Brain TicklerBrain Tickler Why might leaders of and agitators Why might leaders of and agitators
within European nations E, S, P within European nations E, S, P destroyed by the Great War turn to destroyed by the Great War turn to Existentialist Philosophy? Existentialist Philosophy?
Italy Post WWIItaly Post WWI Economic CrisisEconomic Crisis
Debt, Inflation, UnemploymentDebt, Inflation, Unemployment Treaty of Versailles & Italian ResentmentTreaty of Versailles & Italian Resentment
Italian Nationalism: Ancient Roman EmpireItalian Nationalism: Ancient Roman Empire Political Crisis – Too much DemocracyPolitical Crisis – Too much Democracy Opportunities for Ideologues & HeroesOpportunities for Ideologues & Heroes
Restore Confidence after Humiliation of WWIRestore Confidence after Humiliation of WWI
I will restore Italy’s pride and rebuild the great Roman
Empire (shakes fist in air)! The new Italy will not be
fooled by British and French promises of lands, we are
self-reliant and we will take what is rightfully ours…. by force if necessary (crosses arms over chests and sticks chin out in great defiance)!
Il Duce!
Il Duce!
Il Duce!
Il Duce
!
I’m too sexy for this hat, too sexy
for this…..
Italian FascismItalian Fascism Extreme Extreme
NationalismNationalism Militaristic & Militaristic &
ExpansionistExpansionist Anti-communistAnti-communist
(class conflict)(class conflict) Rejects Liberalism Rejects Liberalism
& Democracy& Democracy State vs. State vs.
IndividualIndividual
Corporate Corporate SyndicatesSyndicates
TotalitarianTotalitarian Single Party Single Party DictatorshipDictatorship Authoritarian – Authoritarian –
“order” rather than “order” rather than “vague social “vague social justice”justice”
Control E,S, P Control E,S, P institutionsinstitutions
Mussolini’s (Fasci) Rise to Mussolini’s (Fasci) Rise to PowerPower
Socialist: Supported Italian entry into WWISocialist: Supported Italian entry into WWI Fasci – Authoritarian – “order” rather than Fasci – Authoritarian – “order” rather than
“vague social justice”“vague social justice” Futurist: Action, Modern, ViolenceFuturist: Action, Modern, Violence Black Shirts destroy socialist papers/attack Black Shirts destroy socialist papers/attack
partyparty Work “outside” and inside Italian democracyWork “outside” and inside Italian democracy
1921 Party gaining influence (Local)1921 Party gaining influence (Local) 1922 March on Rome (Given PM position)1922 March on Rome (Given PM position)
How does Hitler’s How does Hitler’s Mein Kampf Mein Kampf detail the Nazi detail the Nazi
goals/ambitions of a greater goals/ambitions of a greater Germany?Germany?
Post WWI DiplomacyPost WWI Diplomacy Reliance on Democracy to keep PeaceReliance on Democracy to keep Peace Defensive Measures (Diplomatic): Defensive Measures (Diplomatic):
League of NationsLeague of Nations USA: Washington Naval Conf. (1922)USA: Washington Naval Conf. (1922) Dawes Plan (1924) - Reparations Dawes Plan (1924) - Reparations Locarno Pact (1925) Locarno Pact (1925) Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Impact of Global Economic DepressionImpact of Global Economic Depression Early 1930’s ‘national gov’ts’ exposes weaknesses Early 1930’s ‘national gov’ts’ exposes weaknesses
of International “System” of International “System”
The Dawes Plan (Keynesian The Dawes Plan (Keynesian Econ.)Econ.)
Germany-$2B in reparations To Britain & France
Britain & France$2.6B in war debts
to U.S.
U.S. loans $2.5B to German corporations
Western DemocraciesWestern Democracies Coalition Governments – Resolve Coalition Governments – Resolve
economic crisis, no real comprehensive economic crisis, no real comprehensive (united) foreign policy(united) foreign policy
Britain’s ‘National Government’Britain’s ‘National Government’ France’s ‘Popular Front’France’s ‘Popular Front’ American New Deal (Roosevelt)American New Deal (Roosevelt)
Relief, Recovery, ReformRelief, Recovery, Reform
Germany: The Rise of HitlerGermany: The Rise of Hitler Mein Kampf (My Struggle)Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi)National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi) Fascism w/ racist ideologyFascism w/ racist ideology Economic, Social, Political reorderingEconomic, Social, Political reordering
Revenge for WWIRevenge for WWI Stab in the Back TheoryStab in the Back Theory Treaty of Versailles & German rightsTreaty of Versailles & German rights
Unification & Lebensraum (Living Space)Unification & Lebensraum (Living Space) Restoring German confidenceRestoring German confidence
Japanese ExpansionJapanese Expansion Resistance to Western ImperialismResistance to Western Imperialism Model: Model: Western Industrial & Military Build UpWestern Industrial & Military Build Up
Growth of Nationalism & Industrial Expansion Growth of Nationalism & Industrial Expansion (Resources / Self-sufficiency / Power)(Resources / Self-sufficiency / Power)
Population GrowthPopulation Growth Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
Spheres of Influence (Manchuria & Korea)Spheres of Influence (Manchuria & Korea)
WWI: WWI: League v. Independence, Equality?League v. Independence, Equality? Treaty Confirmed Western Arrogance/PowerTreaty Confirmed Western Arrogance/Power
Emperor Hirohito & MilitarismEmperor Hirohito & Militarism“Cult of Personality”“Cult of Personality”
Japan (cont.)Japan (cont.) 1920’s & 1930’s Economic Collapse:1920’s & 1930’s Economic Collapse:
Hurt by Tariffs & Limited Resources/MarketsHurt by Tariffs & Limited Resources/Markets Internal Conflict: Liberalism vs. Dictatorship Internal Conflict: Liberalism vs. Dictatorship 1931: Manchuria (China): Western Reaction1931: Manchuria (China): Western Reaction
1932 Coup: Militarists & Zaibatsus 1932 Coup: Militarists & Zaibatsus AAnti-communist, Expansionist, Defiantnti-communist, Expansionist, Defiant Economic growth = success of new directionEconomic growth = success of new direction Instill Bushido Code & Shinto Instill Bushido Code & Shinto
Destiny: Naval Build Up & Colonial ExpansionDestiny: Naval Build Up & Colonial Expansion Despite Washington Naval Conference / WestDespite Washington Naval Conference / West
War continued in War continued in East…..East…..
1937 Japanese Invasion of 1937 Japanese Invasion of ChinaChina
**Reality: Japan relied heavily on Reality: Japan relied heavily on Western oil , steel & markets. In Western oil , steel & markets. In the late 1920’s Japanese military the late 1920’s Japanese military
and industrial leaders began and industrial leaders began pushing for expansion into pushing for expansion into
China’s rich resources.China’s rich resources.
Japanese DestinyJapanese Destiny 1931 Manchuria1931 Manchuria League of NationsLeague of Nations U.S. reactionU.S. reaction
Stimson DoctrineStimson Doctrine 1937 Sino-1937 Sino-
Japanese ConflictJapanese Conflict Quarantine SpeechQuarantine Speech Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts
Growing fears in Growing fears in U.S., Britain, USSRU.S., Britain, USSR
‘‘Allied’ Aid to Allied’ Aid to China China
Allied National AgendasAllied National Agendas France: Domestic France: Domestic
Economy, Maginot Economy, Maginot Line, Isolate Germany Line, Isolate Germany thru treaties & thru treaties & reparations, Empirereparations, Empire
Britain: Focus on Britain: Focus on Domestic Economy & Domestic Economy & EmpireEmpire
USA – FDR’s New USA – FDR’s New Deal, Isolation, Public Deal, Isolation, Public Opinion, & ‘Magic Opinion, & ‘Magic Wand’Wand’
USSR (Stalin): USSR (Stalin): Industrialization, Industrialization, Distrust of West & Distrust of West & PurgesPurges
Scandinavian Scandinavian “Socialist” States“Socialist” States
Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe: Dictatorships and Dictatorships and InstabilityInstability
The March of Nazi and Fascist The March of Nazi and Fascist AggressionAggression
Belligerents will challenge (gamble on) Belligerents will challenge (gamble on) perceived Weakness/Disunity of WWI alliesperceived Weakness/Disunity of WWI allies
1933 Hitler pulls Germany out of L. of N.1933 Hitler pulls Germany out of L. of N. 1934 Non-aggression pact w/ Poland1934 Non-aggression pact w/ Poland 1934 Support Nazi putsch in Austria 1934 Support Nazi putsch in Austria
(Mussolini, not West challenged), failed(Mussolini, not West challenged), failed 1935 Hitler denounces Treaty of Versailles1935 Hitler denounces Treaty of Versailles
Goals: Revenge, Unification, & LebensraumGoals: Revenge, Unification, & Lebensraum
March of Fascism (cont.)March of Fascism (cont.) 1935 Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (League)1935 Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (League) 3/1936 – German army reoccupies Rhineland3/1936 – German army reoccupies Rhineland
Hitler prepared to pull out if confrontedHitler prepared to pull out if confronted 11/1936 – Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis11/1936 – Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis 1936 - Spanish Civil War1936 - Spanish Civil War March 1938 – Anschluss (Union w/ Germany)March 1938 – Anschluss (Union w/ Germany)
Western protests fail to save AustriaWestern protests fail to save Austria Sept 1938 – Hitler demands Sudeten (Czech)Sept 1938 – Hitler demands Sudeten (Czech)
Czechoslovakia key to Hitler’s war / Allied defenseCzechoslovakia key to Hitler’s war / Allied defense
Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-(1936-1939)1939)
Germany and Italy aid Franco’s fascist Germany and Italy aid Franco’s fascist regime against liberal/socialist national regime against liberal/socialist national gov’tgov’t
Britain, France & U.S. refuse interventionBritain, France & U.S. refuse intervention USSR aids national gov’t (Western fears)USSR aids national gov’t (Western fears) Brutality of ideological conflict is ‘Dress Brutality of ideological conflict is ‘Dress
Rehearsal’ for WWII Rehearsal’ for WWII
The Munich Pact 9/1938The Munich Pact 9/1938
Neville Chamberlain, the British P.M., was the Neville Chamberlain, the British P.M., was the architect of an agreement to avoid war. He architect of an agreement to avoid war. He and the French premier Daladier gave Hitler and the French premier Daladier gave Hitler
the Sudeten.the Sudeten.
I have Hitler’s assurance that he will demand no more lands. We have “Peace with
Honor”
I hope his fingers
were not crossed.
The Munich Pact The Munich Pact is now is now
considered an considered an act of act of
“Appeasement”. “Appeasement”. In March 1939 In March 1939 German troops German troops occupied all of occupied all of
Czech. The Czech. The British & French British & French
at this point at this point knew war was knew war was
inevitable.inevitable.
Nazi-Soviet Nazi-Soviet Pact (Aug Pact (Aug
1939): Non-1939): Non-Aggression Aggression
Pact to divide Pact to divide PolandPoland
U.S. Neutrality and the WarU.S. Neutrality and the War Neutrality Acts (1935 & 1936)Neutrality Acts (1935 & 1936)
Public Opinion – Historical Isolationism - WWIPublic Opinion – Historical Isolationism - WWI Neutrality Act of 1939: “Cash & Carry”Neutrality Act of 1939: “Cash & Carry”
Support for Democracies & AlliesSupport for Democracies & Allies What else did FDR do to protect US What else did FDR do to protect US
interests?interests? Lend Lease (Dec. 1940)Lend Lease (Dec. 1940)
US provide material aid to Britain, return for US provide material aid to Britain, return for leasing naval bases in Pacificleasing naval bases in Pacific
Soviet Union & China also received aidSoviet Union & China also received aid
Atlantic Charter August Atlantic Charter August 19411941
American-British Agreement on American-British Agreement on Principles of Conflict and Post War Principles of Conflict and Post War WorldWorld No territorial aggrandizementNo territorial aggrandizement Self Determination of all peoples (colonial)Self Determination of all peoples (colonial) Post War economic global collaborationPost War economic global collaboration
Economic & Political (Unite Nations)Economic & Political (Unite Nations) Rights of all Peoples: to live in Peace Rights of all Peoples: to live in Peace
Freedom from Want, Freedom from Fear, Freedom from Want, Freedom from Fear, & Freedom from Aggression& Freedom from Aggression
Wilsonian Moral Diplomacy?Wilsonian Moral Diplomacy?
European European DynamicsDynamics
The Obvious: Germany & The Obvious: Germany & Italy are aggressiveItaly are aggressive
Problem of European Problem of European dynamicsdynamics French & British do not trust French & British do not trust
USSRUSSR Fear another war Fear another war
(preparedness issues)(preparedness issues) Domestic Issues - DepressionDomestic Issues - Depression U.S. isolation weakens global U.S. isolation weakens global
response to aggressionresponse to aggression