Building Atoms Unit name:____________________________________per____
Interactive Science Notebook III Page Item Check InCheck In Value Pts. Lost
1 Table of Contents no check for this 0 0
2 Things 2 Know (UPDATED!) no check for this 0 0
3 Atom Basics no check for this 0 0
4 Sizes of Particles & Mini-Rutherford Activity 2
5 Video Guide: Atoms & Elements 2
6 LHC info no check for this 0 0
7-8 Chapter 11 section 1 worksheet 4
9 Atomic Theories & Models 2
10 Chapter 11 section 2 worksheet 2
11-12 Isotopes 2
13 Practice Atoms 2
14-15 Atom Factory 1 9
16 Atomic Math 2
17 Atom Factory 2 20
18 What are Ions? no check for this 0 0
19 Atomic Dimensions 2
20 Atom Factory 3 19
21 Elements 2 Know no check for this 0 0
22 Parts of Atoms 2
23 Quarks with EMAIL assignment 4
24 Four Forces in the Atom no check for this 0 0
25-26 Chapter 11 Review 4
27-28 Science Log 6
29 Mind Map 8
30-31 Outside Reading Article & Extended Response 12
1 Parent Signature & Dated Night before Quiz 6
TotalTotal 110
1
Parent signature ___________________________________date_______________
Updated Things 2 Know1. SAFETY FIRST!! (lab walk, fragile things, P.A.S.S., etc)
2. You are required to have a pencil or erasable pen, ISN with cover, calculator, ruler, and red or green pen everyday.
3. Any missed labs or in class work should be made up in my room during lunch or tutorial with Mrs. Stout as soon as possible after an absence.
4. on-line textbook address: my.hrw.com (*no www.)
on-line textbook username: nbjh3
on-line textbook password: science
5. Stoutʼs email address: [email protected]
6. Stoutʼs web site: www1.northbrook28.net/~cstout
7. Matter is anything with mass and volume.
8. Matter is made of tiny particles that are always in some motion.
9. Matter can exist in several states(or phases), the most common are solid, liquid, gas and plasma.
10.Temperature is how fast the particles are vibrating and ...
11.Heat is how many particles there are and how fast they are moving.
12.An element is the most basic type of matter that is still unique.
2
Atom BasicsProtons- positive (+) found in nucleus Neutrons - neutral ( o, n) found in nucleusElectrons- negative (-) found in energy clouds (levels)
Atomic Number- is the number protons
Mass Number= the number of protons plus number of neutrons
Charge = number of protons minus number of electrons
IsotopesAtoms with the same amount of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. These are basically, slightly different versions of the same element
IonsAtoms or molecules with a positive or negative charge due to more or less electrons.
3
Sizes of Particles
Mini- Rutherford ActivityDraw the shape that you deduce is hidden under the board. Use the marbles to “sense” the objects
Newton Galileo
Curie Hawking
Carson Carver
4
Atom and Elements Video Guide
1.________________________ are the basic building blocks of all matter, living or
non-living.
2.Each atom is made up of ____________________ that spin around the nucleus
made up of _____________________ & _____________________.
3.Atoms are roughly the same ________________.
4.The _______________________ nuclear force holds the nucleus together.
5.The protons give the nucleus a ____________________________ charge.
6.The ___________________________ is very dense and contains most of the
mass of the atom.
7. The protons and neutrons are made up of even smaller particles called
_________________.
8._________________________ and ________________________ are
considered to be that smallest particles in the universe.
9.The _____________________________ force holds the electrons in their orbits.
10. ______________________________ is the most prevalent (common) element
in the universe.
11.Hydrogen has the atomic number 1 because it has ________ proton. Itʼs
symbol is ________.
12. _____________ electrons can fit in the first shell. ____________ electrons fit in
the 2nd and 3rd shell.
13.______________________ have the same atomic number but different atomic
mass and mass number.
14.If atoms lose or gain an electron they are called
_____________________________
WORD BANK:
electrons, protons, neutrons size, hydrogen, ions, isotopes, strong,
electromagnetic, atoms, positive, quarks, one, two, eight, H
5
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) with the intention of testing various predictions of high-energy physics, including the existence of new particles predicted by supersymmetry. It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometers (17 mi) in circumference, as much as 175 meters (570 ft) beneath the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland. It is funded by and built in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories. Picture 1 shows the LHC from the air, Picture 2 is one place where the particles actually collide. Pictures 3 and 4 are images of the collisions
PICTURE 1
PICTURE 2
PICTURE 3 PICTURE 4
6
As
you
rea
d C
hap
ter
11, w
hic
h b
egin
s on
pag
e 27
8 of
you
r te
xtbo
ok, a
nsw
er t
he
foll
owin
g qu
esti
ons.
Wou
ld Y
ou B
elie
ve .
..?
(p. 2
78)
1.W
hat
do
din
osau
rs h
ave
in c
omm
on w
ith
ato
ms?
2.H
ow d
id s
cien
tist
s fi
nd
info
rmat
ion
th
at c
ause
d th
em t
o ch
ange
thei
r th
eory
abo
ut t
he
way
T. r
exw
alke
d? (
Cir
cle
all t
hat
app
ly.)
a.by
stu
dyin
g w
ell-
pres
erve
d di
nos
aur
trac
ksb.
by e
xam
inin
g si
mila
riti
es b
etw
een
th
e sk
elet
ons
of T
. rex
and
an o
stri
chc.
by o
bser
vin
g a
T. r
exas
it w
as w
alki
ng
d.
by e
xtra
ctin
g D
NA
fro
m f
ossi
lized
mos
quit
oes
3.Sc
ien
tist
s ar
e ab
le t
o de
velo
p th
eori
es a
bout
din
osau
rs a
nd
atom
s on
ly t
hro
ugh
evid
ence
.(d
irec
t or
indi
rect
)
Wh
at D
o Yo
u T
hin
k?
(p. 2
79)
An
swer
th
ese
ques
tion
s in
you
r Sc
ien
ceLo
g n
ow. T
hen
late
r, yo
u’ll
hav
e a
chan
ce t
o re
vise
you
r an
swer
s ba
sed
on w
hat
you
’ve
lear
ned
.
Inve
stig
ate!
(p. 2
79)
4.H
ow d
o yo
u th
ink
rolli
ng
mar
bles
in t
his
act
ivit
y w
ill h
elp
you
iden
tify
th
e m
yste
ry o
bjec
t?
DIR
ECTE
DRE
AD
ING
WO
RKSH
EETS
81
Nam
e__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_D
ate
____
____
____
____
Cla
ss__
____
____
____
DIR
EC
TE
D R
EA
DIN
G W
OR
KS
HE
ET
11
Intr
odu
ctio
n t
o A
tom
s
CH
AP
TE
R
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 11 !!!
Sect
ion
1: D
evel
opm
ent
of t
he A
tom
ic T
heor
y(p
. 280
)
5.A
tom
s ar
e N
OT
a.a
rela
tive
ly n
ew id
ea t
o us
.b.
the
build
ing
bloc
ks o
f al
l mat
ter.
c.th
e sm
alle
st p
arti
cles
into
wh
ich
an
ele
men
t ca
n b
e di
vide
dan
d st
ill b
e th
e sa
me
subs
tan
ce.
d.
seen
wit
h t
he
scan
nin
g tu
nn
elin
g m
icro
scop
e.
6.A
n e
xpla
nat
ion
th
at is
sup
port
ed b
y te
stin
g an
d br
ings
tog
eth
er
a br
oad
ran
ge o
f h
ypot
hes
es a
nd
obse
rvat
ion
s is
cal
led
a
.
Dem
ocr
itu
s P
rop
ose
s th
e A
tom
(p. 2
80)
7.Th
e w
ord
atom
com
es f
rom
a G
reek
wor
d th
at m
ean
s
.(in
visi
ble
or in
divi
sibl
e)
8.W
hic
h o
f th
e fo
llow
ing
stat
emen
ts is
par
t of
Dem
ocri
tus’
s th
eory
abou
t at
oms?
a.A
tom
s ar
e sm
all,
soft
par
ticl
es.
b.A
tom
s ar
e al
way
s st
andi
ng
still
.c.
Ato
ms
join
tog
eth
er t
o fo
rm d
iffe
ren
t m
ater
ials
.d
.N
one
of t
he
abov
e
9.W
e kn
ow t
hat
Dem
ocri
tus
was
rig
ht
to s
ay t
hat
all
mat
ter
was
mad
e up
of
atom
s. S
o w
hy
did
peop
le ig
nor
e D
emoc
ritu
s’s
idea
sfo
r su
ch a
lon
g ti
me?
Dal
ton
Cre
ates
anA
tom
icT
heo
ryB
ased
on
Ex
per
imen
ts(p
.281
)
10.
By c
ondu
ctin
g ex
peri
men
ts a
nd
mak
ing
obse
rvat
ion
s, D
alto
nfi
gure
d ou
t th
at e
lem
ents
com
bin
e in
ran
dom
pro
port
ion
s be
caus
e
they
’re
mad
e of
indi
vidu
al a
tom
s. T
rue
or F
alse
? (C
ircl
e on
e.)
11.
Dal
ton
’s t
heo
ry s
tate
s th
at a
tom
s ca
nn
ot b
e
,, o
r
.
12.
Ato
ms
of d
iffe
ren
t el
emen
ts a
re e
xact
ly a
like.
True
or
Fals
e? (
Cir
cle
one.
)
Nam
e__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_D
ate
____
____
____
____
Cla
ss__
____
____
____
82
HO
LTSC
IEN
CE
AN
DTE
CH
NO
LOG
Y
Cha
pter
11,
con
tinu
ed
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
7
Nam
e__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_D
ate
____
____
____
____
Cla
ss__
____
____
____
DIR
ECTE
DRE
AD
ING
WO
RKSH
EETS
83
13.
How
did
Dal
ton
th
ink
atom
s fo
rmed
new
sub
stan
ces?
Th
om
son
Fin
ds
Ele
ctro
ns
in t
he
Ato
m(p
. 282
)
Mar
k th
e fo
llow
ing
stat
emen
ts T
rue
or F
alse
.
14.
In 1
897,
J. J
. Th
omso
n m
ade
a di
scov
ery
that
prov
ed t
he
firs
t pa
rt o
f D
alto
n’s
ato
mic
th
eory
was
corr
ect.
15.
Thom
son
dis
cove
red
that
th
ere
wer
e sm
all p
arti
cles
in
side
th
e at
om.
16.
Thom
son
fou
nd
that
th
e el
ectr
ical
ly c
har
ged
plat
esaf
fect
ed t
he
dire
ctio
n o
f a
cath
ode-
ray
tube
bea
m.
17.
Thom
son
kn
ew t
he
beam
was
mad
e of
par
ticl
esw
ith
a p
osit
ive
char
ge b
ecau
se it
was
pul
led
tow
ard
a po
siti
ve c
har
ge.
18.
Wh
en y
ou r
ub a
bal
loon
on
you
r h
air,
your
hai
r is
to t
he
ballo
on b
ecau
se b
oth
th
e
hai
r an
d th
e ba
lloon
hav
e be
com
e .
19.
The
two
type
s of
ch
arge
are
pos
itiv
e an
d n
eutr
al.
True
or
Fals
e? (
Cir
cle
one.
)
20.
Obj
ects
wit
h t
he
sam
e ch
arge
att
ract
eac
h o
ther
. Tru
e or
Fal
se?
(Cir
cle
one.
)
21.
In T
hom
son
’s “
plum
-pud
din
g” m
odel
, ele
ctro
ns
are
NO
Ta.
neg
ativ
ely
char
ged.
b.pr
esen
t in
eve
ry t
ype
of a
tom
.c.
colle
cted
tog
eth
er in
th
e ce
nte
r of
th
e at
om.
d.
scat
tere
d th
roug
hou
t a
blob
of
posi
tive
ly c
har
ged
mat
eria
l.
Rev
iew
(p. 2
83)
Now
th
at y
ou’v
e fi
nis
hed
th
e fi
rst
part
of
Sect
ion
1, r
evie
w w
hat
you
lear
ned
by
answ
erin
g th
e R
evie
w q
uest
ion
s in
you
r Sc
ien
ceLo
g.
Ru
ther
ford
Op
ens
an A
tom
ic “
Sho
oti
ng
Gal
lery
”(p
. 284
)
22.
Befo
re h
is e
xper
imen
t, R
uth
erfo
rd e
xpec
ted
the
part
icle
s to
defl
ect
to t
he
side
s of
th
e go
ld f
oil.
True
or
Fals
e? (
Cir
cle
one.
)
Cha
pter
11,
con
tinu
edCopyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 11 !!!
23.
Rev
iew
Fig
ure
6 an
d re
ad t
he
text
on
pag
e 28
5. F
igur
e 6
show
sth
e n
ew a
tom
ic m
odel
res
ulti
ng
from
Rut
her
ford
’s e
xper
imen
t.W
hic
h o
f th
e fo
llow
ing
stat
emen
ts is
NO
T pa
rt o
f R
uth
erfo
rd’s
revi
sion
of
his
for
mer
tea
cher
’s a
tom
ic t
heo
ry?
a.A
tom
s ar
e m
ade
mos
tly
of e
mpt
y sp
ace.
b.Th
e n
ucle
us is
a d
ense
, ch
arge
d ce
nte
r of
th
e at
om.
c.Li
ghtw
eigh
t, n
egat
ive
elec
tron
s m
ove
in t
he
nuc
leus
.d
.M
ost
of a
n a
tom
’s m
ass
is in
th
e n
ucle
us.
24.
The
diam
eter
of
the
nuc
leus
of
an a
tom
is
tim
es s
mal
ler
than
th
e di
amet
er o
fth
e at
om.
Bo
hr
Stat
es T
hat
Ele
ctro
ns
Can
Ju
mp
Bet
wee
n L
evel
s(p
. 286
)
25.
In B
ohr’s
ato
mic
mod
el,
trav
el
in d
efin
ite
path
s ar
oun
d th
e in
spec
ific
leve
ls. E
ach
leve
l is
a ce
rtai
n
from
th
e n
ucle
us. E
lect
ron
s ca
nn
ot b
e fo
und
betw
een
leve
ls, b
ut t
hey
can
from
leve
l to
leve
l.
26.
Boh
r’s m
odel
on
ly p
redi
cted
som
e at
omic
beh
avio
r.
True
or
Fals
e? (
Cir
cle
one.
)
Th
eM
oder
nT
heo
ry:E
lect
ron
Clo
ud
sSu
rrou
nd
the
Nu
cleu
s(p
.286
)
27.
The
exac
t pa
th o
f a
mov
ing
elec
tron
can
now
be
pred
icte
d.
True
or
Fals
e? (
Cir
cle
one.
)
28.
Wh
at a
re e
lect
ron
clo
uds?
Rev
iew
(p. 2
86)
Now
th
at y
ou’v
e fi
nis
hed
Sec
tion
1, r
evie
w w
hat
you
lear
ned
by
answ
erin
g th
e R
evie
w q
uest
ion
s in
you
r Sc
ien
ceLo
g.
Nam
e__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_D
ate
____
____
____
____
Cla
ss__
____
____
____
84
HO
LTSC
IEN
CE
AN
DTE
CH
NO
LOG
Y
Cha
pter
11,
con
tinu
ed
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
8
Atomic Theories and Models Models are often used in science to help visualize things that cannot be seen otherwise. For example, because of the incredibly small size of an atom, scientists must use models to try to understand how atoms actually look. John Dalton's model of the atom shows it as a small spherical particle. This concept of the atom has been changed several times over the years as new information is discovered.
In the early 1900s, J. J. Thomson improved on Dalton's early atom model with his Nobel prize-winning discovery that atoms have small subunits called electrons. His work led to the "plum pudding" model of an atom. In this model the atom has a thick filling of positive charge with electrons spread throughout.
A little over ten years later, Ernest Rutherford discovered that atoms have a small dense nucleus of positive charge around which the negatively charged electrons circulate. His was the "solar system" model of an atom. Two years later the Danish physicist Niels Bohr (who had worked under Thomson at one time) developed Rutherford's model even further. He proposed that electrons circle the nucleus in definite energy levels. These electrons can gain or lose energy by jumping or falling from different levels. Scientists called this the Bohr model of an atom.
Finally, the present-day model for the atom, the electron cloud model, was developed; Two main contributors were Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger. It states that electrons circle the nucleus in energy-level regions, or clouds, rather than in well-defined orbits.
Below you will find drawings showing four models of what an atom looks like. Under each drawing. Write the name of the scientist(s) that developed each theory
_______________ __________________ ________________ ___________________
1. What purpose do models serve in science? _________________________________
_________________________________________________________2. How does Rutherford’s atom differ from Thomson’s? _________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. How is the modern model different from Bohr’s ___________________________
9
Nam
e__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_D
ate
____
____
____
____
Cla
ss__
____
____
____
DIR
ECTE
DRE
AD
ING
WO
RKSH
EETS
85
Sect
ion
2: T
he A
tom
(p. 2
87)
1.In
th
is s
ecti
on y
ou w
ill le
arn
abo
ut t
he
part
icle
s in
side
th
e at
om
and
the
that
act
on
th
e pa
rtic
les
insi
de t
he
atom
.
Ho
w S
mal
l Is
an
Ato
m?
(p. 2
87)
Each
of
the
follo
win
g st
atem
ents
is f
alse
. Ch
ange
th
e un
derl
ined
wor
d to
mak
e th
e st
atem
ent
true
. Wri
te t
he
new
wor
d in
th
e sp
ace
prov
ided
.2.
A s
hee
t of
alu
min
um f
oil i
s ab
out
500
atom
s th
ick.
3.A
n O
lym
pic
med
alco
nta
ins
abou
t tw
enty
th
ousa
nd
billi
on
billi
on a
tom
s of
cop
per
and
zin
c.
Wh
at’s
In
sid
e an
Ato
m?
(p. 2
88)
Ch
oose
th
e te
rm in
Col
umn
B t
hat
bes
t m
atch
es t
he
phra
se in
Col
umn
A, a
nd
wri
te t
he
appr
opri
ate
lett
er in
th
e sp
ace
prov
ided
.
Rev
iew
(p. 2
89)
Now
th
at y
ou’v
e fi
nis
hed
th
e fi
rst
part
of
Sect
ion
2, r
evie
w w
hat
you
lear
ned
by
answ
erin
g th
e R
evie
w q
uest
ion
s in
you
r Sc
ien
ceLo
g.
Ho
w D
o A
tom
s o
f D
iffe
ren
t E
lem
ents
Dif
fer?
(p. 2
89)
11.
The
sim
ples
t at
om is
th
e at
om. I
th
as o
ne
prot
on a
nd
one
elec
tron
.
Cha
pter
11,
con
tinu
ed
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 11 !!!
4.pa
rtic
le f
oun
d in
th
e n
ucle
us t
hat
has
no
char
ge
5.pa
rtic
le f
oun
d in
th
e n
ucle
us t
hat
is p
osi-
tive
ly c
har
ged
6.pa
rtic
le w
ith
an
un
equa
l num
ber
of p
roto
ns
and
elec
tron
s
7.n
egat
ivel
y ch
arge
d pa
rtic
le f
oun
d ou
tsid
eth
e n
ucle
us
8.si
ze o
f th
is d
eter
min
es t
he
size
of
the
atom
9.co
nta
ins
mos
t of
th
e m
ass
of a
n a
tom
10.
SIun
itus
edfo
rth
em
asse
sof
atom
icpa
rtic
les
Col
umn
AC
olum
n B
a.el
ectr
on c
loud
b.el
ectr
on
c.am
u
d.
nuc
leus
e.pr
oton
f.io
n
g.n
eutr
on
12.
Neu
tron
s in
th
e at
om’s
nuc
leus
kee
p tw
o or
mor
e pr
oton
s fr
om
mov
ing
apar
t. T
rue
or F
alse
? (C
ircl
e on
e.)
13.
If y
ou b
uild
an
ato
m u
sin
g tw
o pr
oton
s, t
wo
neu
tron
s, a
nd
two
elec
tron
s, y
ou h
ave
built
an
ato
m o
f
.
14.
An
ele
men
t is
com
pose
d of
ato
ms
wit
h t
he
sam
e n
umbe
r of
. (n
eutr
ons
or p
roto
ns)
Are
All
Ato
ms
of
an E
lem
ent
the
Sam
e?(p
. 290
)
15.
It is
NO
T tr
ue t
hat
isot
opes
of
an e
lem
ent
a.h
ave
the
sam
e n
umbe
r of
pro
ton
s bu
t di
ffer
ent
num
bers
of
neu
tron
s.b.
are
stab
le w
hen
rad
ioac
tive
.c.
shar
e m
ost
of t
he
sam
e ch
emic
al p
rope
rtie
s.d
.sh
are
mos
t of
th
e sa
me
phys
ical
pro
pert
ies.
Cal
cula
tin
g t
he
Mas
s o
f an
Ele
men
t(p
. 292
)
16.
The
wei
ghte
d av
erag
e of
th
e m
asse
s of
all
the
nat
ural
ly o
ccur
rin
g
isot
opes
of
an e
lem
ent
is c
alle
d m
ass.
Wh
at F
orc
es A
re a
t W
ork
in
Ato
ms?
(p. 2
93)
Ch
oose
the
type
offo
rce
inC
olum
nB
that
best
mat
ches
the
phra
sein
Col
umn
A,a
nd
wri
teth
eco
rres
pon
din
gle
tter
inth
esp
ace
prov
ided
.
Rev
iew
(p. 2
93)
Now
th
at y
ou’v
e fi
nis
hed
Sec
tion
2, r
evie
w w
hat
you
lear
ned
by
answ
erin
g th
e R
evie
w q
uest
ion
s in
you
r Sc
ien
ceLo
g.
Nam
e__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_D
ate
____
____
____
____
Cla
ss__
____
____
____
86
HO
LTSC
IEN
CE
AN
DTE
CH
NO
LOG
Y
Cha
pter
11,
con
tinu
ed
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
17.
coun
tera
cts
the
elec
trom
agn
etic
for
ce s
o pr
oton
sst
ay t
oget
her
in t
he
nuc
leus
18.
depe
nds
on
th
e m
ass
of o
bjec
ts a
nd
the
dist
ance
betw
een
th
em
19.
play
s a
key
role
in n
eutr
ons
chan
gin
g in
to p
roto
ns
and
elec
tron
s in
un
stab
le a
tom
s
20.
hol
ds t
he
elec
tron
s ar
oun
d th
e n
ucle
us
Col
umn
AC
olum
n B
a.gr
avit
y
b.el
ectr
omag
net
icfo
rce
c.st
ron
g fo
rce
d.
wea
k fo
rce
10
ISOTOPES Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons; the different possible versions of each element are called isotopes. For example, the most common isotope of hydrogen, protium, has no neutrons at all; there's also a hydrogen isotope called deuterium , with one neutron, and another, tritium , with two neutrons.
Protium Deuterium Tritium
Question: How many isotopes can one element have? Can an atom have just any number of neutrons?
The number of isotopes varies from atom to atom. There are "preferred" combinations of neutrons and protons, at which the forces holding nuclei together seem to balance best. Light elements tend to have about as many neutrons as protons; heavy elements apparently need more neutrons than protons in order to stick together. Atoms with a few too many neutrons, or not quite enough, can sometimes exist for a while, but they're unstable
Question: I'm not sure what you mean by "unstable." Do atoms just fall apart if they don't have the right number of neutrons?
Well, yes, in a way. Unstable atoms are radioactive : their nuclei change or decay by spitting out radiation , in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves.
11
ISOTOPES The table below lists isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Refer to the table to answer the questions that follow,
Element/isotope
% in Nature Atomic Mass (amu)
Atomic Number
Mass Number
Hydrogen-1 99.998500 1.007825 1 1Hydrogen-2 0.001500 2.001410 1 2Hydrogen-3 trace ? 1 3Carbon-12 98.890000 12 6 12Carbon-13 1.110000 13.003000 6 13Carbon-14 trace ? 6 14Oxygen-16 99.759000 15.995000 8 16Oxygen-17 0.037000 16.999000 8 17Oxygen-18 0.204000 17.999000 8 18
1. According to the table, how many isotopes does hydrogen have? ______
2. How many isotopes does oxygen have? _________
3. Which isotopes of the three elements are the most abundant in nature?
4. For which isotopes have scientists not been able to determine the atomic mass? Can
you think of a reason for this?
5. According to the table, how are isotopes named?
6. What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of carbon? __________
7.What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of oxygen? __________
8. What is the atomic number for all the isotopes of hydrogen?_____________
9. One of these isotopes has been used by scientists as a standard for the atomic mass unit
(amu)Can you guess which one? Why?
10. Suppose you tested a sample of oxygen to determine its atomic mass, If the mass came
out to be 16.112 amu would you conclude that the sample consisted of only one isotope?
Why or why not?
12
13
Atom Factory InstructionsREAD ME
Work by yourself to complete the Atom Factory #1 Lab on the computers. Donʼt ask questions until youʼve tried REAL hard... hint the number of protons = electrons, for now
1. Log in as student (if needed), 2. Connect to your server3. Go to the LINKS page on my website (see ISN 2 for address)4. Click on Atom Factory 1 to download the worksheet 5. SAVE AS... the file to Your Server folder6. Put your name in the header7. Read all instructions on the computer copy.8. Complete both pages on the Computer9. Save and print to SIR ISAAC 10.LOG OFF your server.11.Cut out and put in ISN over this page and on the next
page. YES COVER THIS PAGE WITH PAGE 112.Return to seats and work on HW13.Followed-all-instructions Bonus:________________
14
page 2 of Atom Factory 1 here
15
Atomic MathCalculate the answers , EACH ANSWER LEADS TO THE NEXT.
1. Multiply the atomic number of hydrogen by the number of electrons in mercury, which has an atomic number of 80.
answer:___________
2. Divide this number by the number of neutrons in helium, atomic number 2, mass number 4.
answer:___________
3. Add the number of protons in potassium, atomic number 19.
answer:___________
4. Add the mass number of the most common isotope of carbon.(see Isotopes on ISN 12)
answer:___________
5. Subtract the number of neutrons in sulfur, with atomic number 16, mass number 32.
answer:___________
6. Divide by the number of electrons in boron, atomic number 5, mass number 11.
answer:___________
7. This number is the atomic number of which of these elements ?
fluorine: atomic number 9 neon: atomic number 10 sodium: atomic number 11
final answer:_______________
16
Atom Factory 2
Attach Here
17
What are ions?ion (EYE-uhn, EYE-on)
An atom (or group of atoms)that has either lost or gained one or more electrons, so that it has an electrical charge. Ions can be either positively or negatively charged.
A neutral atom or group of atoms becomes an ion by gaining or losing one or more electrons. Since the electron and proton have equal but opposite charges(negative 1 and positive 1), the charge of an ion is always expressed as a whole number of charge and is either positive or negative. If an atom or group of atoms loses electrons it will have a net positive charge and is called a cation. If an atom or group gains electrons or loses protons, it will have a net negative charge and is called an anion.
Let’s take a Lithium (Li) atom. It has an atomic number of 3. That means it has 3 protons. Each proton in positively charged. For Lithium to have no net or overall charge it must have a balanced number of negatively charged electrons, thus it needs 3 electrons to be electrically neutral, demonstrated here.
18
Atomic DimensionsThe table below contains information about several elements. Use this table to review the concepts of atomic number, mass number, subatomic particles, isotopes, ions, neutrality and atoms. In each case, use the information has provided for you and a periodic table to fill in all the blanks.
# Element Name
Symbol Atomic Number
Mass Number
Number of
Protons
Number of neutrons
Number of Electrons
Charge
1 Aluminum 27 13 13
2 Bromine 35 80 45 36
3 Uranium 92 146 92
4 Helium 2 4 -1
5 Helium 2 5 2
6 Lithium 3 7 2
7 Tungsten 184 110 74
8 Xenon 79 54 neutral
9 Magnesium 12 24 +2
10 Carbon 6 6 neutral
11 Carbon 14 6 8 +3
12 Nitrogen 7 14 neutral
13 Potassium 19 40 -2
14 Gold 197 -3
15 Sodium 22 neutral
19
Atom Factory 3
Attach here
20
ELEMENTS-2-KNOWPlace these elements’ names on one side, and the symbols on the other side of your flash cards. You must know the spelling and symbols
Mn manganeseFe iron H hydrogen He helium Li lithium Co cobaltBe beryllium Ni nickelB boron Cu copperC carbon Zn zincN nitrogen Pb leadO oxygen Bi bismuthF fluorine Br bromine
Ne neon Sr strontiumNa sodium Ag silverMg magnesiumSn tinAl aluminum I iodineSi siliconP phosphorus S sulfur Cl chlorine Ar argon K potassiumCa calcium Cr chromium Ba barium W tungsten Pt platinumAu gold Hg mercury U uranium
21
What are the parts of an atom?Complete the following.
1. The first scientist to suggest that atoms contain smaller particles was_____________.
2. Positively charged particles are called____________________.
3. Bohr proposed that electrons in an atom are found in _________________________.
4. Negatively charged particles are called_______________
5. Rutherford found that an atom is made up mostly of________________________
6. The center, or core, of an atom is called the ______________________
7. Surrounding the core of an atom is a cloud of very small particles called ______________
8. Today, energy levels are used to predict the location of ___________________.
9. Neutral particles are called ____________________
10. Rutherford found that___________________are located in the core of an atom.
Write "Yes" or "No" in the correct columns to identify whether each statement is true for
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Proton
Neutron
Electron
1. Found in the nucleus
2. Positively charged
3. Moves in energy levels
4. Negatively charged
5. Does not have an electric charge
22
QUARKS & Other Weird ParticlesAs you have read, many scientists have contributed to our knowledge of atoms and particles even smaller than atoms. From the early ideas of Democritus to the modern Cloud model of atoms, we have made quite a journey! This has been the journey to answer a “simple” question...What is the fundamental particle?
In other words, what is the most basic particle of matter? The smallest thing? The thing that can’t be broken down any further? Some of the most important milestones are reviewed here:
In 1911 Rutherford used alpha particle radiation to test a thin sheet of gold foil. He found that most of the particles passed easily through the foil but there were times when some particles bounced back. He reasoned that this showed that most of the atom was composed of empty space but that occasionally an alpha particle collided with the small hard center of the atom. This proved that the atom was not the answer to the “simple” question.
So...we discovered protons, neutrons and electrons. Great, but scientists weren’t finished yet! In the 1930s, 40s, and 50s nuclear physicists studied the forces that held atoms together and radioactive decay. The field of Particle physics developed as an outgrowth of this investigation. These scientists were interested in the make-up of nuclear particles, like protons & neutrons. However, to study these particles great energy had to be generated, and so, during the 1950s through the 1970s, giant accelerators were built, like the one at Fermi Lab in Batavia, Illinois, just 50 miles southwest from Northbrook! Particles were accelerated at tremendous speed and then shot at a target or directed into the path of another particle traveling in the opposite direction. As a result of these collisions, hundreds, yes hundreds, of new particles were discovered that were smaller that protons & neutrons. Therefore, they are not the fundamental particles either.
Here are some of the weird names of these particles: hadrons, leptons, quarks, neutrinos, muons, positrons, photons, gluons, and Higgs bosons. Currently we know of 36 types of quarks and 12 types of leptons(including electrons). These particles, quarks & leptons are all about the same size and so far we have not been able to break these particles apart.
Particle physicists are striving to find a link between the particles and the four forces. This is called the Unification Theory, even Einstein couldn’t figure this one out! The four forces are gravity, electromagnetic, weak, and strong. Gravity is the attraction of all matter to all other matter. The electromagnetic force is the attraction or repulsion of charged(positive or negative) matter. The weak force is responsible for radioactive decay of a nucleus. The strong force is the force that hold quarks and the nucleus of atoms together.
The answer to the simple question is closer than ever before, but also much more complex. Scientists are hard at work all over the world trying to find the final answer! Maybe you will help to lead the world to the final answer...
Question: Do you think we will find the answer to this question? Explain Email Mrs. Stout the answer with subject “particle” followed by your class period, particle5 for example. Always put a header in your emails to Mrs. Stout.
23
24
Chapter 11 Review
11.The isotope of uranium used in nuclear reactors, uranium-235, contains 92 protons. Another isotope, uranium-238, contains _?_ electrons. a.92 c.143 b.95 d.146
USING VOCABULARY To complete the following sentences, choose the correct term from each pair of terms listed, and write the term in the blank.
1. A beehive with bees buzzing around it could be used as a rough
of the atom. (model or theory)
2. A positively charged particle with a mass of 1 amu is called a
. (neutron or proton)
3. Different of an element have different numbers of neutrons. (electrons or isotopes)
4. The region in an atom that contains most of the mass is called the
. (nucleus or electron cloud)
5. The number of protons in an atom determines its . (atomic number or mass number)
6. The weighted average of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element is called the
. (mass number or atomic mass)
UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS
Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer.
7. What did Democritus, Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr all have in common?a. They each identified new elements.b. They each identified new isotopes of atoms.c. They each contributed to the development of the atomic theory.d. They each conducted experiments in which particles collided.
8. In Thomson’s “plum-pudding” model of the atom, the plums represent a. atoms. c. neutrons.b. protons. d. electrons.
9. An atom of gold with 79 protons, 79 electrons, and 118 neutrons would have a massnumber of a. 39. c. 197.b. 158. d. 276.
10. Which of the following has the least mass?a. nucleus c. neutronb. proton d. electron
Cop
yrig
ht ©
by
Hol
t, R
ineh
art
and
Win
ston
. All
right
s re
serv
ed.
CHAPTER TESTS WITH PERFORMANCE-BASED ASSESSMENT 41
Name _______________________________________________ Date ________________ Class______________
CH
AP
TER
TESTS
!!!
INTRODUCTION TO ATOMS11
Chapter 11 Test
CHAPTER
25
Chapter 11 Review Continued12.Draw a picture of a -2 Be-9
13.What is an isotope?
14.How many different isotopes can an element have?
Give the Element Symbol:
15.Hydrogen ___________
16.Oxygen ___________
17.Lead ___________
Give the Element Name:
18. W _____________________
19. Au _____________________
20. Mg _____________________
26
Science Log Write in Complete sentences and record the page number of each entry
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Science Log Write in Complete sentences and record the page number of each entry
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28
Mind MapUse Word Processing and the following terms to create a mind map aka concept map: electrons, protons, neutrons, atom, clouds, nucleus, positive, negative, neutral
Attach Map here15 cm wide x 17 cm tall
29
Outside Reading Article
Find a current article (2004-present)that relates to our current ISN.To find articles you can use these two great research resources:
1. Go to the NBJH homepage then Click on Library Resource Center and then use the DATABASES for Magazine/Internet/Newspaper
---or---
2. Use “Sato’s Science Search Engine” linked on Mr. Sato’s site
3. Tape or staple Outside Reading Article over this page
30
Extended Response
attach
EXTENDED RESPONSE here
Response should be one/two paragraphs that includes:•KEY IDEAS from the article.•CONNECTIONS from the article to
1. The current science chapter2. Something from this unit we did in class or lab3.Your own life
•EXTENSION OF IDEAS•GOOD BALANCE of References and Connections•Conclusion•Printed work is preferred.
31