemosusCommon name: alkali milkvetchoxin: seleniumHabitat: barren slopes, alluvial areas, alkaline soilsAnimals aected: cattle
Astragalus racemosusvar. longisetusM.E. JonesCommon name: alkali milkvetchoxin: seleniumHabitat: eroded slopes, along streamsAnimals aected: cattle
Astragalus tephrodesGrayCommon name: silverline locoweedoxin: swainsonineHabitat: rocky slopes to sandy plainsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Astragalus thurberiGrayCommon name: Turber milkvetchoxin: alkaloid (locoine)Habitat: plains, valleys, open slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Cassia asiculata Michx.Common name: partridge-peaoxin: unknownHabitat: dry elds and hillsidesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Crotalaria sagittalisL.Common name: rattlebox, crotalariaoxin: unknownHabitat: sandy soil near streams
Animals aected: horses
Lathyrus polymorphusNutall subsp. incanus(J.G.Sm. & Rydb.) C.L. Hitchc.Common name: wild pea
oxin: alpha-, gamma-diaminobutyric acidHabitat: dry plains, sandy banks, washesAnimals aected: horses
Lotus corniculatusL.Common name: birdsoot treoiloxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: sandy roadsidesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Lupinus alpestrisA. Nels.Common name: lupine, bluebonnetoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: mountainsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
*Lupinus argenteusCommon name: silvery lupine
oxin: alkaoidsHabitat: meadows, open woodsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, deer
*Lupinus caudatusKell.Common name: Kelloggs spurred lupine, tailcutlupineoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: exposed hillsidesAnimals aected: cattle
Medicago hispida Gaertn.Common name: burcloveroxin: photosensitization compoundsHabitat: waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, swine
Medicago sativa L.Common name: alala, lucerneoxin: saponin, photosensitization compoundsHabitat: cultivated and escapingAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, chicks, swine
Melilotus albusDesv.Common name: white sweetcloveroxin: dicoumarinHabitat: waste areas, eldsAnimals aected: cattle
* Major poisonous plant
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fabaa (.)*Melilotus ofcinalisLam.Common name: yellow sweetcloveroxin: dicoumarinHabitat: waste areas, eldsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Oxytropis lambertiiPurshCommon name: Lamberts crazyweedoxin: unknown alkaloid, produces locoismHabitat: plains, mountain slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Oxytropis sericea orr. & GrayCommon name: white loco, silky crazyweedoxin: alkaloids, produces locoismHabitat: open slopes, widespreadAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Pisum sativum L.Common name: garden peaoxin: unknownHabitat: gardensAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Caesalpinia gilliesii(Wallich ex Hooker) Wallich exD. DietrichCommon name: bird o paradiseoxin: unknown, green seed pods aregastrointestinal irritantsHabitat: around dwelling sites, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle
Prosopis glandulosa orr.Common name: mesquiteoxin: unknown, may cause a nutritional deciencyHabitat: plains, prairies, river valleysAnimals aected: cattle
Psoralea argophylla PurshCommon name: scur pea
oxin: unknownHabitat: plains and hillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Psoralea tenuiora PurshCommon name: scur pea, Indian turnipoxin: unknown
Habitat: dry plains, low hillsAnimals aected: cattle, horses
Robinia pseudoacacia L.Common name: black locustoxin: unknownHabitat: along roadsides, escaped rom cultivationAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, poultry
Sophora secundiora (Ort.) Lag.Common name: mescal bean, rijolitooxin: alkaloidsHabitat: along limestone blus, gravelly outwashesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats
Sophora sericea Nutt.Common name: silky sophoraoxin: alkaloids
Habitat: dry elds and plainsAnimals aected: horses
Termopsis montana Nutt.Common name: mountain golden peaoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: mountain valleys and clearingsAnimals aected: cattle
Termopsis rhombiolia Rich.Common name: prairie thermopsisoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: dry, sandy soils o hills and plainsAnimals aected: cattle, horses
riolium hybridum L.Common name: alsike cloveroxin: photosensitizing compoundHabitat: meadows, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, swine
riolium pratenseL.Common name: red clover
oxin: unknownHabitat: elds and waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
riolium repensL.Common name: white cloveroxin: cyanogenetic glycoside
* Major poisonous plant
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fabaa (.)
Habitat: elds and waste areasAnimals aected: newborn pigs
Vicia villosa RothCommon name: hairy vetch, wintervetchoxin: photosensitizing compoundHabitat: cultivated areasAnimals aected: cattle, horses
fagaa*Quercus gambeliiNutt.Common name: Gambeloakoxin: tanninsHabitat: canyons and mountain slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats
*Quercus havardiiRydb.
Common name: Havard shinoak, shinneryoxin: tanninsHabitat: sandy plainsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
fmaiaa*Corydalis aurea Willd.Common name: golden corydalisoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: damp slopes and plainsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
GiaaaCentaurium calycosum Fern.Common name: mountain pinkoxin: unknownHabitat: boggy or marshy placesAnimals aected: sheep, goats
HypiaaHypericum ormosum H.B.K.Common name: southwestern St. Johns wortoxin: photosensitizing compoundsHabitat: moist soil in damp meadowsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats
IiaaIris missouriensisNutt.Common name: Rocky Mountain irisoxin: unknownHabitat: open meadows in the higher mountainsAnimals aected: calves
Jagiaa
*riglochin maritima L.Common name: arrowgrassoxin: hydroqanic acidHabitat: marshy groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
*riglochin palustrisL.Common name: arrowgrassoxin: hydroqanic acidHabitat: marshy groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
lamiaaLamium amplexicauleL.Common name: henbit, dead nettleoxin: unknownHabitat: waste areas
Animals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Salvia reexa Hornem.Common name: annual sage, mintweedoxin: nitratesHabitat: rocky slopes, open woodsAnimals aected: cattle
liiaaAsparagus ofcinalisL.Common name: asparagusoxin: unknown compound in ruits
Habitat: valleys, roadsides, loose or sandy soilsAnimals aected: cattle and dairy cattle
*Veratrum caliornicum DurandCommon name: alse hellebore, cornlilyoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: moist meadows in the mountainsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, owl
*Zigadenus venenosusPurshCommon name: death camas
oxin: alkaloidsHabitat: wooded slopes in the mountainsAnimals aected: cattle, horses, swine, owl
*Zigadenus gramineusRydb.Common name: death camasoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: wooded slopes and open groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
* Major poisonous plant
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Maa
Maclura pomiera SchneidCommon name: Osage orangeoxins: unknown compounds in ruitHabitat: waste areas and arroyosAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
oaiaaOxalis corniculata L.Common name: creeping woodsorreloxin: oxalatesHabitat: moist waste areas, oten in lawnsAnimals aected: sheep
PapavaaArgemone mexicana L.Common name: Mexican poppyoxin: alkaloids
Habitat: waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, owl
Argemone polyanthemos(Fedde) G. OwnbeyCommon name: prickly poppyoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: dry plains, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, owl
Papaver nudicauleL. var. radicatum (Rottb.) DC.Common name: Iceland poppyoxin: alkaloids
Habitat: open slopes and summitsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Papaver somnierum L.Common name: common poppyoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: ornamentalAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
PiaaPinus ponderosa Laws.Common name: Western yellow pine,ponderosa pineoxin: unknown compounds in leavesHabitat: mountain areasAnimals aected: cattle
liiaa (.)
*Zigadenus paniculatus(Nutt.) WatsCommon name: death camasoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: open grassy or rocky plains and hillsAnimals aected: cattle, horses, swine
liaaLinum neomexicanum GreeneCommon name: New Mexico yellow faxoxin: saponin, glycosideHabitat: wooded mountain slopesAnimals aected: cattle
Linum usitatissimum L.Common name: faxoxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: waste areas around cultivated areas
Animals aected: cattle
lahaaPhoradendron avescens(Pursh) Nutt.Common name: mistletoeoxin: pressor amines, phenylethylamine, tyramineHabitat: parasitic on cottonwood and other decidu-ous treesAnimals aected: cattle
MavaaGossypium barbadenseL.
Common name: sea-island cottonoxin: gossypol in seedsHabitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Malva parviora L.Common name: mallow, cheeseweedoxin: atty acids (malvalic and sterculic)Habitat: waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Miaa
Melia azedarach L.Common name: chinaberry treeoxin: resins, especially in ruitsHabitat: waste areas, ornamentalAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
* Major poisonous plant
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Paa
Agropyroncristatum (L.) Gaertn.Common name: wheatgrassoxin: ergot inestation o seedheadsHabitat: rangeland and pasturesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, humans
Aristida spp.Common name: red three-awnoxin: awns are mechanically injuriousHabitat: plains and rocky slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Avena atua L.Common name: wild oatsoxin: nitratesHabitat: cultivated land and waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Avena sativa L.Common name: cultivated oatsoxin: nitrates, photosensitizing compounds, grasstetanyHabitat: open ground, grasslands, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Bouteloua spp.Common name: grama grassesoxin: low levels o cyanideHabitat: plainsAnimals aected: cattle
Bromus diandrusRothCommon name: ripgut bromeoxin: mechanical injury rom mature awnsHabitat: weedy groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Bromus inermisLeyss.Common name: smooth bromeoxin: ergot inestation o seed heads
Habitat: mountain slopes and meadowsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Bromus rubensL.Common name: oxtail chess, red bromeoxin: mechanical injury rom mature awnsHabitat: dry hills and waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Bromus tectorum L.Common name: cheatgrass, down cheatoxin: mechanical injury rom mature awns; mayalso cause ergot poisoningHabitat: roadsides and waste areasAnimals aected: cattle
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.Common name: Bermudagrassoxin: photosensitizing compound, hayeverHabitat: waste areas; widespreadAnimals aected: cattle
Elymusspp.Common name: wild ryeoxin: ergot inestationHabitat: mountain slopes, plainsAnimals aected: cattle
Eragrostis cilianensis(All.) Lutati ex JanchenCommon name: lovegrass, stinkgrassoxin: unknownHabitat: cultivated or waste areasAnimals aected: horses
Festuca arundinacea SchreberCommon name: tall escueoxin: alkaloids, escue ootHabitat: pasturesAnimals aected: cattle
Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc.Common name: owl mannagrassoxin: cyanogenetic compoundsHabitat: plains and oothillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Hilaria jamesii(orr.) Benth.Common name: galletaoxin: ergot inestation o seedheadsHabitat: plains and oothills
Animals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Hilaria mutica (Buckl.) Benth.Common name: tobosaoxin: ergot inestation o seedheadsHabitat: plains and oothillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
* Major poisonous plant
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Paa (.)
Hordeum jubatum L.Common name: oxtail barleyoxin: mechanical injury rom mature awnsHabitat: plains and open slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Hordeum vulgareL.Common name: barleyoxin: mechanical injury rom mature awnsHabitat: waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, swine, dogs, poultry
Lolium perenneL.Common name: perennial ryegrassoxin: ergot inestation o seed headsHabitat: meadows, waste areasAnimals aected: cattle
Panicum antidotaleRetz.Common name: blue panicumoxin: nitratesHabitat: rangelandsAnimals aected: cattle
Panicum capillareL.Common name: witchgrassoxin: nitratesHabitat: roadsides, waste placesAnimals aected: cattle
Panicum coloratum L.Common name: Kleinegrassoxin: photosensitivityHabitat: pasturesAnimals aected: sheep
Paspalum dilatatum Poir.Common name: dallisgrassoxin: ergot inestation o seed headsHabitat: irrigated pastures, moist disturbed areas
Animals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Poa pratensisL.Common name: Kentucky bluegrassoxin: ergot inestation o seed headsHabitat: lawns, pastures, meadowsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Secale cerealeL.Common name: ryeoxin: ergot inestation o seed headsHabitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, humans
Setaria lutescens(Wiegel) Hubb.Common name: yellow bristlegrassoxin: mechanically injurious (rare)Habitat: waste areasAnimals aected: cattle
Sorghum bicolor(L.) MoenchCommon name: common sorghum, milooxin: cyanideHabitat: waste areas, cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.Common name: Johnsongrassoxin: cynanideHabitat: waste areas, cultivated eldsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Stipa comata rin. Rupr.Common name: needle-and-threadoxin: mechanical injury rom mature awnsHabitat: open slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Stipa neomexicana (Turb.) Scribn.Common name: New Mexico eathergrassoxin: mechanical injury rom mature awnsHabitat: dry hillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Stipa robusta (Vasey) Scribn.Common name: sleepygrassoxin: unknown narcoticHabitat: open slopes, northern to south-centralNew Mexico
Animals aected: horses
Zea maysL.Common name: common maizeoxin: nitratesHabitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle
* Major poisonous plant
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oxin: oxalatesHabitat: waste areas, cultivated areasAnimals aected: sheep
PimaaAnagallis arvensisL.Common name: pimperneloxin: unknownHabitat: waste areasAnimals aected: sheep
raaa*Aconitum columbianum Nutt.Common name: monkshoodoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: moist ground, oten along streamsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Actea arguta Nutt.Common name: baneberryoxin: irritant oilHabitat: woodsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, humans
Anemone patensL.Common name: pasque foweroxin: glycosideHabitat: open meadowsAnimals aected: sheep
Caltha leptosepala DC.Common name: elkslip, March marigoldoxin: glycosideHabitat: wet meadows, boggy groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
*Delphinium barbeyiHuth.Common name: Barbey larkspur, tall larkspuroxin: alkaloidsHabitat: open meadowsAnimals aected: cattle, occasionally sheep
*Delphinium nelsoniiGreeneCommon name: Nelson larkspuroxin: alkaloidsHabitat: dry plainsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Delphinium occidentaleWats.Common name: larkspur
Pygaaa
Polygala sanguinea (L.) FarwellCommon name: milkwort, snakerootoxin: irritant drugHabitat: plainsAnimals aected: horses
PygaaBeta vulgarisL.Common name: beet, sugar beetoxin: oxalates, nitratesHabitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle
Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib.Common name: buckwheatoxin: primary photosensitizerHabitat: waste areas, roadsides
Animals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, goats,swine, owl
Rheum rhaponticum L.Common name: rhubarboxin: oxalic acid in the lea bladesHabitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Rumex acetosella L.Common name: sheep sorrel, dockoxin: oxalates in the lea blades
Habitat: disturbed placesAnimals aected: sheep
Rumex crispusL.Common name: curlylea dockoxin: oxalatesHabitat: cultivated elds, waste areasAnimals aected: sheep
Pypiaa*Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.
Common name: bracken ernoxin: thiaminaseHabitat: open woods and clearings in themountainsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
PaaaPortulaca oleracea L.Common name: common purslane
* Major poisonous plant
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Prunus persica BatschCommon name: peachoxin: cyanogenetic glycoside, especially inseeds (pits)Habitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Prunus serotina Ehrh.Common name: southwestern chokecherryoxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: along streamsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Prunus virginiana L.Common name: chokecherryoxin: cyanogenetic glycosideHabitat: moist canyons and slopesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
saaaaComandra umbellata (L.) Nutt.Common name: bastard toadfaxoxin: alkaloids, glycosides, seleniumHabitat: plains and orested slopes; parasitic onother plantsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
sphaiaaCastilleja spp.Common name: paintbrushes
oxin: seleniumHabitat: oothills and plainsAnimals aected: cattle
sipiaaDryopteris lix-mas(L.) SchottCommon name: maleernoxin: thiaminaseHabitat: damp, rocky places, oten along streamsAnimals aected: horses
*Notholaena sinuata (Lag.) Kaul. var. cochisenis(Goodding) Weath.Common name: Jimmy ern, cloak ernoxin: unknown, passed through the milkHabitat: dry, rocky areas, along canyon wallsAnimals aected: sheep
raaa (.)
oxin: alkaloidsHabitat: dry slopes in oak scrubAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Delphinium robustum Rydb.Common name: larkspuroxin: alkaloidsHabitat: mountain meadowsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
*Delphinium virescensNutt.Common name: larkspuroxin: alkaloidsHabitat: dry plains and hillsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Ranunculus cymbalaria Purch
Common name: alkali buttercup, trailing buttercupoxin: glycosideHabitat: wet groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Ranunculus sceleratusL.Common name: crowoot, buttercupoxin: glycosideHabitat: marshy groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
raa
*Cercocarpus montanusRa.Common name: mountain mahoganyoxin: cyanogenetic glycosidesHabitat: dry hillsidesAnimals aected: cattle
Malus sylvestrisMill.Common name: appleoxin: cyanide in leavesHabitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle, horses, mules
Prunus armeniaca L.Common name: apricotoxin: cyanogenetic glycoside, especially inseeds (pits)Habitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
* Major poisonous plant
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saaa
*Datura stramonium L.Common name: Jimsonweedoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: waste or cultivated groundAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, swine,mules, chickens, humans
*Datura wrightiiRegel.Common name: datura, thornappleoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: mesas and waste groundsAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, swine,mules, chickens, humans
Hyoscyamus nigerL.Common name: henbaneoxin: alkaloids
Habitat: moist roadsidesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, owl
Lycium halimiolium Mill.Common name: matrimony vineoxin: unknownHabitat: dry hills and plainsAnimals aected: calves, sheep
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.Common name: tomatooxin: alkaloids in leaves and vinesHabitat: cultivatedAnimals aected: cattle, swine
Nicotiana attenuata S. Wats.Common name: coyote tobaccooxin: nicotineHabitat: sandy ground near streams and washesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses, swine
Nicotiana glauca GrahamCommon name: tree tobacco
oxin: nicotineHabitat: along desert streams and washesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Nicotiana trigonophylla DunalCommon name: desert tobaccooxin: nicotineHabitat: desert canyons, washesAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Physalis virginiana Mill. var. sonora (orr.) WaterallCommon name: groundcherryoxin: unknownHabitat: moist ground, widespreadAnimals aected: sheep
*Solanum elaeagniolium Cav.Common name: silverlea nightshade, horsenettleoxin: glycoalkaloidsHabitat: shaded slopes or waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep
Solanum nigrum L.Common name: black nightshadeoxin: glycoalkaloidsHabitat: shaded slopes or waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Solanum rostratum Dunal.Common name: bualoburoxin: glycoalkaloidsHabitat: plains and waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, swine
Solanum sarachoidesSendt.Common name: hairy nightshadeoxin: glycoalkaloidsHabitat: waste areasAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, horses
Solanum triorum Nutt.Common name: cutlea nightshadeoxin: glycoalkaloidsHabitat: plains, roadsides, streambedsAnimals aected: cattle, horses
typhaaypha latiolia L.Common name: cattailoxin: hayeverHabitat: marshes, ponds
Animals aected: horses
Urtica gracilisAit.Common name: stinging nettleoxin: stinging hairs cause dermatitis, nitratesHabitat: rich damp soil in thickets in mountainsAnimals aected: horses
* Major poisonous plant
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Vbaa
Aloysia wrightii(Gray) HellerCommon name: whitebrushoxin: unknownHabitat: dry, rocky slopes, oten on limestone soilsAnimals aected: horses
ZygphyaaKallstroemia hirsutissima VailCommon name: hairy caltropoxin: unknownHabitat: dry plains, widespreadAnimals aected: cattle, sheep, goats
Peganum harmala L.Common name: Arican rueoxin: alkaloidsHabitat: southern dry plains
Animals aected: cattle
*ribulus terrestrisL.Common name: puncturevine, goatheadoxin: nitrates, photosensitizing compound,saponinsHabitat: disturbed areasAnimals aected: sheep
references
Fuller, T.C., and E. McClintock. 1986. Poisonous plantso Caliornia. Berkely: University o Caliornia Press.
James, L.F., R.F. Keeler, A.E. Johnson, M.C. Williams,E.H. Cronin, and J.D. Olsen. 1980. Plants poison-ous to livestock in the western states (In. Bul. 415).
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department o Agriculture.Kingsbury, J.M. 1964. Poisonous plants o the UnitedStates and Canada. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Norris, J.J., K.A. Valentine. 1957. Principle livestock-poi-soning plants o New Mexico ranges(Circular 274). LasCruces, NM: New Mexico State University Coopera-tive Extension Service.
Schmutz, E.M., B.N. Freeman, and R.E. Reed. 1968.Livestock-poisoning plants o Arizona. Tucson: Univer-sity o Arizona Press.
* Major poisonous plant
A
Acacia constricta 11Acacia greggii 11Achillea milleolium 5Aconitum columbianum 19Actea arguta 19Arican rue 22Agae lechuguilla 4Agropyron cristatum 17
Agrostemma githago 9Alala 13Alkali buttercup 20Alkali milkvetch 13Aloysia wrightii 22Alsike clover 14Amaranthus palmeri 4Amaranthus retroexus 4Amsinckia intermedia 8
Anagallis arensis 19Anemone patens 19Annual goldeneye 8Annual psathyrotes 7Annual sage 15Anthemis cotula 5Apium graeolens 4Apocynum androsaemiolium 4Apocynum cannabinum 4
Apple 20Apricot 20Argemone mexicana 16Argemone polyanthemos 16Aristida spp. 17Arrowgrass 15 Artemisia liolia 5Artemisia spinescens 5Asclepias asperula 5
Index to GenerIc And coMMon nAMes
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Asclepias incarnata 5Asclepias latiolia 5Asclepias pumila 5Asclepias speciosa 5Asclepias suberticillata 5Asclepias erticillata 5Asparagus 15
Asparagus ocinalis 15Aster 5, 6Aster adscendens 5Aster coerulescens 5Aster commutatus 6Aster ericoides 6Aster glaucoides 6Aster laeis 6Aster occidentalis 6Aster pauciorus 6Astragalus albulus 11Astragalus allochrous var.allochrous 11
Astragalus allochrous var.playanus 11Astragalus bisulcatus var. bisulcatus 12Astragalus bisulcatus var. haydenianus 12Astragalus canadensis 12Astragalus conertiorus 12 Astragalus drummondii 12Astragalus emoryanus 12Astragalus aus 12Astragalus lentiginosus var. diphysus 12Astragalus lentiginosus var. lentiginosus 12Astragalus mollissimus var. earlei 12Astragalus mollissimus var. mollissimus 12
Astragalus nothoxys 12Astragalus oocalycis 12 Astragalus pattersonii 12Astragalus pectinatus 12 Astragalus praelongusvar.praelongus 12 Astragalus praelongusvar. ellisiae 13Astragalus racemosus var. longisetus 13Astragalus racemosus var. racemosus 13Astragalus tephrodes 13Astragalus thurberi 13Atriplex canescens 10Atriplex nuttallii var. cuneata 10
Atriplex rosea 10Aena atua 17Aena satia 17
B
Baccharis pteronioides 6Bahia 6Bahia oppositiolia 6Baileya multiradiata 6
Baneberry 19Barbarea ulgaris 9Barbey larkspur 19Barilla 10Barley 18Bassia 10Bassia hyssopiolia 10
Bastard toadax 20Beaked milkvetch 12Beargrass 4Beet 19Bermudagrass 17Berula erecta 4Beta ulgaris 19Bird o paradise 14Birdsoot treoil 13Bitter rubberweed 7Bitterweed 7Black-eyed Susan 8
Black locust 14Black mustard 9Black nightshade 21Bluebonnet 13Blue loco 12Blue panicum 18Bouncing bet 10Bouteloua spp. 17Bracken ern 19Brassica hirta 9Brassica kaber 9Brassica nigra 9
Broadlea milkweed 5Bromus diandrus 17Bromus inermis 17Bromus rubens 17Bromus tectorum 17Broom groundsel 8Broom snakeweed 7Broomweed 6Buckwheat 19Bud sagebrush 5Bufalobur 21Bulrush 10
Burclover 13Burrowweed 7Buttercup 20
C
Caesalpinia gilliesii 14Caltha leptosepala 19Canada milkvetch 12Cannabis satia 9
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Carelessweed 4Cassia asiculata 13Castilleja spp. 20Catclaw acacia 11Cattail 21Celery 4Centaurea repens 6
Centaurea solstitialis 6Centaurium calycosum 15Cercocarpus montanus 20Charlock 9Cheatgrass 17Cheeseweed 16Chenopodium album 10Chenopodium ambrosioides 10Chenopodium glaucum 10Chinaberry tree 16Chokecherry 20Chrysothamnus nauseosus 6
Cibola milkvetch 11Cicuta maculata 4Cloak ern 20Cocklebur 8Colorado rubberweed 7Comandra umbellata 20Common groundsel 8Common maize 18Common poppy 16Common purslane 19Common sorghum 18Common tansy 8
Coneower 7Conium maculatum 4Conyza 6Conyza coulteri 6Copperweed 7Corn cockle 9Cornlily 15Corydalis aurea 15Cow cockle 10Coyote tobacco 21Creeping woodsorrel 16Crotalaria 13
Crotalaria sagittalis 13Croton texensis 11Crowoot 20Cultivated oats 17Curlycup gumweed 6Curlylea dock 19Cutlea nightshade 21Cynodon dactylon 17Cynoglossum ocinale 8
D
Dallisgrass 18Datura 21Datura stramonium 21Datura wrightii 21Daucus carota 4
Dead nettle 15Death camas 15, 16Delphinium barbeyi 19Delphinium nelsonii 19Delphinium occidentale 19Delphinium robustum 20Delphinium irescens 20 Descurainia pinnata 9Desert baileya 6Desert marigold 6Desert tobacco 21Dock 19
Dogbane 4Dog ennel 5Down cheat 17Drummond milkvetch 12Drymaria pachyphylla 9Drymary 9Dryopteris lix-mas 20
E
Elkslip 19Ellis milkvetch 13Elymus spp. 17
Emory milkvetch 12Equisetum arense 11Equisetum hiemale 11Equisetum laeigatum 11 Eragrostis cilianensis 17Euphorbia 11Euphorbia albomarginata 11Euphorbia esula 11 Euphorbia maculata 11 Euphorbia marginata 11Euphorbia prostrata 11Eyebane 11
F
Fagopyrum sagittatum 19False hellebore 15Festuca arundinacea 17Fewheaded aster 6Fiddleneck 8Field pennycress 9Flax 16
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Flourensia cernua 6Four-wing saltbush 10Fowl mannagrass 17Foxtail barley 18Foxtail chess 17Frijolito 14
GGalleta 17Gambeloak 15Garden pea 14Glyceria striata 17Goathead 22Golden corydalis 15Golden glow 7Gooseoot 10Gossypium barbadense 16Grama grasses 17Gray aster 6
Greasewood 10Grindelia squarrosa 6Groundcherry 21Gutierrezia microcephala 6Gutierrezia sarothrae 7
H
Hairy caltrop 22Hairy nightshade 21Hairy vetch 15Halmoon locoweed 11Halogeton 10Halogeton glomeratus 10Haplopappus tenuisectus 7Havard shinoak 15Helenium autumnale 7Helenium hoopesii 7Helenium microcephalum 7Hemp dogbane 4Henbane 21Henbit 15Hilaria jamesii 17Hilaria mutica 17Hordeum jubatum 18
Hordeum ulgare 18Horsebrush 8Horsenettle 21Horsetail 11Hounds tongue 8Hymenoxys odorata 7Hymenoxys richardsonii 7Hyoscyamus niger 21Hypericum ormosum 15
I
Iceland poppy 16Indian turnip 14Inkweed 9Iris missouriensis 15Ironweed 8
Isocoma wrightii 7J
Jackass clover Jimmy ern Jimmyweed Jimsonweed Johnsongrass
K
Kallstroemia hirsutissima 22Kelloggs spurred lupine 13
Kentucky bluegrass 18Kleinegrass 18Kochia 10Kochia scoparia 10
L
Lactuca serriola 7Lamberts crazyweed 14Lambsquarter 10Lamium amplexicaule 15Larkspur 19, 20Lathyrus polymorphus var. incanus 13Leay spurge 11Lechuguilla 4Linum neomexicanum 16Linum usitatissimum 16Lobelia cardinalis 9Locoweed 12Lolium perenne 18Lotus corniculatus 13Lovegrass 17Low whorled milkweed 5Lucerne 13Lupine 13
Lupinus alpestris 13Lupinus argenteus 13Lupinus caudatus 13Lycium halimiolium 21Lycopersicon esculentum 21
M
Maclura pomiera 16Maleern 20
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Mallow 16Malus sylvestris 20Malva pariora 16March marigold 19Marijuana 9Matchbrush 7Matchweed 6
Matrimony vine 21Mayweed 5Medicago hispida 13Medicago satia 13Melia azedarach 16Melilotus albus 13Melilotus ocinalis 14Mescal bean 14Mesquite 14Mexican elder 9Mexican poppy 16Milkwort 19
Milo 18Mintweed 15Mistletoe 16Monkshood 19Mountain golden pea 14Mountain mahogany 20Mountain pink 15
N
Needle-and-thread 18Nelson larkspur 19Nerium oleander 5
New Mexico eathergrass 18New Mexico yellow ax 16Nicotiana attenuata 21Nicotiana glauca 21Nicotiana trigonophylla 21Nolina microcarpa 4Nolina texana 4Notholaena sinuata var. cochisenis 20Nuttall saltbush 10
O
Oaklea gooseoot 10
Oleander 5Orange sneezeweed 7Osage orange 16Oxalis corniculata 16Oxytenia acerosa 7Oxytropis lambertii 14Oxytropis sericea 14
P
Paintbrushes 20Panicum antidotale 18Panicum capillare 18Panicum coloratum 18Papaer nudicaulevar. radicatum 16
Papaer somnierum 16Paperower 7Parsnip 4Partidge-pea 13Paspalum dilatatum 18Pasque ower 19Pastinaca satia 4Patterson locoweed 12Peach 20Peganum harmala 22Perennial ryegrass 18Perennial snakeweed 6
Phoradendron aescens 16Physalis irginiana var.sonora 21Pigweed 4Pimpernel 19Pingue 7Pinus ponderosa 16Pisum satium 14Plains bahia 6Plains whorled milkweed 5Poa pratensis 18Poison hemlock 4Poison ivy 4Poison suckleya 10Polygala sanguinea 19Ponderosa pine 16Portulaca oleracea 19Prairie thermopsis 14Prickly poppy 16Princes plume 9Prosopis glandulosa 14Prunus armeniaca 20Prunus persica 20Prunus serotina 20Prunus irginiana 20Psathyrotes annua 7Psilostrophe sparsiora 7 Psilostrophe tagetinae 7Psoralea argophylla 14Psoralea tenuiora 14Pteridium aquilinum 19Puncturevine 22
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Q
Queen Anns lace 4Quercus gambelii 15Quercus haardii 15
R
Ranunculus cymbalaria 20Ranunculus sceleratus 20Raphanus raphanastrum 9Rattlebox 13Rattleweed 12Rayless goldenrod 7Red brome 17Red clover 14Red orache 10Redroot amaranth 4Red shadscale 10Red three-awn 17
Reverchonia 11Reerchonia arenaria 11Rheum rhaponticum 19Rhubarb 19Riddells groundsel 8Ripgut brome 17Robinia pseudoacacia 14Rocky Mountain iris 15Rocky Mountain red elder 9Rough milkweed 5Rubber rabbitbrush 6Rubberweed 7
Rudbeckia hirta 8Rudbeckia laciniata 7Rumex acetosella 19Rumex crispus 19Russian knapweed 6Russian thistle 10Rye 18
S
Sacahuista 4Salsola tragus 10Salvia reexa 15
Sambucus mexicana 9Sambucus microbotrys 9Sand sagebrush 5Saponaria ocinalis 10Saponaria accaria 10Sarcobatus ermiculatus 10Sartwellia 8Sartwellia aeriae 8Scirpus americanus 10
Scouring rush 11Scur pea 14Sea-island cotton 16Secale cereale 18Senecio accidus 8Senecio riddellii 8Senecio spartioides 8
Senecio ulgaris 8Setaria lutescens 18Sheep sorrel 19Shinnery 15Showy milkweed 5Sideranthus grindelioides 8Silky crazyweed 14Silky sophora 14Silverlea nightshade 21Silverline locoweed 13Silvery lupine 13Sium suae 4
Sleepygrass 18Smooth aster 6Smooth brome 17Smooth horsetail 11Snakeroot 19Snakeweed 6, 7Sneezeweed 7Snow-on-the-mountain 11Soapwort 10Solanum elaeagniolium 21Solanum nigrum 21Solanum rostratum 21
Solanum sarachoides 21Solanum triorum 21Sophora secundiora 14Sophora sericea 14Sorghum bicolor 18Sorghum halepense 18Southwestern chokecherry 20Southwestern St. Johns wort 15Spider antelopehorn 5Spiny cocklebur 8Spiny horsebrush 8Spotted spurge 11
Spreading dogbane 4Spurge 11Stanleya pinnata 9Stinging nettle 21Stinkgrass 17Stinking milkvetch 12Stipa comata 18Stipa neomexicana 18Stipa robusta 18
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New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/armative action employer and educator. NMSU and the U.S. Departmento Agriculture cooperating.
F b 2010 L C NM
Suckleya suckleyana 10Sugar beet 19Summer cypress 10Swamp milkweed 5
ailcut lupine 13all escue 17all larkspur 19anacetum ulgare 8ansy mustard 9arbush 6etradymia canescens 8etradymia spinosa 8exas croton 11Termopsis montana 14Termopsis rhombiolia 14Timble weed 7Tlaspi arense 9
Tornapple 21Treadlea groundsel 8Turber milkvetch 13ine-leaved milkvetch 12obosa 17omato 21oxicodendron radicans 4railing buttercup 20ree tobacco 21ribulus terrestris 22riolium hybridum 14riolium pratense 14
riolium repens 14riglochin maritima 15riglochin palustris 15umbleweed 10urpentine weed 6, 7wo-grooved milkvetch 12ypha latiolia 21
U
Urtica gracilis 21
V
Veratrum caliornicum 15Vicia illosa 15Viguiera annua 8
W
Water hemlock Water parsnip Western aster Western cardinal ower 9 Western whorled milkweed 5
Western yellow pine 16 Wheatgrass Whitebrush White clover Whitethorn acacia White loco White mustard White sweetclover Whorled milkweed Wild carrot Wild lettuce Wild oats
Wild pea Wild radish Wild rye Wintervetch Wislizenia refacta 9
Witchgrass Woolly locoweed Wooton locoweed
X
Xanthium spinosum 8Xanthium strumarium 8
Y
Yarrow 5Yellow bristlegrass 18Yellow milkvetch 12Yellow rocket 9Yellow starthistle 6Yellow sweetclover 14Yerba-de-pasmo 6
Z
Zea mays 18
Zigadenus gramineus 15Zigadenus paniculatus 16Zigadenus enenosus 15