© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change
• Acid Deposition
• Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
• Global Climate Change
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Acid Deposition
• Formation and Extent
• Emissions and Sources
• Effects on the Environment
• Control and Management
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Distribution of Acid Deposition
Figure 12.1: Areas with existing or potential acid deposition problems.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Formation of Acid Deposition
Figure 12.2: Formation and deposition of acid precipitation.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
SO2 and NOx ContributorsCountry SO2 NOx
Canada -16 -4
United States -17 -2
(Former) Czechoslovakia -50 -42
France -20 +4
Germany -21 -30
Poland -26 -9
United Kingdom -46 -25
Russia -40 -32
Ukraine -54 -57
Percent change, 1990 to 1996. See Table 12.1 for details.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in U.S.
Figure 12.3: Sulfur dioxide emissions in 1999 were greatest in the Ohio Valley and Texas.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Nitrous Oxides Emissions in U.S.
Figure 12.3: Nitrous oxides emissions in 1999 were greatest in Texas, Illinois, Ohio, and California, with no strong regional concentration.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
U.S. Acid Precipitation
Figure 12.4: Year 2000 precipitation pH levels are lower in the eastern half of the United States.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Forest Damage
Figure 12.5: Damage to the famous Black Forest of southern Germany helped to galvanize public opinion against sulfur emissions.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Building Damage
Figure 12.6: This sculpture in Germany experienced less damage in the 200 years prior to the first photograph than it did in the 60 years between the two images.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
• Ozone-Depleting Chemicals
• The Ozone Hole is Discovered
• Reducing ODCs: The Montreal Protocol
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Major Ozone-Depleting ChemicalsChemical Atmospheric
Life (Years)Contribution to Ozone
Depletion (%)
CFC-11 65 26
CFC-12 130 45
CFC-113 90 12
Carbon tetrachloride
50 8
Methyl chloroform 7 5
See Table 12.3 in text for a more complete list.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Global Climate Change
• The Greenhouse Effect
• Greenhouse Gases
• Greenhouse Politics and Emissions Stabilization
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Carbon Dioxide Trends
Figure 12.8: Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at Mauna Loa, 1958 to 2000. Annual fluctuations have been removed.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Key Greenhouse GasesGas Pre-
industrial 1998 Current
change
CO2 (ppm) 280 367 +2.2Methane (ppb) 700 1693 +1.6NOx (ppb) 285 311 +0.6CFC-11 (ppt) 0 259 -0.8CFC-12 (ppt) 0 530 +4.1
Trends in ambient levels of key greenhouse gases. See Table 12.5 in text for details.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Figure 12.9: Per capita emissions by country.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003
ISSUES
• 12.1: Black Market Freon
• 12.2: The Costs of Global Warming
Recommended
