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ABSTRACT
What is a Mineral?
"A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes" (Nickel, E. H., 1995).
"Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances with a definite and predictable chemical composition and physical properties." (O' Donoghue, 1990).
"A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement" (Mason, et al, 1968).
"These... minerals ...can be distinguished from one another by individual characteristics that arise directly from the kinds of atoms they contain and the arrangements these atoms make inside them" (Sinkankas, 1966).
"A mineral is a body produced by the processes of inorganic nature, having usually a definite chemical composition and, if formed under favorable conditions, a certain characteristic atomic structure which is expressed in its crystalline form and other physical properties" (Dana & Ford, 1932).
"Every distinct chemical compound occurring in inorganic nature, having a definite molecular structure or system of crystallization and well-defined physical properties, constitutes a mineral species" (Brush & Penfield, 1898).
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Anhydrite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Anhydrite?
Anhydrite is an evaporite mineral most commonly found in layered sedimentary deposits in association with halite, gypsum, sulfur, calcite and dolomite. Anhydrite (CaSO4) is very similar to gypsum (CaSO4
.2H2O). The difference is that anhydrite does not include water and that is where it gets its name - anhydrite means: "without water".
Uses
Anhydrite uses include: soil conditioner; mixed with Portland cement to control the rate of curing; manufacture of gypsum wallboard; mineral filler in joint compounds, plastics and paints; a source of sulfur.
Colorcolorless, white, gray, blue, reddish
Streakwhite
Lustervitreous to pearly
Diaphaneitytransparent to translucent
Cleavagethree directions at right angles
Hardness3 - 3.5
Specific Gravity2.9 - 3.0
DistinguishingCharacteristics
three cleavage directions, harder than gypsum, higher specific gravity than calcite
Crystal Systemorthorhombic
Chemical Classification
sulfate
Chemical Composition anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4
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Anhydrite from Mound House, Nevada.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Anhydrite from Balmat, New York.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across
Anhydrite from Nova Scotia, Canada.
Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
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Apatite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Apatite?
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals which includes: fluorapatite, chlorapatite, hydroxylapatite, carbonate-rich apatite and francolite. The term "apatite" is often used for fluorapatite, the most common of these minerals. Apatite is found in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The most extensive deposits are the sedimentary "phosphate rocks", which are mined to produce phosphate fertilizer.
Uses
The primary use of apatite is in the manufacture of fertilizer - it is a source of phosphorus. It is occasionally used as a gemstone. Apatite also serves as an index mineral of Mohs hardness scale with a hardness of five.
Colorgreen, brown, blue, yellow, violet, colorless
Streakwhite
Lustervitreous to subresinous
Diaphaneitytransparent to translucent
Cleavagepoor
Hardness5
Specific Gravity3.1 - 3.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
easy to recognize by color, crystal form, and hardness, can be scratched with a steel knife blade
Crystal Systemhexagonal
Chemical Classification
phospate
Chemical Composition
a variety of calcium phosphates - fluorapatite: Ca5(PO4)3F - hydroxylapatite: Ca5(PO4)3(OH) - chlorapatite: Ca5(PO4)3Cl - carbonate-rich apatite/francolite: Ca5(PO4,CO3)3(F,O)
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Apatite from Perth, Ontario, Canada.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Apatite Crystal from Perth, Ontario, Canada.Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
Apatite Crystal from Perth, Ontario, Canada.Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
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Arsenopyrite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Arsenopyrite?
Arsenopyrite is an iron arsenic sulfide. It is the most common arsenic mineral and the primary ore of arsenic metal. Arsenopyrite is most often found as a hydrothermal vein mineral and sometimes as a mineral of contact metamorphism. It is sometimes referred to in old texts as "mispickel".
UsesArsenopyrite uses include: poison, preservative, pigment
Colorsilver white to steel gray
Streakdark grayish black
Lustermetallic
Diaphaneityopaque
Cleavagepoor
Hardness5.5 - 6
Specific Gravity5.9 - 6.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
smells like garlic when crushed, crystal form
Crystal Systemmonoclinic
Chemical Classification
sulfide
Chemical Composition
iron arsenic sulfide, FeAsS
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Arsenopyrite from Gold Hill, Utah.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Azurite from Tintic, Utah.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
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Augite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Augite?
Augite is a rock-forming silicate mineral of the pyroxene group. It is an important mineral in many basic igneous rocks.
UsesThere are no significant commercial uses of augite.
Colordark green to black
Streak
white to gray, augite can be slightly harder than a streak plate so brittle fragments rather than a powder will sometimes be produced
Lustervitreous
Diaphaneitytranslucent to opaque
Cleavageprismatic
Hardness5.5 - 6
Specific Gravity3.2 - 3.6
DistinguishingCharacteristics
two cleavage directions almost at right angles, dark green to black color
Crystal Systemmonoclinic
Chemical Classification
silicate
Chemical Composition
a complex silicate - (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)2O6
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Barite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Barite ?
Barite is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate. It most often occurs in hydrothermal veins and as veins in limestones. It is a relatively inert mineral with a high density. It is the primary ore of barium. The most common use of barite is as a weighting agent in drilling muds.
Uses
Most barite produced is used as a weighting agent in drilling muds. These high density muds are circulated down the drill stem and return to the surface between the drill stem and the wall of the well. This action effectively flushes the cuttings produced by the drill and carries them to the surface. Barite is also used as a pigment in paints and as a weighted filler for paper and cloth. It is the primary ore of barium. Barite's high density makes it opaque to x-rays. If it is given to a patient as a drink or enema it can be used to image the shape of internal organs by x-ray.
Colorcolorless, white, light blue, light yellow, light red, light green
Streakwhite
Lustervitreous
Diaphaneitytransparent to translucent
Cleavagevery good, basal, prismatic
Hardness2.5 - 3.5
Specific Gravity4.5
DistinguishingCharacteristics
high specific gravity, three cleavage directions at right angles, cleavage
Crystal Systemorthorhombic
Chemical Classification sulfate
Chemical Composition barium sulfate , BaSO4
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Barite from Kings Creek, South Carolina.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Barite from Edith River, Northern Territory, Australia.Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
Barite from Mercur, Utah.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
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Bauxite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Bauxite ?
Bauxite is a rock composed mainly of aluminum oxide and aluminum hydroxide minerals. These might include: gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore. The rock usually includes other materials such as iron hydroxides, clay, silt and free silica. It most often occurs as a residual soil material in tropical and subtropical areas. It is the primary source of aluminum.
Uses
Bauxite is the most common ore of aluminum. It is also used as an abrasive, however, this use is now being replaced by synthetic materials.
Colorwhite, gray, yellow, red
Streak
normally white but may streak other colors if the specimen is stained
Lusterdull to earthy
Diaphaneitytranslucent
Cleavage
because bauxite is a mixture of gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore, it has no cleavage properties of its own
Hardness1 to 3
Specific Gravity2 - 2.5
DistinguishingCharacteristics
pisolitic structure, color
Crystal System
Bauxite is a mixture of Diaspore (orthorhomic), Gibbsite (monoclinic), and Boehmite (orthorhombic)
Chemical Classification oxide / hydroxide
Chemical Composition
gibbsite, Al(OH)3 boehmite, AlO(OH) diaspore, AlO(OH)
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Bauxite from Little Rock, Arkansas. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across . Pisolitic structure of bauxite mineral from Little Rock,
Arkansas. A detailed view of the specimen shown above..
Bauxite from Demerara, Guyana.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Bauxite from Little Rock, Arkansas.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
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Beryl - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Beryl?
Beryl is a beryllium aluminum silicate mineral most often found in granites and granite pegmatites. It can also be found in metamorphic rocks or in the veins and cavities of limestones and marbles. Beryl is the pimary ore of beryllium. Gem quality beryls with a specific deep green color are sold under the name "emerald". Different shades of green are known as "aquamarine" . Other gem quality beryls include: heliodore (yellow), morganite (pink) and goshenite (white).
UsesBeryl uses include: gemstones, the primary ore of beryllium.
Colorbluish green, light yellow, golden yellow, pink, white, colorless
Streakcolorless
Lustervitreous
Diaphaneitytransparent to translucent
Cleavageimperfect
Hardness7.5 - 8
Specific Gravity2.6 - 2.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
hexagonal crystal form, green color, hardness
Crystal Systemhexagonal
Chemical Classification
silicate
Chemical Composition
beryllium aluminum silicate , Be3Al2Si6O18
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Aquamarine, a blue-green variety of beryl from Tanzania.Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
Beryl from Bedford, New York.Specimen is approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) across
.
Beryl crystal in pegmatite from Quadville, Ontario, Canada.Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
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Biotite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Biotite? Biotite is a common rock-forming silicate mineral. It is a mica found in many types of igneous rocks and in some metamorphic rocks. It is easily recognized because of its perfect cleavage that allows it to separate into thin, black, flexible sheets.
UsesBiotite has very limited commercial use. Biotite particles are sometimes used as a surface treatment in decorative concrete, plaster and other construction materials. It is also used in the potassium-argon method of dating igneous rocks.
Color black, dark green, dark brown
Streak white to gray
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage basal, perfect
Hardness 2.5 - 3
Specific Gravity 2.7 - 3.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
dark color, perfect cleavage
Crystal System monoclinic
Chemical Classification silicate
Chemical Composition K(Mg,Fe)3(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2
Biotite from Bancroft, Ontario, Canada.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
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Bornite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Bornite?
Bornite is a copper iron sulfide mineral commonly found in hydrothermal veins, contact metamorphic rocks and in the enriched zone of sulfide copper deposits. It is a common ore of copper and is easily recognized because it tarnishes to iridescent shades of blue, purple, green and yellow. It is often mined as an ore of copper.
Uses The primary use of bornite is as an ore of copper. It has no other uses that are significant.
Color brownish bronze on a fresh surface, iridescent purple, blue, and black on a tarnished surface
Streak grayish black
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage poor
Hardness 3
Specific Gravity 5.0 - 5.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color
Crystal System tetragonal
Chemical Classification
sulfide
Chemical Composition
copper iron sulfide, Cu5FeS4
Bornite from Musina, South Africa.Specimen is approximately 3/4 inch (1.9 centimeters) across.
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Calcite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses
Calcite has more uses than almost any other mineral. Most is used as a construction material in the form of cement, concrete, dimension stone or aggregate. In agriculture it is used as a soil treatment to neutralize acids and as a filler or dietary supplement in livestock feeds. It is used in many medications, particularly those that treat excess stomach acids. Several other uses are described in the article at the top of this page.
Color usually white but also colorless, gray, red, green, blue, yellow, brown, orange
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage rhombohedral, perfect
Hardness 3
Specific Gravity 2.7
DistinguishingCharacteristics
hardness, cleavage, dissolves in cold dilute HCl
Crystal System hexagonal
Chemical Classification
Carbonate
Chemical Composition
Calcium carbonate , CaCO3
Calcite in the form of translucent onyx from Tecali, Mexico. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across.
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1 5
2 6
3 7
4 8
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1. Transparent calcite from Baxter Springs, Kansas, showing characteristic cleavage. Specimen is approximately four inches (10 centimeters) across.
2. Calcite in the form of oolitic limestone from Bedford, Indiana. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across.
3. Calcite in the form of chalk from Dover, England. Specimen is about 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.4. Calcite in the form of lithographic limestone from Solenhofn, Bavaria. Note the fine, uniform texture that
is characteristic of lithographic limestone. Specimen is about 4 inches (ten centimeters) across.5. Calcite in the form of oolitic limestone from Tyrone, Pennsylvania. This specimen is approximately four
inches (ten centimeters) across. 6. Transparent calcite (known as "Iceland Spar") from Chihuahua, Mexico. This specimen shows excellent
double refraction. Specimen is about four inches (ten millimeters) across .7. Calcite in the form of calcareous tufa from Mumford, New York. This specimen is approximately four
inches (ten centimeters) across. 8. Calcite in the form of travertine from Tivoli, Italy. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across.
Cassiterite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Cassiterite?
Cassiterite is a tin oxide mineral that is found in vein deposits, granitic rocks, pegmatites, areas of contact metamorphism and the altered zone of ore deposits. It is also found in placer deposits where it is most commonly mined and given the name of "stream tin". It is the most widely mined ore of tin.
Uses
Cassiterite is the principle ore of tin. In the past, much of the tin was used to produce "tin cans" (actually steel plated with tin) for food containers. However, this use is being rapidly replaced by containers made of glass, plastic, paper, aluminum and other materials. Small amounts are also used to produce solder and polishing compounds.
Colorbrown, black, reddish brown, brownish black
Streakcolorless
Lusteradamantine, splendent to submetallic
Diaphaneityopaque to translucent
Cleavageimperfect
Hardness6.0 - 7
Specific Gravity6.8 - 7.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
high specific gravity, luster, streak, fibrous appearance
Crystal Systemtetragonal
Chemical Classification oxide
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Cassiterite from near keystone, South Dakota. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Chalcocite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Chalcocite? Chalcocite is an iron sulfide mineral and an important ore of copper. It is most commonly found as a supergene mineral in the enriched zones of sulfide deposits. It is also occurs in hydrothermal veins.
UsesChalcocite is used as an ore of copper.
Colorblack, blackish lead gray
Streakgrayish black
Lustermetallic
Diaphaneityopaque
Cleavagepoor
Hardness2.5 - 3
Specific Gravity5.5 - 5.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, soft, sooty appearance
Crystal Systemmonoclinic
Chemical Classification sulfide
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Chalcocite from Butte, Montana. This specimen is Chalcocite from Musina, South Africa. Specimen approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across is approximately 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) across.
Chalcopyrite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Chalcopyrite?
Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulfide. It is the most commonly encountered copper mineral and is the most important ore of copper. Chalcopyrite deposits are found in hydrothermal veins, void fillings and replacements in limestones, contact metamorphic deposits and magmatic separations. Minor amounts are found throughout many igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
Uses Chalcopyrite is an important ore of copper.
Color brass yellow
Streak greenish black
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage poor
Hardness 3.5 - 4
Specific Gravity 4.1 - 4.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, streak, softer than pyrite
Crystal System tetragonal
Chemical Classification
sulfide
Chemical Composition copper iron sulfide, CuFeS2
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1. Chalcopyrite, auriferous with pyrrhotite from Rouyn District, Quebec, Canada. This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
2. Crystallized chalcopyrite on dolomite from Baxter Springs, Kansas. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
3. Chalcopyrite from Rouyn District, Quebec, Canada.This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
4. Chalcopyrite from Ajo, Arizona. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Chlorite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is "Chlorite" is a name used for a group of sheet silicate minerals with similar properties. They are primarily found in weakly metamorphosed rock and
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Chlorite? form from the alteration of clay-rich sedimentary rocks and from alteration of pyroxenes, amphiboles and micas. They are also found in some sediments.
Uses Very few industrial uses. Used as a filler and as a constituent of clay.
Color various shades of green, yellow, white, pink, rose-red
Streak greenish to greenish black to white
Luster vitreous to pearly
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage basal, perfect
Hardness 2 - 2.5
Specific Gravity 2.6 - 3.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, hardness
Crystal System monoclinic
Chemical Classification
silicate
Chemical Composition
a generalized formula: (Mg,Fe)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.(Mg,Fe)3(OH)6
(Many solid solution possiblities exist with the "chlorite" composition, each producing a specimen with slightly varying properties. Chlorite minerals include clinochlore (most abundant), baileychlore, chamosite, cookeite, donbassite, gonyerite, nimite, odinite, orthochamosite, pennantite, ripidolite, sudoite.
1. Chlorite from Quebec, Canada. This specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
2. A side view of the layering of chlorite from Quebec, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6
centimeters) across.
Chromite - Mineral Properties and Uses
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What is Chromite?
Chromite is an iron chromium oxide mineral and the only ore of chromium metal. It is a mineral found in ultrabaisc rocks such as peridotite. It is also found in serpentines and other metamorphic rocks derived from the alteration of ultrabasic rocks. It is a high temperature mineral often found in the lower parts of magma bodies from the fractional crystallization process.
Uses
Chromite is the only ore of chromium, a metal used to induce hardness, toughness and chemical resistance in steel. The alloy produced is known as "stainless steel". When alloyed with iron and nickel it produces a alloy known as "nichrome" which is resitant to high temperatures and used to make heating units, ovens and other appliances. Thin coatings of chromium alloys are used as platings on auto parts, appliances and other products and given the name "chrome plated".
Color iron black to brownish black
Streak dark brown
Luster metallic to submetallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 5.5 - 6
Specific Gravity 4.1 - 5.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
luster, streak
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification oxide
Chemical Composition iron chromium oxide, FeCr2O4
Chromite from the Transvaal area of South Africa. Chromite from Shurugwi, ZimbabweThis specimen is approximately 3.5 inches (9 centimeters) Specimenis approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across across.
Chrysoberyl - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Chrysoberyl? Chrysoberyl is a rare beryllium aluminum oxide mineral found in granites, pegmatites and mica
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schists. It is resistant to abrasion and chemical attack and is often found in the sediments derived from weathering of its source rocks. It is occasionally used as a gemstone.
Uses
Chrysoberyl is used as a gemstone. The typical yellow and green colors are lower-value stones. Sometimes a small amount of aluminum in chrysoberyl is replaced by chromium. This yields stones that are strongly pleochroic and change color from red to green depending upon the angle of viewing. Some also change color depending upon the type of light (natural or incandescent) that illuminates them. These stones change color from red to green and are referred to as "Alexandrite". Some yellow chrysoberyls are translucent and contain aligned inclusions of rutile. This gives them a silky luster and a chatoyance or "cat's eye". These stones are known as "cymophane".
Color various shades of green and yellow
Streak colorless
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage poor, prismatic
Hardness 8.5
Specific Gravity 3.7 - 3.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
hardness, color
Crystal System orthorhombic
Chemical Classification oxide
Chemical Composition beryllium aluminum oxide, BeAl2O4
Chrysoberyl from Lake Alaotra, Madagascar.This specimen is approximately 1/2 inch (1.3 centimeters) across.
Cinnabar - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Cinnabar?
Cinnabar is a mercury sulfide mineral and the most important ore of mercury. It is most often found near recent volcanic activity. It forms at low temperatures in veins and other pore spaces.
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Uses
Cinnabar is the primary ore of mercury. Mercury is used instruments, electrical controls and as a fungicide. It was once used to recover gold from stream sediments and crushed ore, however, other methods are now used instead.
Color scarlet red to brownish red
Streak scarlet
Luster adamantine
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect, prismatic
Hardness 2 - 2.5
Specific Gravity 8.0 - 8.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
specific gravity, color, streak, cleavage
Crystal System hexagonal
Chemical Classification sulfide
Chemical Composition mercury sulfide, HgS
Copper - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Copper? Native copper is an element and a mineral. It is found in the oxidized zones of copper deposits; in hydrothermal veins; in the cavities of basalt that has been in contact with hydrothermal solutions; and as pore fillings and replacements in conglomerates that have been in contact with hydrothermal solutions. It is rarely found in large quantities, thus it is seldom the primary target of a mining operation. Most copper produced
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Enstatite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesEnstatite uses include: minor gemstone, decorative purposes.
Color grayish white, yellowish, green, brown
Streak white to gray
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity translucent to opaque
Cleavage good, prismatic
Hardness 5.5 - 6
Specific Gravity 3.2 - 4.0
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage, color, luster
Crystal System orthorhombic
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is extracted from sulfide deposits.
Uses
Native copper was probably one of the early metals worked by ancient people. Nuggets of the metal could be found in streams in a few areas and its properties allowed it to be easily worked without a required processing step. Today most copper is produced from sulfide ores.
Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity. Most copper mined today is used to conduct electricty - mostly as wiring. It is also an excellent conductor of heat and is used in cooking utensils, heat sinks and heat exchangers. Large amounts are also used to make alloys such as brass (copper and zinc) and bronze (copper, tin and zinc). Copper is also alloyed with precious metals such as gold and silver. Copper has many other uses.
Color copper red on a fresh surface, dull brown on a tarnished surface
Streak metallic copper red
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 2.5 - 3
Specific Gravity 8.9
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, luster, specific gravity, malleability, ductility
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification element
Chemical Composition copper, Cu
Copper from Bisbee, Arizona.This specimen is approximately 2.5 inches (6.4 centimeters) across
Cordierite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Cordierite uses include: gems, ceramics.
Color various shades of blue to bluish gray
Streak colorless
Luster vitreous
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Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage poor
Hardness 7 - 7.5
Specific Gravity 2.5 - 2.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
resembles quartz
Crystal System orthorhombic
Cordierite from Madagascar. This specimen is approximately 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) across
Corundum - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses
Corundum is very hard and is used as an abrasive in the manufacture of sandpaper, polishing compounds and cutting tools. When it occurs as a colorful and clear stone it is used as gem. Rubies are red corundums and corundums of any other color are known as sapphires.
Color Most often gray, but also white, brown, red, blue, yellow, green.
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StreakCorundum is harder than the streak plate. It does not leave a streak.
Luster Adamantine to vitreous.
Diaphaneity Transparent to translucent.
CleavageNone. However, corundum does display parting perpendicular to the long axis of its hexagonal crystals (see photo below).
Hardness 9
Specific Gravity
3.9 - 4.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
Hardness, specific gravity, hexagonal crystals with parting, high luster.
Crystal System Hexagonal
Chemical Classification
Oxide
Chemical Composition
Aluminum Oxide, Al2O3
1. Common corundum showing parting and hexagonal habit from the Zoutpansberg District, Transvaal, South Africa. Specimen is approximately two inches (5 centimeters) across.
2. Corundum (ruby) in zoisite from Merkestein, Transvaal, South Africa. Specimen is about six inches
(fifteen centimeters) across.
Cuprite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Cuprite?
Cuprite is a supergene copper oxide mineral found in the oxidized zone of copper deposits. It is a minor ore of copper.
Uses Cuprite uses include: ore of copper.
Color various shades of red, sometimes nearly black
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Streak brownish red
Luster submetallic to adamantine
Diaphaneity subtranslucent
Cleavage none
Hardness 3.5 - 4
Specific Gravity
5.8 - 6.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, streak, luster
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification
oxide
Chemical Composition
copper oxide, Cu2O
1. Cuprite with chrysocolla from Butte, Montana.This specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
2. Chalcotrichite, a variety of cuprite from Bisbee, Arizona.This specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
Diamond - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses of Diamond Most of the world's diamond production is consumed by industry for use as an abrasive in cutting, grinding, drilling and polishing procedures. The second category of diamond use is as a gemstone. More money is spent on diamonds than all other types of gemstones combined. A small amount of diamond
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goes to other use. These include: heat sinks, specialty windows and bearings.
Color
Most industrial grade diamond is black in color, often due to impurities. Gem quality diamonds occur in a range of colors. These include: colorless, yellow, red, orange, green, blue, and brown.
Streak colorless - diamond is much harder than the streak plate
Luster adamantine - the highest luster for a nonmetallic mineral
Diaphaneity transparent
Cleavage perfect, octahedral
Hardness 10
Specific Gravity 3.5 - 3.6
DistinguishingCharacteristics
hardness, heat conductivity, crystal form
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification element
Chemical Composition Carbon
A natural, uncut octahedral diamond crystal. © iStockphoto / Timo Klein
Diopside - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Diopside uses include: gemstone.
Color grayish white to light green
Streak white to light green
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Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage imperfect, prismatic
Hardness 5.5 - 6
Specific Gravity 3.2 - 3.6
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage
Crystal System monoclinic
Pyroxene, a variety of diopside from Bird Creek, Quebec, Canada.This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Dolomite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesDolomite uses include: building stones, refractory bricks for furnace linings, ornamental stone, ore of metallic magnesium.
Color colorless, white, pink, green, gray, brown, black
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect, rhombohedral
Hardness 3.5 - 4
Specific Gravity 2.8 - 2.9
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage, powdered form effervesces in HCl
Crystal System hexagonal
1 3
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2 4
1. Crystallized dolomite from Penfield, New York.This specimen is approximately 3 inches (6.7 centimeters) across.
2. Crystalline granular dolomite from Thornwood, New York.This specimen is approximately 3 inches (6.7 centimeters) across.
3. Dolomite from Lee, Massachusetts.This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
4. Crystalline granular dolomite from Thornwood, New York. This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Epidote from Rockbridge County, Virginia.This specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Epidote - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Epidote uses include: semiprecious gem.
Color pistachio green to yellowish green to black
Streak colorless
Luster vitreous
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Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 6.0 - 7.0
Specific Gravity 3.3 - 3.5
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, cleavage
Crystal System monoclinic
Fluorite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Fluorite uses include: flux, drinking water, ornamental stone.
Color colorless, green, blue, purple, yellow, red, black
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect, octahedral
Hardness 4
Specific Gravity 3.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage, hardness, luster
Crystal System isometric
This cut gemstone of fluorite is from Afghanistan.The gem is 5.2 carats and approximately 13 millimeters by 10 millimeters.
Galena - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Galena?
Galena is a lead sulfide mineral commonly found in hydrothermal veins; or as fracture filings, cavity fillings and replacements in limestone. Lesser amounts are found in many igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Galena is the primary ore of lead and is often mined for its silver content (silver substitutes for lead within the galena structure). Its perfect cleavage, silver color and very high specific gravity make it very easy to identify.
Uses Galena is the most important ore of lead. Silver is often
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produced as a by-product. Most lead is consumed in making batteries, however, significant amounts are also used to make lead sheets, pipe and shot. It is also used to make low-melting-point alloys. Its use as a pigment has declined as has its use in making solder.
Color lead gray
Streak lead gray
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage perfect, cubic
Hardness 2.5
Specific Gravity 7.4 - 7.6
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, luster, specific gravity, streak
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification sulfide
Chemical Composition lead sulfide, PbS
1 2
1. Argentiferous galena from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters)
across.
2. This is cryolite, siderite and galena from Ivigtut, Greenland. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10
centimeters) across.
Garnet - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Garnet uses include: gemstone, sand paper.
Color wine red to reddish brown, yellow, green, black
Streak colorless
Luster vitreous
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Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage none
Hardness 6.5 - 8
Specific Gravity 3.5 - 4.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
hardness, color, specific gravity
Crystal System isometric
1 3
2 4
1. Almandite, a variety of garnet from River Valley, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5
centimeters) across.
2. Almandite, a variety of garnet from Lount Township, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4-1/2 inches (11.4
centimeters) across.
3. Grossularite garnet (or Rosolite) with Idocrase, from Xalostoc, Mexico. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10
centimeters) across.
4. Grossularite garnet (or Essonite) from Eden Mills, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters)
across.
Glauconite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Glauconite uses include: fertilizer, soil amendment.
Color green, blue green
Streak dull green
Luster earthy to dull
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Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 2
Specific Gravity 2.4 - 3.0
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color
Crystal System monoclinic
This is glauconite in sandstone from Afton, Minnesota.Specimen is approximately 3-1/2 inches (8.9 centimeters) across.
Gold - Mineral Properties and UsesWhat is Gold? Native gold is an element and a mineral. It is highly prized by people because
of its attractive color, resistance to tarnish and its many special properties - some of which are unique to gold. Its rarity, usefulness and desirability make it command a high price.
Trace amounts of gold are found almost everywhere but large deposits are
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found in only a few locations. Although there are about twenty different gold minerals all of them are quite rare. Therefore, most gold found in nature is in the form of the native metal.
Gold occurs in hydrothermal veins deposited by ascending solutions; as dissiminated particles through some sulfide deposits and in placer deposits.
Uses
Most of the gold that is newly consumed or recycled each year is used in the production of jewelry. About 10% is used in coinage or in the financial stores of governments. The remaining 12% is consumed in a wide range of other uses which include electronics, medicine, dentistry, computers, awards, pigments, guilding, and optics. More information on the uses of gold.
Color gold yellow
Streak gold yellow
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 2.5 - 3
Specific Gravity 19.3
Distinguishing Characteristics
color, hardness, streak, specific gravity
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification
element
Chemical Composition
gold, Au
1. White "vein quartz" with gold from Colorado.This specimen is approximately one inch (2.5 centimeters) across.
2. Vein quartz with gold attached to basalt from California.This specimen is approximately 1 inch (2.4 centimeters) across.
Graphite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Graphite uses include: pencil lead, oil , lubricant .
Color black
Streak black
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Luster Dull metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 1.0 – 2.0
Specific Gravity 2.1 – 2.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
Color , streak, feel, specific gravity
Crystal System hexagonal
1. Graphite from Kropfmuhl, Austria. Specimen is approximately 1-1/2 inches (3.8 centimeters) across.
2. Graphite in schist from Essex County, New York. Specimen is approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) across.
Gypsum - Mineral Properties and UsesWhat is Gypsum? Gypsum is an evaporite mineral most commonly found in
layered sedimentary deposits in association with halite, anhydrite, sulfur, calcite and dolomite. Gypsum (CaSO4
.2H2O) is very similar to Anhydrite (CaSO4). The chemical difference is that gypsum contains two waters and anhydrite is without
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water. Gypsum is the most common sulfate mineral.
Uses
Gypsum uses include: manufacture of wallboard, cement, plaster of Paris, soil conditioning, a hardening retarder in Portland cement. Varieties of gypsum known as "satin spar" and "alabaster" are used for a variety of ornamental purposes, however their low hardness limits their durability.
Color clear, colorless, white, gray, yellow, red, brown
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 2
Specific Gravity 2.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage, specific gravity, low hardness
Crystal System monoclinic
Chemical Classification
sulfate
Chemical Composition
hydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4.2H2O
1. Satin spar, a fibrous variety of gypsum from Derbyshire, England. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
2. Gypsum from Grand Rapids, Michigan.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
3. Selenite, a variety of gypsum from Penfield, New York. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across.
4. Selenite, a variety of gypsum from Penfield, New York. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across.
5. Gypsum from North Holston, Virginia. Specimen is approximately 1-1/2 inches (3.8 centimeters) across.
6. Satin spar, a fibrous variety of gypsum from Derbyshire, England. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
7. Alabaster, a variety of gypsum, from Pomaia, Italy. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
8. The translucent characteristic of alabaster, a variety of gypsum, from Pomaia, Italy. Specimen is
approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
1 2
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3
4
5
6
7 8
Halite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Halite uses include: table salt, tanning.
Colorcolorless or white, (yellow, red, blue, purple, orange if impure)
Streak white
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Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect, cubic
Hardness 2.5
Specific Gravity 2.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
taste, cleavage
Crystal System isometric
1. Halite from Retsof, New York. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
2. Halite from the Salton Sea, California. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Hornblende - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Hornblende uses include: decoration, dimension stone.
Color dark green to black
Streak gray to greenish gray
Luster vitreous
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Hematite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Hematite uses include: ore of iron, pigment.
Color steel gray to black, reddish brown to black
Streak red to reddish brown
Luster metallic, dull
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 5.0 - 6.0
Specific Gravity 5.26
DistinguishingCharacteristics
streak
Crystal System Hexagonal
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Diaphaneity translucent to nearly opaque
Cleavage good
Hardness 5.0 - 6.0
Specific Gravity 3.0 - 3.5
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage, color
Crystal System monoclinic
Amphibole, a variety of hornblende from Faraday Township, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
Ilmenite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Ilmenite?
Ilmenite is an iron titanium oxide and the primary ore of titanium. It is a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks such as gabbro, diorite and anorthosite. It is also forms in veins and pegmatites. Most of the commercially produced ilmenite is recovered from sands that have formed from the weathering of ilmenite-bearing rocks. The ilmenite sand is recovered by dredging and processing the alluvial deposits.
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Uses
Ilmenite is the primary ore of titanium. It is also used in the manufacture of titanium dioxide for paint pigments. Titanium is used to manufacture a wide variety of metal parts where light weight and very high strength are needed. Examples include: aircraft parts, artificial joints for humans and sporting equipment such as bicycle frames. Titanium is also used in a number of high-performance alloys.
Color black
Streak black
Luster metallic, submetallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 5.5 - 6
Specific Gravity 4.7 - 4.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
streak, weakly magnetic
Crystal System hexagonal
Chemical Classification
oxide
Chemical Composition
iron titanium oxide , FeTiO3, sometimes has significant magnesium and manganese substituting for the iron to yield a composition of (Fe, Mg, Mn)TiO3
1. Ilmenite from St-Urbain, Quebec, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
2. Ilmenite from Kragero, Norway. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Jadeite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesJadeite uses include: jewelry, ornaments, weapons, semi-precious stone.
Color various shades of light and dark green, white
Streak colorless
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Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity semi-transparent
Cleavage good, prismatic
Hardness 6.0 - 7.0
Specific Gravity
3.2 - 3.4
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color
Crystal System monoclinic
Kyanite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses
Kyanite is most often used where heat resistance is important. It is used to make high refractory strength porcelain, refractory bricks and mortars, kiln furniture, brake shoes, clutch facings, grinding wheels, cutting disks. It is also used in standard porcelain of dentures, sinks and bathroom fixtures. When kyanite is highly transparent and of attractive color it can be cut into cabochon and faceted gemstones.
Color blue, white, gray, green, colorless
Streak white, colorless
Luster vitreous, pearly
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect in two directions, faces sometimes striated
HardnessKyanite often occurs in long, bladed crystals. These have a hardness of 4.5 to 5 along the length of the crystals and 6.5 to 7 across the width of the crystals.
Specific Gravity
3.5 - 3.7
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, cleavage, bladed crystals
Crystal System
triclinic
Chemical Classification
Silicate - Nesosilicate
Chemical Composition
Al2SiO5 (kyanite is polymorphic with sillimanite and andalusite)
1 2
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3
4
1. Blue bladed kyanite from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specimen is approximately two inches (5 centimeters) across.
2. Green kyanite blades in quartzite from Avery County, North Carolina. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across.
3. Green bladed kyanite (same specimen as above) - looking down the long axis of the blades. Specimen is about 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
4. Sometimes kyanite occurs as radiating masses of crystals such as this specimen from Petaca, New Mexico. Specimen is about 4 inches (ten centimeters) across.
Limonite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Limonite uses include: a minor ore of iron.
Color medium to dark yellowish brown
Streak yellowish brown
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Luster dull to earthy
Diaphaneity -
Cleavagebecause limonite is a mixture of other minerals it has no cleavage of its own
Hardness 1.0 - 5.0
Specific Gravity
2.7 - 4.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
variable - can be yellow-brown, brown, redish brown
Crystal System amorphous to cryptocrystalline
1. Limonite from Newport, New York. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across.
2. Limonite with goethite from Ironton, Minnesota. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across.
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Magnesite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Magnesite uses include: refractory bricks, cement,.
Color white, grayish, yellowish, brownish, colorless
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 3.5 -5.0
Specific Gravity 3.0 - 3.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
dissolves with warm HCl in the powdered form
Crystal System hexagonal
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Magnetite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses of Magnetite
Important ore of iron; heavy media for specific gravity separations; abrasive; toner in electrophotography; micronutrient in fertilizers; pigment in paints; an aggregate for high-density concrete. (More details provided above.)
Color black
Streak black
Luster metallic to submetallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 5.5 - 6.5
Specific Gravity 5.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
strongly magnetic, color, streak, octahedral crystal habit
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification Oxide
Chemical Composition Fe3O4
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1. Magnesite from Chewelah, Washington. Specimen is approximately 3-1/2 inches (8.9 centimeters) across.2. Magnesite from Riverside County, California. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
1. Typical magnetite. Specimen is approximately four inches (10 centimeters) across.
2. Lodestone: note now the specimen attracts small particles of iron. Specimen is approximately four inches (10 centimeters) across.
Marcasite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Marcasite? Marcasite is an iron sulfide mineral. It has the same chemical composition as pyrite, however these two minerals are in different crystal systems (marcasite is orthorhombic and pyrite is isometric).
Uses Very few commercial uses. Has been used as a source of sulfur and as an ornamental stone (many of the ornamental stones sold under the name of "marcasite" are actually pyrite).
Color pale bronze yellow
Streak grayish black
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage poor
Hardness 6.0 - 7.5
Specific Gravity 4.9
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color
Crystal System orthorhombic
Chemical Classification sulfide
Chemical Composition iron sulfide, FeS2
Molybdenite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Molybdenite?
Molybdenite is a molybdenum sulfide mineral and the leading ore of molybdenum. It occurs as an accessory mineral in some granites and pegmatites. It is also found in some copper porphyry deposits, contact metamorphic rocks and high temperature vein deposits. It is a soft gray mineral that is easily confused with graphite.
UsesMolybdenite is the primary ore of molybdenum. It has also been used as a specialty libricant.
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Color lead gray
Streak bluish gray grayish black
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 1.0 - 2.0
Specific Gravity 4.6 - 4.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
greasy feel, color, streak, specific gravity
Crystal System hexagonal
Chemical Classification
sulfide
Chemical Composition
molybdenum sulfide, MoS2
1. Molybdenite in quartz from Calaveras County, California. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
2. Molybdenite from Whitehall, Montana. Specimens are approximately 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1.3 centimeters to 2.5
centimeters) across.
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Monazite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesMonazite uses include: primary source for thorium, cerium, and other rare elements.
Color yellowish to reddish brown
Streak white
Luster resinous to waxy
Diaphaneity translucent
Cleavage poor
Hardness 5 - 5.5
Specific Gravity 5.0 - 5.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
specific gravity
Crystal System monoclinic
Muscovite from Mitchell County, North Carolina.
Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
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Muscovite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Muscovite?
Muscovite is a common rock-forming mineral. It is a mica found in many types of igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is also found in some sediments that have not been significantly weathered and the sedimentary rocks derived from them. It is easily recognized because of its perfect cleavage that allows it to separate into thin, transparent, flexible sheets.
Uses
Muscovite has a high resistance to heat and, split into thin transparent sheets, it has been used as windows on high-temperature furnaces and ovens. It is an insulator and was used in the past to make circuit boards. Historically, it was used as an early window glass.
Color colorless, yellow, brown, green, red
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 2.5 - 3
Specific Gravity 2.8 - 2.9
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage, color
Crystal System monoclinic
Chemical Classification
silicate
Chemical Composition
KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2
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Sheet of cut muscovite from India. Specimen is approximately 4 inches by 3 inches (10 centimeters by 7.6 centimeters).
1. Nepheline from Dungannon Township, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
2. Nepheline from Bancroft, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
3. Nepheline cancrinite syenite from Litchfield, Maine. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Olivine - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesOlivine uses include: gemstones, bricks, refractory sand.
Color olive to yellowish green
Streak colorless
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage none
Hardness 6.5 - 7
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Specific Gravity 3.2 - 4.4
DistinguishingCharacteristics
glassy luster, color
Crystal System orthorhombic
1 3
2
1. Basalt and olivine from Arizona. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
2. Olivine from Mitchell County, North Carolina. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
3. Peridot, a variety of olivine, from Arizona. These are approximately 11 millimeters by 7 millimeters each.
Orthoclase - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Orthoclase uses include: gemstones .
Color white, gray, flesh pink, reddish, yellow, green
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity translucent to subtranslucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 6 - 6.5
Specific Gravity 2.5 - 2.6
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DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage, color
Crystal System monoclinic
Plagioclase - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesPlagioclase uses include: decorative stone, moon stone, buildings.
Color colorless, white, gray, bluish, greenish, yellowish, reddish
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 6 - 6.5
Specific Gravity 2.6 - 2.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage
Crystal System triclinic
Prehnite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesPrehnite uses include: ornamental material, semiprecious gem.
Color white, green, gray, yellow
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage basal
Hardness 6 - 6.5
Specific Gravity 2.8 - 3.0
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DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, cleavage
Crystal System orthorhombic
.
Beads of prehnite. Each bead is approximately 6 millimeter across
Pyrite from Rico, Colorado. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
Pyrite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Pyrite?
Pyrite is an iron sulfide mineral and one of the most ubiquitous minerals of earth's crust. It is found in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and crystallizes at both high and low temperatures. Its yellow color and metallic luster occasionally fool inexperienced people who confuse it with gold - hence the name "fools gold".
Uses The uses of pyrite are declining. The main uses today are the production of sulfur dioxide for the paper industry and sulfuric acid for the chemical industry. Other sources of these substances are replacing what was once produced from pyrite. It is rarely mined for its iron content because the associated sulfur contaminates the iron to render
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it brittle and useless for most applications.
Color pale brass yellow
Streak greenish black to brownish black
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage indistinct
Hardness 6 - 6.5
Specific Gravity 4.9 - 5.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, hardness, fool's gold
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification sulfide
Chemical Composition iron sulfide, FeS 2
Pyrite with hematite from Rio Marina, Isle of Elba, Italy. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across
Pyrite, crystal in schist from Chester, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across
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Pyrophyllite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Pyrophyllite uses include: ceramics, refractory materials.
Color white, pale blue, yellow, grayish green, brownish green
Streak white
Luster pearly to greasy
Diaphaneity translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 1.0 - 2.0
Specific Gravity 2.7 - 2.9
DistinguishingCharacteristics
cleavage, greasy feel
Crystal System monoclinic
Pyrophyllite from Moore County, North Carolina. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across
Pyrrhotite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Pyrrhotite?
Pyrrhotite is an iron sulfide mineral found in basic igneous rocks, pegmatites, vein deposits, and contact metamorphic deposits. It is slighly magnetic.
Uses
Pyrrhotite is mined primarily because it is associated with pentlandite, sulfide mineral that can contain significant amounts of nickel and cobalt.
Color bronze yellow, brownish bronze, reddish bronze
Streak dark grayish black
Luster metallic
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Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 3.5 - 4.5
Specific Gravity 4.6 - 4.7
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, magnetism
Crystal System monoclinic
Chemical Classification sulfide
Chemical Composition iron sulfide, Fe1-xS
1. Pyrrhotite from Falconbridge, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 , 2,5 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
2. Nickeliferous pyrrhotite from Falconbridge, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) across.
Quartz - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses
Quartz uses are outlined in detail above. They include: glass making, foundry sand, hydrofrac sand, optical materials, components in electronic products, traction sands, sharpening media, polishing compounds, grinding compounds, fillers and extenders.
ColorQuartz occurs in virtually every color. Common colors are clear, white, gray, purple, yellow, brown, black, pink, green, red.
Streak colorless (harder than the streak plate)
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage none - typically breaks with a conchoidal fracture.
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Hardness 7
Specific Gravity
2.6 - 2.7
DistinguishingCharacteristics
conchoidal fracture, glassy luster, hardness
Crystal System hexagonal
Chemical Classification
Silicate
Chemical Composition
Silicon Dioxide, SiO2
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1. Translucent pink "rose" quartz in the rough. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across.2. "Glass sand" is a sandstone that is composed almost entirely of quartz grains. Pictured here is a
specimen of the Oriskany Sandstone from Hancock, West Virginia. In a few locations the Oriskany is over 99% pure quartz. Much of it has been used for container glass but some of it has been selected for use in making lenses for the largest telescopes. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters across).
3. Transparent "rock crystal" quartz. This specimen shows the conchoidal fracture (fracture that produces curved surfaces) that is characteristic of the mineral. Specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Minas Gerais, Brazil.
4. Chert is a microcrystaline or cryptocrystalline quartz. It occurs as nodules and concretionary masses and less frequently as a layered deposit. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Joplin, Missouri.
5. Silicified "petrified" wood is formed when buried plant debris is infiltrated with mineral-bearing waters which precipitate quartz. This quartz infills the cavities within the wood and often replaces the woody tissues. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Yuma County, Arizona
6. A Herkimer "Diamond" quartz crystal in dolostone. This specimen is about six inches (fifteen centimeters) across and is from Middleville, New York.
7. "Novaculite" is a dense, cryptocrystalline variety of quartz with a fine-grained and very uniform texture. As quartz, it has a hardness of 7 (harder than steel) and is used as a "whetstone" for sharpening knives.
8. Aventurine is colorful variety of quartz that contains abundant shiny inclusions of minerals such as mica or hematite. It is often cut and polished for use as an ornamental stone. Common colors for aventurine are green, orange and blue. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from India.
9. Purple crystalline quartz is known as "amethyst". When transparent and of high quality it is often cut as a gemstone. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Guanajuato, Mexico.
10. Flint is a variety of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz. It occurs as nodules and concretionary masses and less frequently as a layered deposit. It breaks consistently with a conchoidal fracture and was one of the first materials used to make tools by early people. They used it to make cutting tools. After thousands of years, people continue to use it. It is presently used as the cutting edge in some of the finest surgical tools. This specimen is about four inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Dover Cliffs, England.
Rhodochrosite - Mineral Properties and Uses
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UsesRhodochrosite uses include: ore of manganese, ornamental use.
Color pink, red, yellow, gray, brown
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect, rhombohedral
Hardness 3.5 - 4.5
Specific Gravity 3.5 - 3.7
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, cleavage
Crystal System hexagonal
Rhodochrosite from Catamarca Province, Argentina, South America. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Rhodonite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Rhodonite uses include: decorative stone .
Color pink, rose red, red brown, brown
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 5.5 - 6
Specific Gravity 3.5 - 3.7
Distinguishing color, cleavage
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Characteristics
Crystal System triclinic
Rhodonite with sphalerite from Butte, Montana. Specimen is approximately 3-1/2 inches (8.9 centimeters) across.
Rutile - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Rutile?
Rutile is a titanium oxide mineral that is most commonly found in granites, pegmatites and metamorphic rocks. It is also found in sands derived from the weathering of these rocks. Rutile also forms as slender crystals within quartz and micas. It is a common mineral in the alluvial sands that are dredged for magnetite and ilmenite.
Uses
Rutile is used as a coating on welding rods. It is also used as an ore of titanium, a metal used where light weight and high strength are needed. Some rutile used in the production of pigments for paints.
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Color red, reddish brown, reddish black
Streak pale brown
Luster adamantine to submetallic
Diaphaneity transparent to subtranslucent
Cleavage good
Hardness 6 - 6.5
Specific Gravity 4.2 - 4.4
DistinguishingCharacteristics
luster, color
Crystal System tetragonal
Chemical Classification oxide
Chemical Composition titanium oxide, TiO2,
1 3
2
1. Rutile from Oaxaca, Mexico. Specimen is approximately 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) across.
2. Ilmenorutile, a variety of rutile from Iveland, Norway. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
3. Nigrine, a variety of rutile from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. Specimens are approximately 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1.3 centimeters to 2.5 centimeters) across.
Serpentine - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Serpentine? Serpentine uses include: thermal conductivity, industrial mineral, ornamental stone.
Usesvarious shades of green
Colorwhite
Streakgreasy or waxy
Lustertranslucent to opaque
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Diaphaneityperfect
Cleavage3.0 - 5.0
Hardness2.5 - 2.6
Specific Gravitycolor, luster
DistinguishingCharacteristics
monoclinic
Crystal SystemSerpentine uses include: thermal conductivity, industrial mineral, ornamental stone.
Chemical Classification various shades of green
Chemical Composition white
Serpentine from Warren County, New York. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
1 2
3
4
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1. Chrysotile, a variety of serpentine from Lowell, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across.
2. Verde Antique, a variety of serpentine from Rochester, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
3. Serpentine from Cornwall, England. Specimen is approximately 2-1/2 inches (6.4 centimeters) across.
4. Serpentine from Easton, Pennsylvania. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
1 3
2
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Siderite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Siderite uses include: iron ore, pigments.
Color yellowish, reddish, grayish, brown
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 3.5 - 4.5
Specific Gravity 3.8 - 4.0
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, specific gravity, dissolves in HCl
Crystal System hexagonal
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1. Siderite from Roxbury, Connecticut. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
2. Siderite from Roxbury, Connecticut. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
3. Siderite from Roxbury, Connecticut. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Sillimanite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Sillimanite uses include: no significant commercial use.
Color colorless, white, yellow, brown, blue, green
Streak colorless
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 6.5 - 7.5
Specific Gravity 3.2 - 3.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
slender crystals, fibrous habit
Crystal System orthorhombic
Sillimanite with magnetite from Benson Mines, New York. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
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Sillimanite from Williamstown, South Australia. Sillimanite from Dillon, Montana.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Silver - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Silver uses include: jewelry, tableware, coins, electronics, photographic films, ornaments.
Color silvery white
Streak silvery white
Luster metallic
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 2.5 - 3
Specific Gravity 10.0 - 11.0
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, specific gravity
Crystal System isometric
Sodalite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesSodalite uses include: dimension stone, decorative purposes, ornamental material.
Color blue, white, gray, green, colorless, yellow, red
Streak white, blue
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage none
Hardness 5.5 - 6
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Specific Gravity
2.2 - 2.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color
Crystal System isometric
Sodalite from Ice River, British Columbia, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
Sphalerite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Sphalerite?
Sphalerite is a zince sulfide mineral commonly found in hydrothermal veins; or as fracture filings, cavity fillings and replacements in limestone; and, contact metamorphism deposits. Lesser amounts are found in many igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Sphalerite is the primary ore of zinc and is often mined for its content of cadmium, indium, gallium or germanium (these substitute for zinc within the sphalerite structure). Its six directions of cleavage, resinous to sometimes adamantine luster and sulfur smell upon streak make sphalerite very easy to identify.
Uses Sphalerite uses include: primary ore of zinc, mined because it contains minor amounts of indium, cadmium, germanium or
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gallium.
Color pale yellow, light brown, black, red, green, white, colorless
Streak brown to light yellow, white
Luster resinous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect, dodecahedral
Hardness 3.5 - 4
Specific Gravity
3.9 - 4.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
luster, cleavage, streak
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification
sulfide
Chemical Composition
zinc sulfide , ZnS
Sphalerite with dolomite from Gilman, Colorado. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
Spinel - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Spinel?
Spinel is a magnesium aluminum oxide accessory mineral in basic igneous rocks such as gabbro and basalt. It is also found in metamorphosed argillaceous rocks and especially in marbles formed as a result of contact metamorphism. It is resistant to chemical weathering and abrasion and is often found in sediments derived from spinel-bearing rocks. Its main use is as a gemstone.
UsesThe primary use of spinel is as a gemstone. There is no industrial use for spinel in large quantities.
Color white, colorless, red, blue, green, brown, black
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Streak colorless (harder than the streak plate)
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity translucent
Cleavage none
Hardness 7.5 - 8
Specific Gravity
3.5 - 4.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
hardness, color, luster
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification
oxide
Chemical Composition
magnesium aluminum oxide, MgAl2O4
"Ruby" spinel, from Tanzania, Africa. Each specimen is approximately 1/4 inch (.6 centimeter) across.
Spodumene - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Spodumene uses include: lithium, gemstone.
Color white, grayish white, yellow, green, blue, lilac, pink
Streak colorless
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage good
Hardness 6.5 - 7
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Specific Gravity
3.0 - 3.2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, cleavage, hardness
Crystal System monoclinic
1. Sphalerite, carrying gallium and indium, from Gilman, Colorado. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
2. Alabandite and sphalerite from Harshaw, Arizona. Specimens are approximately 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1.3 centimeters to 2.5 centimeters) across.
Staurolite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesStaurolite uses include: abrasive, jewelry.
Colorreddish, yellowish, brownish black, black, gray
Streakgray
Lustervitreous
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Diaphaneitytranslucent to opaque
Cleavagepoor
Hardness7 - 7.5
Specific Gravity
3.7 - 3.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, crystal form
Crystal Systemmonoclinic
Staurolite in schist from Little Falls, Minnesota.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Sulfur - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesSulfur uses include: sulfuric acid, fertilizers, sulfur compounds.
Color sulfur yellow
Streak white
Luster resinous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage none
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Hardness 1.5 - 2.5
Specific Gravity
2.0 - 2.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, hardness
Crystal System orthorhombic
Sylvite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Sylvite uses include: salt substitute, fertilizer.
Color colorless, white, blue, yellow, red, gray
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage perfect, cubic
Hardness 2
Specific Gravity 2
DistinguishingCharacteristics
taste
Crystal System isometric
Talc - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Talc uses include: paint, ceramics, rubber, roofing, paper.
Color sea green, white, gray
Streak white to very pale green
Luster pearly
Diaphaneity translucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 1
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Specific Gravity 2.7 - 2.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
feel, color, softness, cleavage
Crystal System monoclinic
1 2
3 4
5
1.Foliated talc from St. Lawrence County, New York. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
2.Foliated talc from Holly Springs, Georgia.Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
3.Green foliated talc from Holly Springs, Georgia. Specimen is approximately 2 inches (5 centimeters) across.
4.Gray massive talc from Murray County, Georgia. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
5.Soapstone, a variety of talc from Murray County, Georgia. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Titanite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesTitanite uses include: ore of titanium.
Colorgray, brown, green, yellow, black, red
Streakwhite
Lusterresinous to adamantine
Diaphaneitytransparent to translucent
Cleavage fair, prismatic
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Hardness5 - 5.5
Specific Gravity3.4 - 3.6
DistinguishingCharacteristics
luster, color, hardness
Crystal Systemmonoclinic
Tourmaline - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Tourmaline uses include: gemstone.
Color bluish black, black, yellow, pink, blue, green, colorless, red
Streak colorless, gray
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to nearly opaque
Cleavage poor
Hardness 7 - 7.5
Specific Gravity
3.0 - 3.3
DistinguishingCharacteristics
lack of cleavage, color
Crystal System hexagonal
1 2
3 4
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1. Tourmaline in granite from Stoneham, Maine. Specimen is approximately 5 inches (12.7 centimeters) across.
2. A close-up of tourmaline from Pierrepont, New York. The overall specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
3. Tourmaline from Pierrepont, New York. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
4. Tourmaline in microcline from Bathurst, Ontario, Canada. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
Turquoise from Manhattan, Nevada.Each specimen is approximately 1/2 inch (1.3 centimeters) across.
Uraninite - Mineral Properties and Uses
What is Uraninite?
Uraninite is an oxide of uranium. It occurs in granite pegmatites, occasionally in hydrothermal veins, and less often in sandstones. It is the primary ore of uranium. It has a very high specific gravity and is radioactive. Uraninite is also known as "pitchblende".
Uses Uraninite uses include: primary ore of uranium, used to prepare fuel for nuclear reactors.
Color brownish black to black
Streak brownish black, grayish
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Turquoise - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Turquoise uses include: decorative stone, gemstone.
Color turquoise green, sky blue, apple green, greenish gray
Streak white, greenish
Luster waxy
Diaphaneity nearly opaque
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 5.0 - 6.0
Specific Gravity 2.6 - 2.8
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color
Crystal System triclinic
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Luster submetallic to pitchlike
Diaphaneity opaque
Cleavage none
Hardness 5.0 - 6.0
Specific Gravity 6.5 - 10.0
DistinguishingCharacteristics
radioactivity, color, luster, specific gravity, lack of cleavage
Crystal System isometric
Chemical Classification oxide
Chemical Composition Uranium Oxide , UO2
Witherite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Witherite uses include: barium.
Color white, colorless, light grayish, yellowish brown
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage fair, distinct
Hardness 3 - 3.5
Specific Gravity 4.3 - 4.4
DistinguishingCharacteristics
specific gravity, effervesces in dilute HCl
Crystal System orthorhombic
Witherite from Hexham, England.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
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Wollastonite - Mineral Properties and Uses
UsesWollastonite uses include: asbestos, siding, roofing tile, ceramics.
Color white, gray, pale green, colorless
Streak white
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity subtransparent to translucent
Cleavage three directions of cleavage, perfect
Hardness 4.5 - 5.5
Specific Gravity 2.8 - 3.1
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, cleavage
Crystal System triclinic
Wollastonite with garnet from Willsboro, New York.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
Zircon - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Zircon uses include: metals, gemstone.
Colorcolorless, light brown to reddish brown, grayish, yellowish, reddish, green
Streak colorless
Luster adamantine
Diaphaneity transparent to translucent
Cleavage poor
Hardness 7.5
Specific Gravity 4.6 - 4.7
DistinguishingCharacteristics
hardness, color, specific gravity
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Crystal System tetragonal
Cut brown zircon from Cambodia.Gemstone is approximately .90 carats, and 6 millimeters by 5 millimeters.
Zoisite - Mineral Properties and Uses
Uses Zoisite uses include: gemstone.
Color gray, pale green, brown, white, greenish brown, greenish gray, pink
Streak colorless
Luster vitreous
Diaphaneity transparent to subtranslucent
Cleavage perfect
Hardness 6 - 6.7
Specific Gravity
3.2 - 3.4
DistinguishingCharacteristics
color, cleavage
Crystal System orthorhombic
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Zoisite clinozoisite, with epodite from Sonora, Mexico.Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across.
Ruby, a variety of corundum in zoisite from Transvaal, South Africa.Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
www.geology.com/minerals
http://www.webmineral.com
www.crystalarium.com
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Imam F. Arief - 111.080.219 - Krisminer’s 2008
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