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© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4e Cutter and Renwick 2003 Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change • Acid Deposition • Stratospheric Ozone Depletion • Global Climate Change

Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

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Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change. Acid Deposition Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Global Climate Change. Acid Deposition. Formation and Extent Emissions and Sources Effects on the Environment Control and Management. Distribution of Acid Deposition. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

• Acid Deposition

• Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

• Global Climate Change

Page 2: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Acid Deposition

• Formation and Extent

• Emissions and Sources

• Effects on the Environment

• Control and Management

Page 3: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Distribution of Acid Deposition

Figure 12.1: Areas with existing or potential acid deposition problems.

Page 4: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Formation of Acid Deposition

Figure 12.2: Formation and deposition of acid precipitation.

Page 5: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

SO2 and NOx ContributorsCountry SO2 NOx

Canada -16 -4

United States -17 -2

(Former) Czechoslovakia -50 -42

France -20 +4

Germany -21 -30

Poland -26 -9

United Kingdom -46 -25

Russia -40 -32

Ukraine -54 -57

Percent change, 1990 to 1996. See Table 12.1 for details.

Page 6: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in U.S.

Figure 12.3: Sulfur dioxide emissions in 1999 were greatest in the Ohio Valley and Texas.

Page 7: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Nitrous Oxides Emissions in U.S.

Figure 12.3: Nitrous oxides emissions in 1999 were greatest in Texas, Illinois, Ohio, and California, with no strong regional concentration.

Page 8: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

U.S. Acid Precipitation

Figure 12.4: Year 2000 precipitation pH levels are lower in the eastern half of the United States.

Page 9: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Forest Damage

Figure 12.5: Damage to the famous Black Forest of southern Germany helped to galvanize public opinion against sulfur emissions.

Page 10: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Building Damage

Figure 12.6: This sculpture in Germany experienced less damage in the 200 years prior to the first photograph than it did in the 60 years between the two images.

Page 11: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

• Ozone-Depleting Chemicals

• The Ozone Hole is Discovered

• Reducing ODCs: The Montreal Protocol

Page 12: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Major Ozone-Depleting ChemicalsChemical Atmospheric

Life (Years)Contribution to Ozone

Depletion (%)

CFC-11 65 26

CFC-12 130 45

CFC-113 90 12

Carbon tetrachloride

50 8

Methyl chloroform 7 5

See Table 12.3 in text for a more complete list.

Page 13: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Global Climate Change

• The Greenhouse Effect

• Greenhouse Gases

• Greenhouse Politics and Emissions Stabilization

Page 14: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Carbon Dioxide Trends

Figure 12.8: Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at Mauna Loa, 1958 to 2000. Annual fluctuations have been removed.

Page 15: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Key Greenhouse GasesGas Pre-

industrial 1998 Current

change

CO2 (ppm) 280 367 +2.2Methane (ppb) 700 1693 +1.6NOx (ppb) 285 311 +0.6CFC-11 (ppt) 0 259 -0.8CFC-12 (ppt) 0 530 +4.1

Trends in ambient levels of key greenhouse gases. See Table 12.5 in text for details.

Page 16: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Figure 12.9: Per capita emissions by country.

Page 17: Chapter 12: Regional and Global Atmospheric Change

© John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exploitation, Conservation, Preservation 4eCutter and Renwick 2003

ISSUES

• 12.1: Black Market Freon

• 12.2: The Costs of Global Warming