Chapter 10 U.S. History: 1877 to present Coach Armstrong
Becoming a World Power
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Section 1: The Pressure to Expand Section 2: The Spanish
American War Section 3: A New Foreign Policy Section 4: Debating
Americas New Role
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10.1 The Pressure to Expand Growth of Imperialism Expanding
U.S. Interests Arguments for U.S. Expansion
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Growth of Imperialism The 1800s marked the peak of European
imperialism. Much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination.
Under imperialism, stronger nation attempt to create empires by
dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or
militarily. Why Imperialism Grew 1. Economic Factors- growth of
industry increased need for natural resources, and new markets. 2.
Nationalistic Factors- devotion to ones nation. 3. Military
Factors- tech. made armies and navies better, and need for
refueling stations across the globe. 4. Humanitarian Factors- duty
to spread the blessings of western civ.
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Growth of Imperialism Europe Leads the Way Improved
transportation and communications made it easier for traditional
imperial powers to acquire new territory Great Britain, France, and
Russia. Germany entered the fray in 1871 when they became a unified
nation. By 1890 the U.S. was ready to join the action. Supporters
denied that the U.S. sought to annex foreign lands (happened
anyway).
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Expanding U.S. Interests George Washingtons Farewell Address,
1796. steer clear of permanent alliances with other countries.
Monroe Doctrine The U.S. declared itself neutral in European wars
and warned other nations not to interfere in the Western
Hemisphere. Manifest Destiny The annexation of Texas and the
acquisition of California and other southwestern lands were early
steps towards an American Empire. Sewards Folly The purchase of
Alaska from Russia.
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Expanding U.S. Interests Japan Commodore Matthew C. Perry
sailed a fleet of U.S. Navy ships into Tokyo Bay and forced the
Japanese to trade with the U.S. By the 1860s the U.S. and several
European nations signed treaties to trade with China. Midway
Islands Annexed in 1867 to use as a refueling station for the U.S.
Navy. Hawaii The U.S. signed a treaty with the Hawaiians to sell
them sugar duty- free as long as they did not lease territory to
other foreign powers. Latin America and the Caribbean U.S. Grant
stated that these areas would be protected from falling to a
foreign power.
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Arguments for U.S. Expansion Promoting Economic Growth
Overproduction from farmers and industry led to a need for more
consumers. Farmers, laborers, and industrialists called for
expansion of American markets. Banana Republics Protecting American
Security Captain Alfred T. Mahan Argued that the nations economic
future hinged on gaining new markets abroad, and that a powerful
navy was necessary to protect these markets. Expanding the Navy
Naval Advisory Board Naval Act of 1890
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Arguments for U.S. Expansion Preserving American Spirit Quest
for an empire might restore the countrys pioneer spirit. Frederick
Jackson Turner, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, and TR. Social Darwinism
Senator Albert J. Beveridge and others had the opinion that
civilizations produced by Anglo-Saxon and Germanic people were
superiors to the societies that they conquered. Americans Lean
Toward Expansion Gradually public opinion warmed to the idea of
expansion. Soon realized that political and military entanglements
followed expansion.
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10.2: The Spanish-American War Setting the Stage for War The
Spanish-American War New Challenges After the War Other Gains in
the Pacific
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Setting the Stage for War Displays of United States Power In
1891 an angry Chilean mob attacked a group of American sailors on
shore leave in Valparaiso. 2 killed, 17 injured. The U.S. forced
Chile to pay $75,000 to the families. Rebellion threatened the
friendly govt. of Brazil. President Cleveland ordered navy units to
Rio de Janeiro to protect U.S. shipping interests. Border dispute
between Britain and Venezuela. Clevelands Sec. of State Richard
Olney demanded that Great Britian submit to arbitration, and adhere
to the Monroe Doctrine. GB backed down when they realized it may be
a good idea to keep the U.S. as an ally.
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Setting the Stage for War The Cuban Rebellion By the 1890s, not
only had the Monroe Doctrine been reaffirmed, but the worlds most
powerful country bent to it. Cuba first rebelled against Spain in
1868. In 1895 the economy collapsed and the Cubans rebelled again.
Spain sent its best general, General Valeriano Weyler. In an
attempt to keep civilians from aiding the rebels, Weyler put men,
women and children in reconcentration camps with little food or
water. Over 2 years disease and starvation killed 200,000 cubans.
Cuban exiles in the U.S. urged the U.S. to intervene. Presidents
Cleveland and McKinley said no. Rebels destroyed American owned
sugar plantations in order to force their hands.
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Setting the Stage for War Yellow Journalism New York World
Published by Joseph Pulitzer New York Morning Journal Published by
William Randolph Hearst The newspapers were in a circulation
battle, and they used sensationalized stories of the crisis in Cuba
to sell newspapers. The intense burst of national pride and the
desire for an aggressive foreign policy that followed cane to be
know as jingoism.
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The Spanish-American War Steps to War In early 1898 riots
erupted in Havana. McKinley moved the battleship the U.S.S. Maine
into the citys harbor to protect American citizens and property The
events that followed pushed the U.S. into war.
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The Spanish-American War The de Lome Letter Called McKinley
weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd. The explosion of
the U.S.S. Maine February 15 th, 1898 Probably caused by fire that
exploded ammo, but American people blamed Spain. Preparing in the
Phillipines TR was Asst. Sec. of the Navy, wired naval commanders
to prepare for military action against Spain. McKinley ordered all
but the wire to Admiral George Dewey withdrawn.
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The Spanish-American War McKinleys War Message List of Demands
Compensation for the Maine End to reconcentration camps Truce in
Cuba Cuban Independence Spain agreed to all but the last, and
McKinley was forced to send a message to Congress on April 11 th. A
Splendid Little War First action of the war took place in the
Phillippines. Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on the
Spanish Pacific Fleet in Manila Bay. Lasted 7 hours
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The Spanish-American War Splendid Little War (cont.) In Cuba
the Navy bottled up the Spanish fleet in Santiago Harbor. 1 st
Volunteer Calvary Led by TR who resigned his post as Asst. Sec. of
the Navy. Recruited cowboys, miners, policemen, and college
athletes. Rough Riders July 1, 1898, the charge up San Juan Hill.
Spanish fleet made an attempt to flee the harbor, and every ship
was sunk on July 3 rd. 2,500 Americans died, only 400 in battle,
mostly from disease and food poisoning.
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The Spanish American War The Treaty of Paris Signed with Spain
in December of 1898. Spain recognized Cuban independence. The U.S.
gave Spain $20 million for the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and the
island of Guam. Unincorporated territories- not meant for
statehood. Treaty was ratified by the Senate in Feb. of 1899 after
a tough debate.
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New Challenges After the War How could the U.S. be a colonial
power without violating the nations most basic principle that all
people have the right to liberty? Dilemma in the Philippines Read
the quote from President McKinley on page 361 Most Filipinos were
already Christian. Also argued that if the U.S. didnt act first
other nations might try to seize the islands and new conflicts
would result. Filipinos fought alongside the U.S. in the
Spanish-American War under the assumption that they would receive
independence after the war.
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New Challenges After the War Emilio Aguinaldo declared
independence for the Philippines in January 1899 and the U.S.
ignored it. In February Filipino rebels and the U.S. went to war.
Filipino War 3 years 4,000 Americans killed and 3,000 wounded.
16,000 rebels and as many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died.
Philippines did not gain full independence until 1946.
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New Challenges After the War The Fate of Cuba Teller Amendment
Promised that the U.S. would not annex Cuba. McKinley installed a
military govt. led by General Leonard Wood. 3 years Major Walter
Reed Discovered the cure for yellow fever. Allowed the Cuban people
to draft a constitution in 1900 Platt Amendment Cuba could not
enter into any foreign agreements. Must allow U.S. to establish
naval bases as needed on the island. Must give the U.S. the right
to intervene when necessary. Only done twice while amendment was in
force until 1934.
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New Challenges After the War The U.S. and Puerto Rico Foraker
Act of 1900 U.S. removed military control and established a civil
govt., still under U.S. control. Jones Act of 1917 Granted Puerto
Ricans U.S. citizenship. Based only on an act of Congress not the
Constitution. Although Puerto Ricans could elect their own local
legislatures, the U.S. retained the power to appoint key officials,
such as the governor.
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Other Gains in the Pacific Annexation of Hawaii In 1887, Hawaii
and the U.S. renewed a treaty that allowed Hawaiian sugar to be
sold duty free in the U.S. Hawaii leased Pearl Harbor to the U.S.
White Hawaiian born planters forced King Kalakaua to accept a new
constitution that gave control of the govt. to them. His successor
Queen Liliuokalani attempted to reduce the influence of the
planters. In 1893, pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole removed Queen
Liliuokalani from power with the help of the U.S. Marines. He
proclaimed Hawaii a republic and requested it be annexed by the
U.S. In 1898 Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii.
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Other Gains in the Pacific Samoa Represented another possible
stepping stone to the growing trade in Asia. 1878 the U.S.
negotiated a treaty that offered our protection for use of the
harbor Pago Pago. Germany and GB also had their eyes on Samoa and
nearly led to war. Three-way Protectorate in 1889 GB withdrew in
1899
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Other Gains in the Pacific An Open Door to China Chinas huge
population and vast markets became increasingly important to
American trade by the late 1800s. Russia, Germany, GB, France, and
Japan were all seeking spheres of influence in China. Areas of
economic and political control. Open Door Policy Sec. of State John
Hay Boxer Rebellion Massacre of 300 foreigners and Christian
Chinese. Open Door Notes by Sec. of State John Hay.
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10.3 A New Foreign Policy The Panama Canal Roosevelts Big Stick
Diplomacy Foreign Policy After Roosevelt
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The Panama Canal After the Spanish-American War it became
evident that the U.S. needed a quicker route between the Atlantic
and Pacific Ocean. The Isthmus of Panama was a province of
Columbia. In 1879 a French company received a 25-year concession to
build a canal across Panama. Yellow fever and mismanagement left
the company ready to abandon the project after 10 years. They
offered to sell the concession to the U.S. for $100 million.
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The Panama Canal When the price fell to $40 million, Congress
passed the Spooner Act of 1902 authorizing the purchase of the
French assets. Also required that the U.S. work out a treaty with
Columbia for a lease of the land. Columbia tried to wait for the
concession to expire so they could offer the area at a higher
price. Read quote by John Hay on page 367. Roosevelt made it clear
to a member of the French company that the U.S. would not interfere
if they organized a Panamanian revolution against Columbia.
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The Panama Canal The revolution started in November of 1903.
U.S. warships waited just off the coast to support the rebels. The
U.S. immediately recognized the new country, and signed a treaty
that gave the U.S. control over a 10-mile wide strip of land for a
canal. Permanent grant Construction began in 1904, and finished in
1914 six months ahead of schedule and $23 million under budget.
Reaction to Canal Paid $25 million to the Columbian govt. in
1921.
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Roosevelts Big Stick Diplomacy Speak softly and carry a big
stick: you will go far Big Stick=U.S. Navy Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine Read excerpt on page 368 Wanted to see other
nations stable, orderly, and prosperous. The U.S. govt. would
intervene to prevent intervention from other powers. Central point.
Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) Under TR U.S. intervention in
Latin America became common.
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Roosevelts Big Stick Diplomacy Roosevelt as Peacemaker Chief
concern in Asia was to preserve an open door to trade with China.
Russo-Japanese War 1904 Japan was considerably stronger than
Russia. TR concerned that Japans strength posed a threat to trade
in the area. Portsmouth Treaty. Persuaded Japan to be happy with
small grants of land, and control over Korea instead of a huge
payment of cash. Also got Russia to leave Manchuria. Maintained
open door to China. TR receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his
efforts in 1907.
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Foreign Policy After Roosevelt Taft and Dollar Diplomacy Main
foreign policy goals were to maintain the open door to Asia, and
preserve stability in Latin America. Preferred to substitute
dollars for bullets. Meant to maintain orderly societies through
increased American investment in foreign economies. Dollar
Diplomacy Not always very profitable. Sec. of State Philander Knox
urged Americans to invest in a Chinese railroad. Russia and Japan
blocked the influence of the U.S. in China, and all money was lost
when the Chinese govt. collapsed in 1911. Dollar Diplomacy created
enemies in Latin America.
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Foreign Policy After Roosevelt Wilson an the Mexican Revolution
American intervention in Mexico led to even more anti- American
feelings in Latin America. In 1911, revolution forced a longtime
dictator Porfino Diaz to resign. The new president, Francisco
Madero, promised democratic reform but he could not unite the
country. In 1913 he was overthrown and killed by General Victoriano
Huerta. Huerta promised to protect foreign investments, and most
European countries recognized him. Wilson was urged by American
investors to do the same.
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Foreign Policy After Roosevelt Wilson and the Mexican
Revolution (cont.) Wilson refused to do so because he saw Huerta as
a butcher. End of Tafts Dollar Diplomacy, and the beginning of
Moral Diplomacy. Wilsons policy led him into complex and bloody
confrontations with Mexico. Carranza Pancho Villa and General John
J. Black Jack Pershing. Moral Diplomacy failed
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10.4 Debating Americas New Role The Anti-Imperialists
Imperialisms Appeal Imperialism Viewed From Abroad
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The Anti-Imperialists Moral and Political Arguments
Expansionist behavior was a rejection of the nations foundation of
liberty for all the Constitution must follow the flag, by which
they meant that the American flag and laws went together.
Anti-imperialist did not believe that any group of people should be
forced to wait to enjoy liberty. Imperialism threatened the nations
democratic foundations Racial Arguments African Americans were at
first torn about imperialistic issues, but they recognized that
racism was part of imperialism. Southern politicians feared the
effects of adding more people of different races to the U.S.
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The Anti-Imperialists They also feared that imperialist
policies would encourage people of different races to move to the
U.S. Economic Arguments Expansion involved many costs Ex. Larger
Army, possible need for more taxes, draft, etc. Laborers coming to
the U.S. from annexed territories would compete with Americans for
jobs. Industrialists argued that cheap goods produced in annexed
countries could be traded here duty free which would hurt American
business.
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Imperialisms Appeal Some people looked to a new frontier abroad
to keep Americans from losing their competitive edge. They agreed
with the economic arguments that emphasized the need to gain access
to foreign markets. Others embraced the strategic military reasons
for expansion. Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a cruise around
the world. The Great White Fleet showed the benefits of having a
powerful Navy.
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Imperialism Viewed From Abroad Latin Americans began to cry
Yankee, Go Home! Panamanians began to complain that they suffered
from discrimination. Other countries began to ask the U.S. for
help. The U.S. spent the rest of the 1900s trying to decide the
best way to reconcile its growing power and national interests with
its relationships with other countries.