Brummett, et a;. Civilization, Past & Present
Chapter Outline
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325-1500
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I. Byzantium: the Latin Phase — 325–610
II. The Age of Consolidation: 610–1071
III. Western and Turkish Invasions: 1071–1453
IV. Southeastern Europe to 1500
V. Russia to 1500
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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I. Byzantium: the Latin Phase — 325–610
Diocletian (285–305)tetrarchs: caesars, augusti
A. Constantine and Constantinoplein hoc signo vinces (By this,
conquer)325 > Constantinople
dedicated, 330Arianism
B. Julian: The Last Pagan“the apostate”
renounces Christianity
closes Academy
C. Orthodoxy and Heresiespatriarchcaesaropapism
heresy a political offenseContantinople v. RomeMonophysitesNestorians
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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I. Byzantium: the Latin Phase — 325–610
D. The German Challenges378 — Valens, AdrianopleTheodosius the Great
Spanishcontrols Visigoths, OstrogothsEmpire definitively split
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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I. Byzantium: the Latin Phase — 325–610
E. Justinian and TheodoraJustinian (527–565)
strengthening:Hagia Sophiawalls of Contantinoplereconquest: North Africa, Spain,
Italyreform:
Justinian Codecodification of Roman Law
TheodoradislikedNika rebellion
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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II. The Age of Consolidation: 610–1071
A. Heraclius (610–641)610 — replaces PhocasPersian advancestheme system
defense a prioritysmaller statebased on free peasants
Ctesiphonvictory against Persians
Muslims636, Yarmuk — take Syria and
PalestineB. The Iconoclastic Period
Emperor as head of churchNew invasions:
Arabs, Avars, Bulgarians> Leo the Isaurian (717–741)
strengthens theme systempersecution of Jews, heretics,
iconophilesiconoclasm
split with Rome widens
C. Empress Irene and Iconophilismiconophileregent, co-emperor with Constantine VIfollowed by Nicepherus (802–811)Theophilus (829–842)
D. Missionary ActivitiesBulgarians, Slavs — 860'sBulgaria
Khan Borisplays Rome against Constantinople
Cyril and Methodiusfrom Thessalonicato Moravia, King Rastislav
E. Byzantium's Golden Age, 842–1071Macedonian dynasty, 867–1056preservers
e.g., Justinian Codereformed under Basil I and Leo VI
(867–912)
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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III. Western and Turkish Invasions: 1071–1453
A. Byzantine Decline and the Seljuq AdvanceAlp Arslan (the “Victorious Lion”)
1071- Manzikert
B. The Western CrusadesPope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael
Cerularius> 1054 – Schism
Alexius Comnenus (1081–1118)founds new dynastyasks Pope for help against Seljuks
> Crusades
Fourth Crusade, sack of Constantinople, 1204
C. The Ottoman VictoryPaleologus Dynasty (1261–1453)
Bulgarians threatenStephen Nemanja (1168–1196),Stephen Dushan (1331–1355)
Ottomans1354 - cross into Europetolerant of other monotheists
fewer divisionsmillet system
1453 - take Constantinople
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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IV. Southeastern Europe to 1500
A. BulgariaFinn-tatarslate 7thabsorbed by SlavsKhan Krum
defeats NicepherousKhan Boris
joins Byzantine churchencourages missionariesadopts Slavonic alphabet
Symeon (893–927)First Bulgarian Empire
Renewed invasions: Magyars, Pechenegs
Second Bulgarian Empire — 185–1240s
B. SerbiaStephen Nemanja, the Grand
Zhupanunites Serbians
Stephen Nemanja II (1196–1228)Serbian national church
Stephen Dushan (1308–1355)1389 — Battle of Kosovo
defeated by Sultan Murad
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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IV. Southeastern Europe to 1500
C. Romaniafrom DaciansLatinizedreligious divisions:
Wallachians — OrthodoxTransylvanians — Catholic
D. Albaniafrom Bronze Age
Skanderberg (1443–1468)independence
under Ottomans from 1468
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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V. Russia to 1500
A. Kiev Rus’ and Vladimirtrading townsVarangians
from Baltic, 860srelationship with Slavs?
dominance?equals?
Oleg (c. 882–913)Kiev
Sviatoslav (964–972)adds Novgorod
Vladimir (980–1015)pagan
Perun, VolosGreek Orthodoxy
Yaroslav the Wise (1019–1054)alliance with Henry Iprimogeniture
Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125)
Brummett, et al , Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 6: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325–1500
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V. Russia to 1500
B. Novogorod, Moscow and the Mongols
Mongol Dominance, 1240–1480997 — Novgorod autonomous
Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod
veche
Moscowreplaces Novgorod as centerGrand Duchy of Moscow
founded by Daniel, son of NevskyIvan I Kalita (1328–1341)
Dmitri Donskoi (1359–1389)
C. Ivan III and the Third RomeIvan III (1462–1505)
1492 - called “the new Emperor Constantine of the new Constantinople Moscow”
uses title tsar (Caesar)Philotheus of Pskov
theory of Moscow as Third Rome