BiPV – International experiences and
opportunities
APVA – Building integrated PV (BiPV) Workshop
7th June 2013
Dr. Mark Snow School of PV and Renewable Energy Engineering (SPREE)
IEA Work – Photovoltaic Power Systems (PVPS) &
Solar Heating & Cooling (SHC)
PVPS Task 7
PVPS Task 10
www.task7.org
www.iea-pvps-task10.org
SHC Task 41
Solar Energy &
Architecture
http://task41.iea-shc.org
Background of involvement in BiPV
SHC Task 51
Solar Energy in
Urban Planning
http://task51.iea-shc.org
Passive solar is a given yes?
“Only primitives & barbarians lack knowledge of houses turned to face the Winter sun.”
Energy efficiency/passive solar design must be a complimentary activity “Human behaviour factor” A zero energy or 6+ star designed house is only as efficient as the people who live in it allow it to be!
Greek philosopher Aeschylus (525-456 BC)
Towards Photoautotrophic Buildings
A heterotroph (hetero = "other" and troph = "feeding") is an organism that eats other organisms to obtain energy. They are also known as consumers. Autotrophs “Self feeding”
Solar Ivy Source: solarivy.com
Towards self feeding built environments
Philadelphia clean water green cities initiative
Reducing the solar heat gain by transforming a concrete built environment
Why Solar and Buildings?
• SOLAR ACCESS ASSETS and THERMAL LIABILITIES
– Heating and Cooling degree days - building surface exposure to
irradiation lighting, HVAC, internal conditions & impact on
productivity
– Energy efficient solutions take you so far – onsite renewables typically
become viable in their own right beyond 7 stars depending on location
Williamtown – star bands (climate region 15)
Cooling degree days = 230 Heating degree days = 1,460
Star rating 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(MJ/m2) 429 349 232 159 114 86 67 50 34 19 6
www.nathers.gov.au/about/pubs/starbands.pdf
www.degreedays.net
Favourable BIPV legislation – France & Italy
BIPV is predicted to be one of the fastest growing solar industry segments forecast to add 4.6GW of new capacity by 2017 globally (Pike Research, August 2012). This equates to 400% growth over the next five years from US$606 million in 2012 to more than US$2.4 billion in 2017 under a conservative scenario and could be as high as US$3.7 billion under a more aggressive market. Current BIPV market growth has been dominated by France (@60% of their total PV market) and Italy (30% of their total PV market) through specific BIPV feed in tariff policy.
Source: (EuPD, 2009)
BiPV costs versus conventional products
Source: Updated 2011 and adapted from Ingo Hagemann (2007)
Price AU$/m2 $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000
Orientation is not a limiting factor
Schüco MSE 100 East/West azimuth 10
degrees roof tilt allows for up to 90% use
of net roof area
BIPV: Building Integrated Photovoltaic
system architecturally/building integrated in
the overall design concept, i.e. PV replaces
other building component(s)
BAPV: Building Added Photovoltaic system
(simply mounted on building)
BIST: Building Integrated Solar Thermal
system, architecturally/building integrated in
the overall design concept, i.e. solar thermal
components replaces other building
component(s)
BAST: Building added solar thermal systems
(simply mounted on building)
Integrated or added solar systems?
BIST: Building Integrated Solar Thermal architecture systems
Sun Deck shading Source:RaU Architekten Balcony Eaves Source: Beat Kaempfen
? Solar Energy Systems in Architecture
Colt Ellise PV sliding shades and Colt Shadowvoltaics
http://task41.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/T41DA2-Solar-Energy-Systems-in-Architecture-28March20131.pdf
• 42kWp System
• two arrays comprise 252
- BP5170S modules.
• 9 modules are connected
in series, called a 'string'.
• Each two strings are fed
into one of 14 - BP Solar
Gci2500 Inverters.
• LIVE DATA
www.energy.unsw.edu.au
UNSW Quadrangle
• 42kWp System
• two arrays comprise 252
- BP5170S modules.
• 9 modules are connected
in series, called a 'string'.
• Each two strings are fed
into one of 14 - BP Solar
Gci2500 Inverters.
• LIVE DATA
www.energy.unsw.edu.au
UNSW Quadrangle
1.3MWp of blessed Vatican PV on Paolo VI Audience Hall - SolarWorld AG
PV as part of Building function
A-Si solar fascia Lambeth, UK
43kWp Melbourne University PV glazing façade, Australia
Façade innovation
Retrofit of PV – 40 year old office
Existing buildings, especially with poor thermal performance, are prime candidates for retrofitting façade with PV
Source: Schott solar ASI glass retrofit 40 year old office
PV retrofit facelift transforms building
Building re-valuation pays for PV day 1 through increase in asset value
Innovative financing required to deal with upfront capital cost
Retrofit of PV – 40 year old office
Cantilevered roof and façade CIGS system - Italy
Source: Pierluigi Bonomo, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, University of L’Aquila
Why 3-D BIPV modelling is important
• URBAN PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT APPROVAL
– Existing legislation focused on daylighting
– If solar access for active solar systems are to be maintained, planning
approval predicates future development heights
– These decisions can have 50-100 year consequences!
Optimised High Rise design – South Korea
Who are the stakeholders?
ASSET OWNERSHIP Building & infrastructure Insurance,
Building Owners & Developers, Investors, Financiers, Valuators
DESIGN & BUILDING SOLUTIONS Architects, Engineers, Building Construction,
Energy efficiency & Distributed Energy Technology companies
Electric Vehicle fuel and storage solutions
EXISTING SERVICE PROVIDERS Building Services & Equipment, Utilities, Network Providers, Centralised power
generation, transportation fuel
PLANNING CONTROLS & SAFEGUARDS Urban Planning, Building Standards, Fire & Emergency Provision
BUILDING OCCUPANTS Business Lessee, Officer workers, Facilities managers, Maintenance providers
Reduce operational costs
Clean energy investment
Social responsibility
Public Infrastructure
Provision
Aim = accurate surface shading masks using ray tracing
to produce a sky obscuration factor
Feed SAM orthographic sky shading factors
Ray tracing – Hemispherical Sky
Obscuration Factor Analysis
AutoDesk Ecotect overshadowing blocks
and surface shading mask mapped onto a
stereographic sun-path diagram
Dome surface divided into degree segments = sky sub-divisions
Sample points proportional to overshadowing accuracy and processing time
SAM caters for 4 sub-arrays
Ray tracing – accuracy
3D web mapping • Faster JavaScript implementation, computer processing, APIs and OpenGL are bringing
3-D web mapping alive
• Three.js, WebGL, X3D, HTML 5, CSS3, OSG (C++ Open GL)
– Import models from CAD/GIS eg. (from Sketchup, Blender, AutoCAD) as an .obj file
using Collada, JSON etc and rendering the 3D scene using Three.js
– Web Workers (allows Javascript to run more efficiently)
– WebSocket (uses persistant 2-way communication (TCP) between server and client
Simple 3-D Solar Mapping Flow Chart
User output
• Simple results
• Parameter input based
Digital Surface
Model (DSM) and
GIS landuse
database
System Advisor Model
• Climate data input
• System parameters
• Geometry - shading
Graphic User Interface – visualisation & reporting
Urban Planning definition
Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning)
a technical and political process concerned with the control of the use of land
and design of the urban environment, including (utilities and) transportation
networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development (and renewal) of
settlements and communities.
It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture,
urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation
and management.
Source: Taylor, Nigel (2007). Urban Planning Theory since 1945, London, Sage
Where does solar energy fit in the order of
priorities urban planners consider?
How is it considered?
What are the needs and knowledge products
required to make informed decisions?
Urban Planning definition and context for Task 51
Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning)
a technical and political process concerned with the control of the use of land
and design of the urban environment, including (utilities and) transportation
networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development (and renewal) of
settlements and communities.
It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture,
urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation
and management.
Source: Taylor, Nigel (2007). Urban Planning Theory since 1945, London, Sage
Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning)
a technical and political process concerned with the control of the use of land
and design of the urban environment, including (utilities and) transportation
networks, to guide and ensure the orderly development (and renewal) of
settlements and communities.
It concerns itself with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture,
urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation
and management.
Source: Taylor, Nigel (2007). Urban Planning Theory since 1945, London, Sage
How is it considered? How well is it considered?
Subtask A - Context
Solar Energy in Urban Planning – SubTask A
National imperatives & priorities
State/ Regional requirements
Local level resource needs
Market mechanisms & existing Infrastructure
Exposure to increase costs for services
Cities being smarter by using their assets
• Municipal buildings & facilities
• Urban development & renewal
• Landscapes
Opportunities for Australia
Reduce exposure to increased energy prices through onsite generation
Reduced Thermal stress and HVAC Cooling needs
Maximise and preserve solar access assets of Buildings
Utility infrastructure value to the grid to temper “hot spots” – defray grid augmentation
Zero Energy Buildings should = healthy/productive buildings
Innovative product development that become mainstream and accepted by BCA
Showcase projects demonstrating client value proposition
What is holding back the BiPV market in Australia?
What could be done to accelerate development of this
important market?