Chapters 20,21,22: Africa and Chapters 20,21,22: Africa and the Slave Trade, the the Slave Trade, the
Gunpowder Empires, and Asian Gunpowder Empires, and Asian Changes, 1450-1750Changes, 1450-1750
Africa: 1450-1750Africa: 1450-1750
No longer aligned No longer aligned with the Islamic world with the Islamic world trading systemtrading system
Forceably brought Forceably brought into the Atlantic into the Atlantic trading systemtrading system
Heterogeneous Heterogeneous societies and culturessocieties and cultures
The Empire of MaliThe Empire of Mali
Located in the Sahel Located in the Sahel region south of the region south of the Sahara, became Sahara, became powerful after 750 CEpowerful after 750 CEWealthy center of Wealthy center of tradetradePart of Dar al’IslamPart of Dar al’IslamRich in gold, Rich in gold, agriculturally fertileagriculturally fertileCapital: TimbuktuCapital: Timbuktu
Timbuktu: A Major Cultural CenterTimbuktu: A Major Cultural Center
Timbuktu: A Major Cultural CenterTimbuktu: A Major Cultural Center
The Mosque of JenneThe Mosque of Jenne
Mansa Musa 1312-1337: Greatest Mansa Musa 1312-1337: Greatest King of MaliKing of Mali
SonghaySonghay
After the decline of Mali After the decline of Mali the Kingdom of Songhay the Kingdom of Songhay gained power in the gained power in the SahelSahel
Powerful cavalry and Powerful cavalry and navynavy
Muslim dominatedMuslim dominated
Standardized weights, Standardized weights, measures, and currencymeasures, and currency
Greatest King: Sonni Ali Greatest King: Sonni Ali 1464-14921464-1492
The Swahili CoastThe Swahili Coast
Eastern coast of AfricaEastern coast of Africa
Long term involvement in Indian Ocean tradeLong term involvement in Indian Ocean trade
Portuguese and other European influencePortuguese and other European influence
Cosmopolitan city-statesCosmopolitan city-states
Predominantly MuslimPredominantly Muslim
Swahili language: a lingua francaSwahili language: a lingua franca
Traded with the interior of AfricaTraded with the interior of Africa
English and SwahiliEnglish and Swahili
CarBicycleMotorbikeTrainBoatAeroplanePetrolMechanic
GariBaiskeliPikipikiGari la moshiMashuaNdege [Eropleni]PetroliFundi
CoffeeTea
with/withoutmilk/sugar
KahawaChai
na/bilamaziwa/sukari
Danger! Hatari!
Fetch a doctorChemist
Ita daktariDuka la dawa
Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe
Southern African kingdomSouthern African kingdom
Traded with the Swahili Traded with the Swahili Coast and the African Coast and the African interiorinterior
Too far inland to be Too far inland to be affected by Islamaffected by Islam
The only fully African The only fully African civilization, with no civilization, with no outside cultural influencesoutside cultural influences
Ruins of Great ZimbabweRuins of Great Zimbabwe
The Forest Kingdoms of West The Forest Kingdoms of West AfricaAfrica
First area to be First area to be exploited by exploited by EuropeansEuropeans
Dominant region: Dominant region: BeninBenin
Benin art: highly Benin art: highly detailed and realisticdetailed and realistic
Source of most slaves Source of most slaves taken to the Americastaken to the Americas
Benin ArtBenin Art
The Atlantic Slave Trade: The Atlantic Slave Trade: BeginningsBeginnings
Contact between Europeans and Africans Contact between Europeans and Africans began in late 1400s with Portuguese began in late 1400s with Portuguese expeditions along the coastexpeditions along the coastAt first Europeans saw Africans as being At first Europeans saw Africans as being equal to themselvesequal to themselvesEuropeans and Africans studied at Europeans and Africans studied at universities, exchanged ambassadors, and universities, exchanged ambassadors, and communicated between rulerscommunicated between rulersChristian missionaries traveled to AfricaChristian missionaries traveled to Africa
Africans and SlaveryAfricans and Slavery
Slavery was an indigenous part of African Slavery was an indigenous part of African cultureculture
Slavery among Africans was usually Slavery among Africans was usually temporarytemporary
The Atlantic Slave Trade BeginsThe Atlantic Slave Trade Begins
European “discovery” of the Americas led European “discovery” of the Americas led to exploitation of Africansto exploitation of Africans
Native Americans quickly died off from Native Americans quickly died off from overwork and diseaseoverwork and disease
Europeans needed a new source of Europeans needed a new source of coerced laborcoerced labor
By 1600, slaves were the largest trade By 1600, slaves were the largest trade item from Africaitem from Africa
The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade
1450-1850: about 12 million Africans were 1450-1850: about 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americasshipped to the AmericasAs many as 4 million more Africans were killed As many as 4 million more Africans were killed in internal slaving warsin internal slaving warsAfrican rulers participated in the slave trade by African rulers participated in the slave trade by gathering slaves and bringing them to coastal gathering slaves and bringing them to coastal fortsfortsPortuguese, Dutch, French, and British all Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British all established posts and fortresses along the west established posts and fortresses along the west coast of Africa for buying slavescoast of Africa for buying slaves
African Captives in YokesAfrican Captives in YokesAfrican Captives in YokesAfrican Captives in Yokes
The Middle PassageThe Middle Passage
The Triangle TradeThe Triangle TradeThe Triangle TradeThe Triangle Trade
A typical slave ship’s layoutA typical slave ship’s layout
““Coffin” Position:Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship Onboard a Slave Ship
““Coffin” Position:Coffin” Position: Onboard a Slave Ship Onboard a Slave Ship
Slave Ship InteriorSlave Ship InteriorSlave Ship InteriorSlave Ship Interior
African Slavery in the AmericasAfrican Slavery in the Americas
Primary destination of most slaves: Brazil Primary destination of most slaves: Brazil and the Caribbean Islandsand the Caribbean Islands
Typical life expectancy of a healthy male Typical life expectancy of a healthy male slave on arrival: 6 monthsslave on arrival: 6 months
No natural increase among the slave No natural increase among the slave population in most areaspopulation in most areas
North American SlaveryNorth American Slavery
Labor on tobacco and rice plantations was Labor on tobacco and rice plantations was less “onerous”less “onerous”
There was a natural increase among North There was a natural increase among North American slavesAmerican slaves
Consequences of Atlantic Slave Consequences of Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Long term population decline in West Long term population decline in West AfricaAfrica
Transfer of African foods and customs to Transfer of African foods and customs to the Americasthe Americas
American food crops introduced in AfricaAmerican food crops introduced in Africa
Africans in the Americas were converted Africans in the Americas were converted to Christianity, but sometimes maintained to Christianity, but sometimes maintained elements of African religionselements of African religions
Europeans in South AfricaEuropeans in South Africa
The Cape of Good Hope was The Cape of Good Hope was reached by the Portuguese in reached by the Portuguese in the late 1400sthe late 1400sThe Dutch established a The Dutch established a colony there in 1652. Their colony there in 1652. Their settlers were called Boerssettlers were called BoersExpansion brought the Boers Expansion brought the Boers into contact and conflict with into contact and conflict with the indigenous Bantu, Zulu, the indigenous Bantu, Zulu, and other African peoplesand other African peoplesIn 1815 the British took control In 1815 the British took control of South Africaof South AfricaConflict continued between the Conflict continued between the Boers, British, and the Boers, British, and the indigenous Africansindigenous Africans
The Gunpowder EmpiresThe Gunpowder Empires
Ottomans (Middle Ottomans (Middle East, primarily East, primarily Turkey, and Eastern Turkey, and Eastern Europe)Europe)
Safavids (Iran)Safavids (Iran)
Mughals (India)Mughals (India)
The Gunpowder EmpiresThe Gunpowder Empires
Military power based on gunpowder Military power based on gunpowder weaponsweapons
Islamic (Ottomans and Mughals: Sunni; Islamic (Ottomans and Mughals: Sunni; Safavids: Shi’a)Safavids: Shi’a)
Political absolutismPolitical absolutism
Cultural renaissancesCultural renaissances
Less powerful than Western EuropeLess powerful than Western Europe
The Ottoman TurksThe Ottoman Turks
One of several Turkic One of several Turkic tribes which entered the tribes which entered the Middle East and Middle East and converted to Islamconverted to IslamPowerful military led by Powerful military led by JanissariesJanissariesIn 1326, captured the In 1326, captured the town of Bursa near town of Bursa near ConstantinopleConstantinopleBuilt navies and seized Built navies and seized control of the eastern control of the eastern MediterraneanMediterraneanConquered much of Conquered much of Balkan PeninsulaBalkan Peninsula
JanissariesJanissaries
Constantinople captured, 1453Constantinople captured, 1453
Captured by Sultan Mehmed IICaptured by Sultan Mehmed II
End of the Byzantine EmpireEnd of the Byzantine Empire
Constantinople (Istanbul) was Constantinople (Istanbul) was rebuilt and gained population rebuilt and gained population and wealthand wealth
Tolerance for dhimmisTolerance for dhimmis
More emphasis on military More emphasis on military than economic power than economic power “conquest over commerce”“conquest over commerce”
Ottoman Empire continued to Ottoman Empire continued to expand for the next centuryexpand for the next century
Ottoman Sultans were also the Ottoman Sultans were also the Caliphs of (Sunni) IslamCaliphs of (Sunni) Islam
Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-15661566
Greatest Ottoman rulerGreatest Ottoman ruler
Called “The Lawgiver” or Called “The Lawgiver” or ‘The Just” by Muslims‘The Just” by Muslims
Codified the Shari’aCodified the Shari’a
Rebuilt and beautified Rebuilt and beautified IstanbulIstanbul
Patron of the arts, poet, Patron of the arts, poet, made Istanbul a center of made Istanbul a center of Ottoman cultural Ottoman cultural floweringflowering
Suleiman’s PoetrySuleiman’s Poetry
Some of Suleiman's verses, have become Some of Suleiman's verses, have become Turkish proverbs, including the well-known Turkish proverbs, including the well-known "Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many "Everyone aims at the same meaning, but many are the versions of the story," and "In this world are the versions of the story," and "In this world a spell of good health is the best state” He wrote a spell of good health is the best state” He wrote in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic.in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic.– ""The people think of wealth and power as the The people think of wealth and power as the
greatest fate,greatest fate, – But in this world a spell of health is the best stateBut in this world a spell of health is the best state. . – What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and What men call sovereignty is a worldly strife and
constant warconstant war; ; – Worship of God is the highest throne, the Worship of God is the highest throne, the
happiest of all estate'shappiest of all estate's” ”
Tughra or Monogram of SuleimanTughra or Monogram of Suleiman
The Topkapi PalaceThe Topkapi Palace
The Blue Mosque of The Blue Mosque of ConstantinopleConstantinople
Suleimanye MosqueSuleimanye Mosque
Miniature Painting: An Ottoman Art Miniature Painting: An Ottoman Art FormForm
The Piri Re’is Map, a mystery from The Piri Re’is Map, a mystery from Suleiman’s timeSuleiman’s time
It appears to show the It appears to show the west coast of Africa, the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South east coast of South America, and the northern America, and the northern (land) coast of Antarctica(land) coast of Antarctica
A map belonging to the A map belonging to the Turkish Admiral Piri Re’is Turkish Admiral Piri Re’is ca 1514ca 1514
Appears to be based on Appears to be based on older mapsolder maps
Shows accurate use of Shows accurate use of longitudelongitude
Suleiman and the EuropeansSuleiman and the Europeans
Suleiman recognized Suleiman recognized that Europe was a that Europe was a major potential threat major potential threat to the Ottoman to the Ottoman Empire and to IslamEmpire and to IslamHe attempted to He attempted to destabilize Europe destabilize Europe with several invasionswith several invasionsHe also provided He also provided financial support to financial support to ProtestantsProtestants
The death of Suleiman and the The death of Suleiman and the decline of the Ottomansdecline of the Ottomans
As Suleiman grew older As Suleiman grew older he lost interest in he lost interest in government and allowed government and allowed the bureaucracy to rule the bureaucracy to rule alonealone
He allowed his sons to be He allowed his sons to be raised uneducated in the raised uneducated in the harem, dominated by harem, dominated by their motherstheir mothers
This set a precedent for This set a precedent for future Sultans and their future Sultans and their sonssons
Selim II, The Drunkard 1566-1574Selim II, The Drunkard 1566-1574
The first The first “disinterested” “disinterested” Ottoman sultanOttoman sultan
Defeated by the Defeated by the Spanish at the Battle Spanish at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, of Lepanto in 1571, lost control of the lost control of the MediterraneanMediterranean
Ottoman DeclineOttoman Decline
Over the next several centuries, the Ottoman Over the next several centuries, the Ottoman Empire gradually declinedEmpire gradually declined
Europeans gained control of the seas and ended Europeans gained control of the seas and ended Muslim trade monopoliesMuslim trade monopolies
Succession problems and uneducated SultansSuccession problems and uneducated Sultans
European economic competitionEuropean economic competition
Technological and cultural conservatismTechnological and cultural conservatism
Janissaries held power and blocked reformsJanissaries held power and blocked reforms
The SafavidsThe Safavids
Turkic tribe which Turkic tribe which entered Iranentered Iran
Converted to Shiite Converted to Shiite IslamIslam
Isma’il 1494-1524Isma’il 1494-1524
Took control of the Safavids in 1494 at the Took control of the Safavids in 1494 at the age of 7, claimed to be the Hidden Imamage of 7, claimed to be the Hidden Imam
By 1512 he controlled all of Iran and By 1512 he controlled all of Iran and became the first Safavid Shahbecame the first Safavid Shah
Defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 (blocked Shiite Chaldiran in 1514 (blocked Shiite expansion)expansion)
Shah Abbas I 1588-1629Shah Abbas I 1588-1629
The greatest Safavid rulerThe greatest Safavid ruler
Made alliances with Made alliances with Europeans against the Europeans against the OttomansOttomans
Encouraged trade and Encouraged trade and commerce with Western commerce with Western EuropeansEuropeans
Period of great wealth Period of great wealth and cultural creativityand cultural creativity
Mixture of Persian and Mixture of Persian and Islamic influencesIslamic influences
Isfahan: The Safavid CapitalIsfahan: The Safavid Capital
Safavid ArchitectureSafavid Architecture
Safavid Poetry (Rumi)Safavid Poetry (Rumi)O you who've gone on pilgrimage -O you who've gone on pilgrimage - where are you, where, oh where are you, where, oh where?where?Here, here is the Beloved!Here, here is the Beloved! Oh come now, come, oh Oh come now, come, oh come!come!Your friend, he is your neighbor,Your friend, he is your neighbor, he is next to your wall - he is next to your wall -You, erring in the desert - You, erring in the desert - what air of love is this? what air of love is this?If you'd see the Beloved'sIf you'd see the Beloved's form without any form - form without any form -You are the house, the master,You are the house, the master, You are the Kaaba, you! . . . You are the Kaaba, you! . . .Where is a bunch of roses,Where is a bunch of roses, if you would be this garden? if you would be this garden?Where, one soul's pearly essenceWhere, one soul's pearly essence when you're the Sea of God? when you're the Sea of God?That's true - and yet your troublesThat's true - and yet your troubles may turn to treasures rich - may turn to treasures rich -How sad that you yourself veilHow sad that you yourself veil the treasure that is yours! the treasure that is yours!
Ottomans and Safavids ComparedOttomans and Safavids Compared
The Ottomans were more market-oriented The Ottomans were more market-oriented than the Safavidsthan the Safavids
Safavid women had more freedom and Safavid women had more freedom and were less secluded than Ottoman womenwere less secluded than Ottoman women
The Ottomans had a larger territory and The Ottomans had a larger territory and more resources.more resources.
Decline and Fall of the SafavidsDecline and Fall of the Safavids
Succession problems after the death of Succession problems after the death of Abbas IAbbas I
European economic competitionEuropean economic competition
Religious conflict between Sunnis and Religious conflict between Sunnis and ShiitesShiites
1722: Safavids collapsed1722: Safavids collapsed
The MughalsThe Mughals
Descended from the Descended from the MongolsMongolsInfluenced by Influenced by Chinese and Islamic Chinese and Islamic culturesculturesOriginated in Originated in Turkestan in Central Turkestan in Central AsiaAsiaSunni Muslims with Sunni Muslims with Sufi influenceSufi influence
Babur “the Tiger” 1483-1530Babur “the Tiger” 1483-1530
Invaded present day Invaded present day Afghanistan and then Afghanistan and then northern Indianorthern India
Defeated the Delhi Defeated the Delhi SultanateSultanate
First Muslim to use First Muslim to use gunpowder weapons gunpowder weapons (muskets and artillery(muskets and artillery
At the same time, At the same time, Europeans were Europeans were beginning to have contact beginning to have contact with India from the sea with India from the sea
Humayun 1530-1556Humayun 1530-1556
From 1530-1540, lost all From 1530-1540, lost all of his father’s empire in a of his father’s empire in a series of rebellionsseries of rebellions
Went into exile in Persia Went into exile in Persia and rebuilt his army and rebuilt his army (Persian culture (Persian culture introduced to Mughals)introduced to Mughals)
By 1555, managed to By 1555, managed to reconquer the Mughal reconquer the Mughal EmpireEmpire
Humayun’s Tomb in DelhiHumayun’s Tomb in Delhi
Akbar the Great 1556-1605Akbar the Great 1556-1605
Greatest ruler of Indian Greatest ruler of Indian historyhistory
Became Shah at age 13Became Shah at age 13
Completed the Completed the conquest of Northern conquest of Northern IndiaIndia
Developed an efficient Developed an efficient bureaucracybureaucracy
Attempted to win over Attempted to win over HindusHindus
The Din-i-Ilahi: “The Religion of The Din-i-Ilahi: “The Religion of God”God”
Attempted to synthesize Attempted to synthesize the world’s religions into the world’s religions into oneone
Predominantly based on Predominantly based on IslamIslam
Elements of Hinduism, Elements of Hinduism, Jainism, and Jainism, and ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism
Asked Christian Asked Christian missionaries to participatemissionaries to participate
Eventually rejected by Eventually rejected by both Muslims and Hindusboth Muslims and Hindus
Jahangir 1605-1628Jahangir 1605-1628
Conquered Eastern Conquered Eastern IndiaIndia
Patron of the artsPatron of the arts
““The Age of Mughal The Age of Mughal Splendor”Splendor”
Mughal ArtMughal Art
The Red Fort, DelhiThe Red Fort, Delhi
Mughal ArchitectureMughal Architecture
Jahan 1628-1658Jahan 1628-1658
Expanded EmpireExpanded Empire
Defeated the Defeated the PortuguesePortuguese
Known for Known for magnificent magnificent architectural projectsarchitectural projects
Mumtaz MahalMumtaz Mahal
Jahan’s favorite wifeJahan’s favorite wife
Died in 1631 giving birth Died in 1631 giving birth to her fourteenth childto her fourteenth child
Jahan built the most Jahan built the most magnificent tomb magnificent tomb possible: The Taj Mahalpossible: The Taj Mahal
Combination of Indian, Combination of Indian, Persian, Chinese Persian, Chinese architectural stylesarchitectural styles
Aurangzeb 1658-1707Aurangzeb 1658-1707
Shah Jahan’s building Shah Jahan’s building projects and taxes projects and taxes caused rebellions caused rebellions among the Hindusamong the Hindus
Aurangzeb overthrew Aurangzeb overthrew and imprisoned his and imprisoned his father in 1658 and father in 1658 and became Shahbecame Shah
Expanded the Mughal Expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest Empire to its greatest extentextent
Aurangzeb 1658-1707Aurangzeb 1658-1707
Devout Muslim who insisted Shar’ia become the Devout Muslim who insisted Shar’ia become the law of the landlaw of the land
Persecuted Hindus, closed temples, outlawed Persecuted Hindus, closed temples, outlawed practice of satipractice of sati
Renewed taxes on non-Muslims which had been Renewed taxes on non-Muslims which had been ended by Akbar the Greatended by Akbar the Great
Revolts began, aided by Europeans in IndiaRevolts began, aided by Europeans in India
By early 1700s Mughals were losing control of By early 1700s Mughals were losing control of India and Europeans were gaining influenceIndia and Europeans were gaining influence
SikhsSikhs
A major Indian religion which A major Indian religion which began in the 16began in the 16thth century under century under the Mughalsthe MughalsCentered in Northern India, 23 Centered in Northern India, 23 million followersmillion followersBegan with Guru Nanak (1569-Began with Guru Nanak (1569-1539) 1539) Total of 10 Gurus (the last died Total of 10 Gurus (the last died in 1708)in 1708)Mystical, egalitarian, Mystical, egalitarian, disciplineddisciplinedMajor political and economic Major political and economic force in India and Pakistanforce in India and Pakistan
Comparisons of the Declines of the Comparisons of the Declines of the Gunpowder EmpiresGunpowder Empires
Internal weaknesses and conflictsInternal weaknesses and conflicts
OverexpansionOverexpansion
Weak, incompetent rulersWeak, incompetent rulers
Muslim contempt for Europeans meant the Muslim contempt for Europeans meant the Europeans were underestimatedEuropeans were underestimated
Economic and military decline as Economic and military decline as Europeans gained powerEuropeans gained power
The World in 1700The World in 1700
Asia and European Contact 1450-Asia and European Contact 1450-17501750
Europeans were not powerful enough to Europeans were not powerful enough to exploit Asia during 1450-1750exploit Asia during 1450-1750Europeans at first had difficulty trading for Europeans at first had difficulty trading for Asian goods since they had little or Asian goods since they had little or nothing the Asians valuednothing the Asians valuedEuropeans were only able to trade Europeans were only able to trade successfully with Asia after they gained successfully with Asia after they gained access to the New World’s precious access to the New World’s precious metals metals
The Asian World in 1700 The Asian World in 1700
Chapter 22 p. 482Chapter 22 p. 482
European Trade With AsiaEuropean Trade With Asia
Using superior naval technology, the Using superior naval technology, the Portuguese were able to establish a trade Portuguese were able to establish a trade network in the Indian Ocean by 1507network in the Indian Ocean by 1507By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and By the later 1500s, the Dutch, French, and the English had driven out the Portuguesethe English had driven out the PortugueseThe Dutch took control of the Spice The Dutch took control of the Spice Islands (modern Indonesia)Islands (modern Indonesia)The French and English concentrated on The French and English concentrated on IndiaIndia
European MissionariesEuropean Missionaries
Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Christianity was Christianity was introduced into the introduced into the Philippines by the Philippines by the Spanish, where it Spanish, where it merged with local merged with local animistic beliefs and animistic beliefs and traditionstraditionsElsewhere in Asia, Elsewhere in Asia, Christianity became a Christianity became a minority religionminority religion
Ming China 1368-1644 Ming China 1368-1644
Oldest, largest, and Oldest, largest, and richest civilizationrichest civilization
Part of the world Part of the world economy, but foreign economy, but foreign trade was only a small trade was only a small part of the Chinese part of the Chinese economyeconomy
Silk, porcelain, and cotton Silk, porcelain, and cotton were major exports, with were major exports, with tea becoming tea becoming increasingly importantincreasingly important
Ming China’s Economic Impact on Ming China’s Economic Impact on the Worldthe World
Ming China used silver as Ming China used silver as its monetary metalits monetary metal
The Single Whip tax on The Single Whip tax on all Chinese had to be all Chinese had to be paid in silverpaid in silver
Therefore, Ming China Therefore, Ming China was a major importer of was a major importer of silver in exchange for silver in exchange for trade goodstrade goods
The largest source of The largest source of silver was the Americassilver was the Americas
Ming China’s Agricultural Ming China’s Agricultural RevolutionRevolution
New World crops such as corn, peppers, New World crops such as corn, peppers, and the sweet potato were introduced to and the sweet potato were introduced to ChinaChina
Crop rotationCrop rotation
Massive reforestationMassive reforestation
China’s population grew from 65 million in China’s population grew from 65 million in 1400 to 300 million by 18001400 to 300 million by 1800
Ming China’s Commercial Ming China’s Commercial RevolutionRevolution
Population growth led to Population growth led to increased urbanizationincreased urbanization
Small businesses Small businesses specialized in porcelain, specialized in porcelain, tea, silk, cotton, and tea, silk, cotton, and paper manufacturingpaper manufacturing
European trade with Ming European trade with Ming China was tightly China was tightly controlled by the Chinese controlled by the Chinese government, which was government, which was wary of foreign influencewary of foreign influence
Decline and Fall of the MingDecline and Fall of the MingLittle Ice Age related climate problems Little Ice Age related climate problems were especially severe in the early 1600swere especially severe in the early 1600sIncompetent emperors were unable to Incompetent emperors were unable to helphelpFamine and natural disasters led to Famine and natural disasters led to peasant rebellionspeasant rebellionsIn 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed In 1644 the Manchus invaded, destroyed the Ming, and established the Qing the Ming, and established the Qing DynastyDynasty
JapanJapan
Japan 1450-1750Japan 1450-1750Ca 1467-1600 Warring States period: no Ca 1467-1600 Warring States period: no central leadership (Emperor only central leadership (Emperor only ceremonial)ceremonial)1543: Portuguese traders arrived in 1543: Portuguese traders arrived in southern Japan. Other Europeans followedsouthern Japan. Other Europeans followedPortuguese and other Europeans served Portuguese and other Europeans served as middlemen, carrying goods between as middlemen, carrying goods between Japan and ChinaJapan and China
Territorial dispute todayTerritorial dispute today
Senkaku Islands
Christianity in JapanChristianity in Japan
Catholic missionaries led Catholic missionaries led by Francis Xavier arrived by Francis Xavier arrived beginning in 1549beginning in 1549
Christianity had great Christianity had great appeal in Japan, and appeal in Japan, and many converted, many converted, especially on island of especially on island of KyushuKyushu
Japanese converts Japanese converts traveled to Europe to traveled to Europe to meet the Popemeet the Pope
Japan’s reaction to European Japan’s reaction to European contactcontact
Fascination with the “nanbanjin”Fascination with the “nanbanjin”
Intense interest in learning about and from Intense interest in learning about and from the Europeansthe Europeans
Large amount of trade between Japanese Large amount of trade between Japanese and Europeansand Europeans
Jesuits in Japan p.501
Tokugawa IeyasuTokugawa Ieyasu
By 1598, had managed to By 1598, had managed to unify Japan under his ruleunify Japan under his rule
Tokugawa Shogunate Tokugawa Shogunate 1598-18681598-1868
Distrusted Europeans and Distrusted Europeans and Christians as potentially Christians as potentially disloyal to his ruledisloyal to his rule
Restrictions placed on Restrictions placed on European traders and European traders and missionariesmissionaries
Japanese Christians were Japanese Christians were persecutedpersecuted
Sakoju Jidai: National SeclusionSakoju Jidai: National Seclusion
By mid 1600s all European traders were By mid 1600s all European traders were banned except the Dutchbanned except the Dutch
Dutch traders were only allowed in Dutch traders were only allowed in NagasakiNagasaki
Japanese were not allowed to travel Japanese were not allowed to travel abroad, and foreigners were forbidden to abroad, and foreigners were forbidden to enterenter
Christianity was suppressedChristianity was suppressed
The Tokugawa ShogunateThe Tokugawa Shogunate
Centralized government under Confucian Centralized government under Confucian principlesprinciples
Four social classesFour social classes
1.1. Samurai Samurai
2.2. FarmersFarmers
3.3. ArtisansArtisans
4.4. MerchantsMerchants
The Tokugawa ShogunateThe Tokugawa Shogunate
Urbanization, with three major cities: Edo, Urbanization, with three major cities: Edo, Kyoto, OsakaKyoto, OsakaRice was the staple cropRice was the staple cropUrban areas had many small businesses Urban areas had many small businesses and industriesand industriesConfucianist schools allowed most men Confucianist schools allowed most men and some women to become literateand some women to become literateDutch studies group studied European Dutch studies group studied European books in Nagasakibooks in Nagasaki