CHAPTER 2: THE ENGLISH COLONIES
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I. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
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Jamestown, VA – 1607 - the 1st permanent English settlement in America Settled by the London
Company (joint-stock company)
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Not prepared to build or farm, 2/3 die by winter
John Smith – leader 1608 Helped by powerful Powhatan
Indians John Rolfe marries Pocahontas
– forms a peaceful alliance with natives (for a while)
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Daily Life Headright system – colonists who paid their
own way received 50acres of land + 50 more for anyone they brought Large tobacco farms were established
Most people came as indentured servants – a person who was given a free trip in exchange for working off the debt once there
Slaves begin to arrive in 1619
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Bacon’s Rebellion Colonial officials began taxing colonists Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against the
local government in 1676 – attacking and burning Jamestown
**** 1st example of rebellion against taxation in “New World” ****
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Religious freedom and economic opportunities motives for founding other colonies in the
south
Maryland – began as a refuge for English Catholics – set up by Lord Baltimore, 1634
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Toleration Act of 1649 – a bill that made it a crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians ****Later used as an example in U.S.
Constitution freedom of religion****
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The Carolinas – most colonists were farmers, while South Carolina had large plantations with many slaves
Georgia – founded by James Oglethorpe as a refuge for debtors in 1733 Began as small farms with
slavery outlawed Settlers grew unhappy rice
plantations began to grow and worked by slaves
The Carolinas – most colonists were farmers, while South Carolina had large plantations with many slaves
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Farming and slavery were very important to the Southern Colonies
Economies depended on cash crops tobacco, rice, indigo
Enslaves Africans became main source of labor Slave codes – laws to control slaves were passed
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II. The New England Colonies = religious freedom (ME, NH, MA, CT, RI)
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Pilgrims – wanted to separate from the Anglican ChurchLeave the Netherlands
in 1620 on the Mayflower
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Mayflower Compact – a legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good *** First example of a
constitution in America***
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Native Americans – Squanto – taught them to farm, and fertilize soil celebrate 1st Thanksgiving with Wampanoag Indians
Women had better legal rights than in England14
Puritans - disagreed with official church opinions and wanted to purify the Anglican Church1629-1640 thousands left England for the
Massachusetts Bay ColonyThe colony was well prepared and would thrive
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Religion and government were closely linked in the N.E. Colonies
Because religion was the major reason for the creation of the colony, it was closely tied to government activities
Government leaders were also church members Dissenters (people who disagreed) were banned
from the colony Several religious conflict would erupt
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•The N.E. Economy farming and trade
Farming Harsh climate and
rocky soil = few cash crops
Raised crops and animals for own use = little need for slaves
Trade Merchants traded goods
locally and overseas Fishing and shipbuilding
were major industries
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Education Public education New England
Primer – stories from the Bible Higher education Harvard College
1636, College of William and Mary 1693
Harvard - 1720
William and Mary College
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III. The Middle Colonies = diverse settlements (NY, PA, NJ, DE)
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NY and NJ were created from former Dutch territories Once called
New Netherlands, the English captured it and renamed it New York in 1664
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William Penn established the colony of Pennsylvania Quakers were one of the largest religious
groups in NJ PA was founded as a refuge for Quakers –
and guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians
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Economy trade and staple crops Staple crops – wheat, barley, oats – crops
that are always needed Few slaves, mostly indentured servants for
labor Traded their staple crops with Britain and
West Indies
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IV. Life in the English Colonies – they continue to grow despite many challenges
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COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS WERE INFLUENCED BY POLITICAL CHANGES IN ENGLAND
English Bill of Rights - (1689) – Parliament replaced the unpopular King James II and the Eng. Bill of Rights reduced the power of future monarchs.
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Colonial Govt’sEach colony had their own govt. – the
power came from their charterThe King had the ultimate authorityGovernor was the head
Assisted by a council The town meeting was the center of N.E.
political life
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English Trade Laws England set up the
colonies to make money!
Mercantilism – a system of creating and maintaining wealth through controlled trade
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Navigation Acts – colonists could only trade specific items (sugar, cotton) within the British Empire hated by the colonies
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Triangular Trade – a system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Great Britain, and Africa
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Middle Passage – the voyage that brought millions of African slaves to the Americas
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SLAVE SHIPS
The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment encourages political equality among colonists
Great Awakening – (1730-40) a religious movement that swept through the colonies that revived religion Revivals be came
popular places to talk about political and social issues
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The Enlightenment – (1700’s) – a movement that spread the idea that reason could improve society Formed ideas how gov’t should
work People had natural rights –
life, liberty, property These ideas influenced colonial
leaders
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The French and Indian War (aka “Seven Years War”)Indian Allies – based on trade
partners English – Iroquois League French – Algonquin and Huron
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English win!
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Treaty of Paris – Britain gets:CanadaAll French
lands east of the Mississippi River
Florida (from Spain)
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The Western Frontier Most settlements
were along the coast, but people slowly began to move further west
Pontiac’s Rebellion causes more fighting and frontier people needed protection by the English army
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King George III issues Proclamation of 1763 – banning settlements west of the Appalachian Mts.
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V. CONFLICT IN THE COLONIES
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BRITISH EFFORTS TO RAISE TAXES COLONIST’S TAXES ARE MET WITH OUTRAGE
Eng. paid for the French and Indian War, and to keep troops in N. America for protection
Parliament passed the Sugar Act in 1764 to help pay for costs
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Colonists felt their should be “No Taxation Without Representation” in Parliament
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John Hancock
Sam Adams begins the Committees of Correspondence – as a way to keep the colonies informed of British Laws
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Taxing the coloniesStamp Act of 1765
Paid for official stamp or seal on purchase of paper items
Sons of Liberty – secret society, Sam Adams, used violence to scare tax collectors
All of the outrage caused it to be repealed in 176642
Townshend Acts of 1767Tax on glass, lead, paints, paper, and teaMore uproar from colonistsBritish troops are sent in 1768 to quiet the
noise
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Should troops be used as a police force?
Propaganda:Information put out by an
organization to spread and promote a policy, idea, doctrine, or cause
Deceptive or distorted information that is systematically spread
A story giving only one side of an argument
MisinformationHalf truths
THE BOSTON MASSACRE
A crowd gathered in Boston after a British soldier struck a colonist – March 5, 1770
Soldiers fired into the crowd, killing 3 people
The shootings were named the “Boston Massacre” by the colonist media
This event caused even more resentment against the British
The Boston Massacr
e
Paul Revere’s
Engraving
THE BOSTON TEA PARTY Colonial merchant had been smuggling tea to
avoid taxes Parliament passed the Tea Act of 1773 to allow
the British East India Company to sell cheap tea in the colonies
Dec. 16, 1773 – Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians, board the ships, dump the tea into Boston Harbor
In response to the Tea Party Britain passed the Intolerable
Acts1. Boston Harbor is
closed2. Massachusetts
charter in canceled
3. Royal officials accused of crimes are to be sent to England for trial
4. Gen. Thomas Gage was made new Governor of MA