© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

• Acid Deposition

• Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

• Global Climate Change

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Acid Deposition

• Formation and Extent

• Emissions and Sources

• Effects on the Environment

• Control and Management

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Distribution of Acid Deposition

Figure 12.1: Areas with existing or potential acid deposition problems.

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Formation of Acid Deposition

Figure 12.2: Formation and deposition of acid precipitation.

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SO2 and NOx ContributorsCountry SO2 NOx

Canada -16 -4

United States -17 -2

(Former) Czechoslovakia -50 -42

France -20 +4

Germany -21 -30

Poland -26 -9

United Kingdom -46 -25

Russia -40 -32

Ukraine -54 -57

Percent change, 1990 to 1996. See Table 12.1 for details.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in U.S.

Figure 12.3: Sulfur dioxide emissions in 1999 were greatest in the Ohio Valley and Texas.

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Nitrous Oxides Emissions in U.S.

Figure 12.3: Nitrous oxides emissions in 1999 were greatest in Texas, Illinois, Ohio, and California, with no strong regional concentration.

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U.S. Acid Precipitation

Figure 12.4: Year 2000 precipitation pH levels are lower in the eastern half of the United States.

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Forest Damage

Figure 12.5: Damage to the famous Black Forest of southern Germany helped to galvanize public opinion against sulfur emissions.

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Building Damage

Figure 12.6: This sculpture in Germany experienced less damage in the 200 years prior to the first photograph than it did in the 60 years between the two images.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

• Ozone-Depleting Chemicals

• The Ozone Hole is Discovered

• Reducing ODCs: The Montreal Protocol

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Major Ozone-Depleting ChemicalsChemical Atmospheric

Life (Years)Contribution to Ozone

Depletion (%)

CFC-11 65 26

CFC-12 130 45

CFC-113 90 12

Carbon tetrachloride

50 8

Methyl chloroform 7 5

See Table 12.3 in text for a more complete list.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Global Climate Change

• The Greenhouse Effect

• Greenhouse Gases

• Greenhouse Politics and Emissions Stabilization

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Carbon Dioxide Trends

Figure 12.8: Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at Mauna Loa, 1958 to 2000. Annual fluctuations have been removed.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Key Greenhouse GasesGas Pre-

industrial 1998 Current

change

CO2 (ppm) 280 367 +2.2Methane (ppb) 700 1693 +1.6NOx (ppb) 285 311 +0.6CFC-11 (ppt) 0 259 -0.8CFC-12 (ppt) 0 530 +4.1

Trends in ambient levels of key greenhouse gases. See Table 12.5 in text for details.

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Figure 12.9: Per capita emissions by country.

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ISSUES

• 12.1: Black Market Freon

• 12.2: The Costs of Global Warming