Causes of WWIICauses of WWII

Brain TicklerBrain Tickler Why might leaders of and agitators Why might leaders of and agitators

within European nations E, S, P within European nations E, S, P destroyed by the Great War turn to destroyed by the Great War turn to Existentialist Philosophy? Existentialist Philosophy?

Italy Post WWIItaly Post WWI Economic CrisisEconomic Crisis

Debt, Inflation, UnemploymentDebt, Inflation, Unemployment Treaty of Versailles & Italian ResentmentTreaty of Versailles & Italian Resentment

Italian Nationalism: Ancient Roman EmpireItalian Nationalism: Ancient Roman Empire Political Crisis – Too much DemocracyPolitical Crisis – Too much Democracy Opportunities for Ideologues & HeroesOpportunities for Ideologues & Heroes

Restore Confidence after Humiliation of WWIRestore Confidence after Humiliation of WWI

I will restore Italy’s pride and rebuild the great Roman

Empire (shakes fist in air)! The new Italy will not be

fooled by British and French promises of lands, we are

self-reliant and we will take what is rightfully ours…. by force if necessary (crosses arms over chests and sticks chin out in great defiance)!

Il Duce!

Il Duce!

Il Duce!

Il Duce

!

I’m too sexy for this hat, too sexy

for this…..

Italian FascismItalian Fascism Extreme Extreme

NationalismNationalism Militaristic & Militaristic &

ExpansionistExpansionist Anti-communistAnti-communist

(class conflict)(class conflict) Rejects Liberalism Rejects Liberalism

& Democracy& Democracy State vs. State vs.

IndividualIndividual

Corporate Corporate SyndicatesSyndicates

TotalitarianTotalitarian Single Party Single Party DictatorshipDictatorship Authoritarian – Authoritarian –

“order” rather than “order” rather than “vague social “vague social justice”justice”

Control E,S, P Control E,S, P institutionsinstitutions

Mussolini’s (Fasci) Rise to Mussolini’s (Fasci) Rise to PowerPower

Socialist: Supported Italian entry into WWISocialist: Supported Italian entry into WWI Fasci – Authoritarian – “order” rather than Fasci – Authoritarian – “order” rather than

“vague social justice”“vague social justice” Futurist: Action, Modern, ViolenceFuturist: Action, Modern, Violence Black Shirts destroy socialist papers/attack Black Shirts destroy socialist papers/attack

partyparty Work “outside” and inside Italian democracyWork “outside” and inside Italian democracy

1921 Party gaining influence (Local)1921 Party gaining influence (Local) 1922 March on Rome (Given PM position)1922 March on Rome (Given PM position)

How does Hitler’s How does Hitler’s Mein Kampf Mein Kampf detail the Nazi detail the Nazi

goals/ambitions of a greater goals/ambitions of a greater Germany?Germany?

Post WWI DiplomacyPost WWI Diplomacy Reliance on Democracy to keep PeaceReliance on Democracy to keep Peace Defensive Measures (Diplomatic): Defensive Measures (Diplomatic):

League of NationsLeague of Nations USA: Washington Naval Conf. (1922)USA: Washington Naval Conf. (1922) Dawes Plan (1924) - Reparations Dawes Plan (1924) - Reparations Locarno Pact (1925) Locarno Pact (1925) Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

Impact of Global Economic DepressionImpact of Global Economic Depression Early 1930’s ‘national gov’ts’ exposes weaknesses Early 1930’s ‘national gov’ts’ exposes weaknesses

of International “System” of International “System”

The Dawes Plan (Keynesian The Dawes Plan (Keynesian Econ.)Econ.)

Germany-$2B in reparations To Britain & France

Britain & France$2.6B in war debts

to U.S.

U.S. loans $2.5B to German corporations

Western DemocraciesWestern Democracies Coalition Governments – Resolve Coalition Governments – Resolve

economic crisis, no real comprehensive economic crisis, no real comprehensive (united) foreign policy(united) foreign policy

Britain’s ‘National Government’Britain’s ‘National Government’ France’s ‘Popular Front’France’s ‘Popular Front’ American New Deal (Roosevelt)American New Deal (Roosevelt)

Relief, Recovery, ReformRelief, Recovery, Reform

Germany: The Rise of HitlerGermany: The Rise of Hitler Mein Kampf (My Struggle)Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi)National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi) Fascism w/ racist ideologyFascism w/ racist ideology Economic, Social, Political reorderingEconomic, Social, Political reordering

Revenge for WWIRevenge for WWI Stab in the Back TheoryStab in the Back Theory Treaty of Versailles & German rightsTreaty of Versailles & German rights

Unification & Lebensraum (Living Space)Unification & Lebensraum (Living Space) Restoring German confidenceRestoring German confidence

Japanese ExpansionJapanese Expansion Resistance to Western ImperialismResistance to Western Imperialism Model: Model: Western Industrial & Military Build UpWestern Industrial & Military Build Up

Growth of Nationalism & Industrial Expansion Growth of Nationalism & Industrial Expansion (Resources / Self-sufficiency / Power)(Resources / Self-sufficiency / Power)

Population GrowthPopulation Growth Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

Spheres of Influence (Manchuria & Korea)Spheres of Influence (Manchuria & Korea)

WWI: WWI: League v. Independence, Equality?League v. Independence, Equality? Treaty Confirmed Western Arrogance/PowerTreaty Confirmed Western Arrogance/Power

Emperor Hirohito & MilitarismEmperor Hirohito & Militarism“Cult of Personality”“Cult of Personality”

Japan (cont.)Japan (cont.) 1920’s & 1930’s Economic Collapse:1920’s & 1930’s Economic Collapse:

Hurt by Tariffs & Limited Resources/MarketsHurt by Tariffs & Limited Resources/Markets Internal Conflict: Liberalism vs. Dictatorship Internal Conflict: Liberalism vs. Dictatorship 1931: Manchuria (China): Western Reaction1931: Manchuria (China): Western Reaction

1932 Coup: Militarists & Zaibatsus 1932 Coup: Militarists & Zaibatsus AAnti-communist, Expansionist, Defiantnti-communist, Expansionist, Defiant Economic growth = success of new directionEconomic growth = success of new direction Instill Bushido Code & Shinto Instill Bushido Code & Shinto

Destiny: Naval Build Up & Colonial ExpansionDestiny: Naval Build Up & Colonial Expansion Despite Washington Naval Conference / WestDespite Washington Naval Conference / West

War continued in War continued in East…..East…..

1937 Japanese Invasion of 1937 Japanese Invasion of ChinaChina

**Reality: Japan relied heavily on Reality: Japan relied heavily on Western oil , steel & markets. In Western oil , steel & markets. In the late 1920’s Japanese military the late 1920’s Japanese military

and industrial leaders began and industrial leaders began pushing for expansion into pushing for expansion into

China’s rich resources.China’s rich resources.

Japanese DestinyJapanese Destiny 1931 Manchuria1931 Manchuria League of NationsLeague of Nations U.S. reactionU.S. reaction

Stimson DoctrineStimson Doctrine 1937 Sino-1937 Sino-

Japanese ConflictJapanese Conflict Quarantine SpeechQuarantine Speech Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

Growing fears in Growing fears in U.S., Britain, USSRU.S., Britain, USSR

‘‘Allied’ Aid to Allied’ Aid to China China

Allied National AgendasAllied National Agendas France: Domestic France: Domestic

Economy, Maginot Economy, Maginot Line, Isolate Germany Line, Isolate Germany thru treaties & thru treaties & reparations, Empirereparations, Empire

Britain: Focus on Britain: Focus on Domestic Economy & Domestic Economy & EmpireEmpire

USA – FDR’s New USA – FDR’s New Deal, Isolation, Public Deal, Isolation, Public Opinion, & ‘Magic Opinion, & ‘Magic Wand’Wand’

USSR (Stalin): USSR (Stalin): Industrialization, Industrialization, Distrust of West & Distrust of West & PurgesPurges

Scandinavian Scandinavian “Socialist” States“Socialist” States

Eastern Europe: Eastern Europe: Dictatorships and Dictatorships and InstabilityInstability

The March of Nazi and Fascist The March of Nazi and Fascist AggressionAggression

Belligerents will challenge (gamble on) Belligerents will challenge (gamble on) perceived Weakness/Disunity of WWI alliesperceived Weakness/Disunity of WWI allies

1933 Hitler pulls Germany out of L. of N.1933 Hitler pulls Germany out of L. of N. 1934 Non-aggression pact w/ Poland1934 Non-aggression pact w/ Poland 1934 Support Nazi putsch in Austria 1934 Support Nazi putsch in Austria

(Mussolini, not West challenged), failed(Mussolini, not West challenged), failed 1935 Hitler denounces Treaty of Versailles1935 Hitler denounces Treaty of Versailles

Goals: Revenge, Unification, & LebensraumGoals: Revenge, Unification, & Lebensraum

March of Fascism (cont.)March of Fascism (cont.) 1935 Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (League)1935 Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (League) 3/1936 – German army reoccupies Rhineland3/1936 – German army reoccupies Rhineland

Hitler prepared to pull out if confrontedHitler prepared to pull out if confronted 11/1936 – Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis11/1936 – Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis 1936 - Spanish Civil War1936 - Spanish Civil War March 1938 – Anschluss (Union w/ Germany)March 1938 – Anschluss (Union w/ Germany)

Western protests fail to save AustriaWestern protests fail to save Austria Sept 1938 – Hitler demands Sudeten (Czech)Sept 1938 – Hitler demands Sudeten (Czech)

Czechoslovakia key to Hitler’s war / Allied defenseCzechoslovakia key to Hitler’s war / Allied defense

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-(1936-1939)1939)

Germany and Italy aid Franco’s fascist Germany and Italy aid Franco’s fascist regime against liberal/socialist national regime against liberal/socialist national gov’tgov’t

Britain, France & U.S. refuse interventionBritain, France & U.S. refuse intervention USSR aids national gov’t (Western fears)USSR aids national gov’t (Western fears) Brutality of ideological conflict is ‘Dress Brutality of ideological conflict is ‘Dress

Rehearsal’ for WWII Rehearsal’ for WWII

The Munich Pact 9/1938The Munich Pact 9/1938

Neville Chamberlain, the British P.M., was the Neville Chamberlain, the British P.M., was the architect of an agreement to avoid war. He architect of an agreement to avoid war. He and the French premier Daladier gave Hitler and the French premier Daladier gave Hitler

the Sudeten.the Sudeten.

I have Hitler’s assurance that he will demand no more lands. We have “Peace with

Honor”

I hope his fingers

were not crossed.

The Munich Pact The Munich Pact is now is now

considered an considered an act of act of

“Appeasement”. “Appeasement”. In March 1939 In March 1939 German troops German troops occupied all of occupied all of

Czech. The Czech. The British & French British & French

at this point at this point knew war was knew war was

inevitable.inevitable.

Nazi-Soviet Nazi-Soviet Pact (Aug Pact (Aug

1939): Non-1939): Non-Aggression Aggression

Pact to divide Pact to divide PolandPoland

WWII – was a global ideological struggle between Fascism, Democracy, and

Communism

U.S. Neutrality and the WarU.S. Neutrality and the War Neutrality Acts (1935 & 1936)Neutrality Acts (1935 & 1936)

Public Opinion – Historical Isolationism - WWIPublic Opinion – Historical Isolationism - WWI Neutrality Act of 1939: “Cash & Carry”Neutrality Act of 1939: “Cash & Carry”

Support for Democracies & AlliesSupport for Democracies & Allies What else did FDR do to protect US What else did FDR do to protect US

interests?interests? Lend Lease (Dec. 1940)Lend Lease (Dec. 1940)

US provide material aid to Britain, return for US provide material aid to Britain, return for leasing naval bases in Pacificleasing naval bases in Pacific

Soviet Union & China also received aidSoviet Union & China also received aid

Atlantic Charter August Atlantic Charter August 19411941

American-British Agreement on American-British Agreement on Principles of Conflict and Post War Principles of Conflict and Post War WorldWorld No territorial aggrandizementNo territorial aggrandizement Self Determination of all peoples (colonial)Self Determination of all peoples (colonial) Post War economic global collaborationPost War economic global collaboration

Economic & Political (Unite Nations)Economic & Political (Unite Nations) Rights of all Peoples: to live in Peace Rights of all Peoples: to live in Peace

Freedom from Want, Freedom from Fear, Freedom from Want, Freedom from Fear, & Freedom from Aggression& Freedom from Aggression

Wilsonian Moral Diplomacy?Wilsonian Moral Diplomacy?

Japanese Japanese Empire by Empire by early 1942early 1942

European European DynamicsDynamics

The Obvious: Germany & The Obvious: Germany & Italy are aggressiveItaly are aggressive

Problem of European Problem of European dynamicsdynamics French & British do not trust French & British do not trust

USSRUSSR Fear another war Fear another war

(preparedness issues)(preparedness issues) Domestic Issues - DepressionDomestic Issues - Depression U.S. isolation weakens global U.S. isolation weakens global

response to aggressionresponse to aggression