Biology
Robert Taggart
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Table of ContentsTo the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
UUnniitt 11:: BBuuiillddiinngg BBlloocckkss ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggssLesson 1: Characteristics of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Lesson 2: Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Lesson 3: Nucleotides and Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Lesson 4: The Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Lesson 5: Genetics and Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Lesson 6: Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Lesson 7: Organizing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
UUnniitt 22:: SSiimmppllee OOrrggaanniissmmssLesson 8: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Lesson 9: Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Lesson 10: Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
UUnniitt 33:: TThhee PPllaanntt KKiinnggddoommLesson 11: Plant Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Lesson 12: Plant Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
UUnniitt 44:: TThhee AAnniimmaall KKiinnggddoommLesson 13: Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Lesson 14: Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
UUnniitt 55:: TThhee HHuummaann BBooddyyLesson 15: Digestion and Excretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Lesson 16: Respiration and Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Lesson 17: Fighting Invaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Lesson 18: The Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Lesson 19: Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245Lesson 20: Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Lesson 21: Nervous and Endocrine Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Lesson 22: Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
UUnniitt 66:: EEccoollooggyyLesson 23: Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Lesson 24: Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Lesson 25: Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Biology
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Table of Contents, continued
AppendixesA. Biology Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347B. The Parts of a Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350C. Classifying Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351D. The Parts of a Flowering Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352E. The Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353F. Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360G. The Six Major Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Biology
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UNIT 2Simple Organisms
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strand. Some have ffllaaggeellllaa,, or hairlikestrands of protein that are used formovement. Some prokaryotes also havean extra capsule on the outside. Thiscapsule helps protect the cell.
Scientists use the cell wall to identifydifferent types of bacteria. They apply aspecial dye to the cell wall. If the cellwall reacts to the dye and turns purple,the cell is ggrraamm--ppoossiittiivvee.. If it does notreact, it is ggrraamm--nneeggaattiivvee..
Bacteria are grouped into two kingdoms, the archaebacteria (or “oldbacteria”) and the eubacteria (or “true bacteria”).
AArrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa
The aarrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa are the oldest living things. They first developed about3.8 billion years ago. At that time, Earth’s atmosphere did not containoxygen. Archaebacteria gave off oxygen as a product of photosynthesis.Eventually, there was enough oxygen in the atmosphere for other life-formsto develop.
Archaebacteria may produce oxygen, but many of them areaannaaeerroobbiicc—that is, they cannot survive when oxygen is present. However,they can survive in conditions that would kill other organisms. Unlikeeubacteria, archaebacteria are not harmed by aannttiibbiioottiiccss,, medicines thatkill disease-causing bacteria.
One type of archaebacteria lives in extremely hot, acidic water. Theseorganisms die of cold when the temperature drops to 55˚C (131˚ F).
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Prokaryotic Cell
The terms gram-positive and gram-negative come from thename of Christian Gram, the scientist who first developedthis way of identifying bacteria.
TIP
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Another type of archaebacteria dies in the presence of oxygen. Theseorganisms produce energy by converting carbon dioxide into methane gas.They live in areas where they are protected from oxygen, such as the mudat the bottom of swamps, or in the intestines of animals.
A third type of archaebacteria lives in extremely salty conditions. Theseorganisms are found in places like the Dead Sea, where no plants oranimals can survive—not even seaweed grows there! The pinkish colorsometimes seen near the shore of very salty lakes is caused by largeconcentrations of these archaebacteria.
■ PRACTICE 21: The Oldest Life-FormsLook at the list of terms below. Fill in each line with the letter of the termthat correctly completes each of the following statements.
aa.. anaerobic cc.. gram-positive ee.. nucleoid
bb.. flagella dd.. gram-negative
11.. Scientists stain cell walls to see if the cell is ____ or ____.
22.. Instead of a nucleus, prokaryotes have a(n) ____.
33.. Some prokaryotes use hairlike structures called ____ to move.
44.. Prokaryotes that cannot survive in oxygen are called ____.
EEuubbaacctteerriiaa
The other kingdom of bacteria is the eeuubbaacctteerriiaa,, which means “truebacteria.” These are the organisms most people mean when they talkabout bacteria. They are much more common than archaebacteria.
You may be most familiar with bacteria that cause diseases. Bacteriacause strep throat, tetanus, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and some sexuallytransmitted diseases. Most bacteria, however, are harmless. Many havepositive uses and are even essential to life.
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Eubacteria come in many shapes and forms. However, three shapes aremost common: rod-shaped, round, and spiral.
■ Rod-shaped cells are called bbaacciillllii.. (The singular is bacillus.)
■ Round or oval cells are called ccooccccii.. (The singular is coccus.)
■ Spiral cells are called ssppiirriillllaa.. (The singular is spirillum.)
Most bacteria are able to move themselves from one place to another.Different bacteria have different ways of moving. Most move by spinningtheir flagella. Some produce a slimy substance that they can glide along.Some bacteria do not move at all.
Like other living things, bacteria also reproduce. Most bacteriareproduce by bbiinnaarryy ffiissssiioonn.. The cell makes a copy of its own DNA. Thenthe cell divides, and a new bacterial cell wall forms. Binary fission resultsin two identical daughter cells. Bacteria can reproduce very quickly. Whenconditions are right, they can divide once every 20 minutes.
HHaarrmmffuull BBaacctteerriiaa
Some bacteria cause diseases in humans, such as cholera and pneumonia.Some cause food poisoning, while other bacteria cause acne. They can
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Bacteria are everywhere around you. To reduce the risk ofbacterial infections, wash your hands well with soap andwater or use an antibacterial hand sanitizer before you eat.
IN REAL LIFE
Bacilli Cocci Spirilla
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cause diseases in plants, such as blight or cankers. Because bacteria canreproduce so quickly, just one or two bacteria can quickly becomethousands of bacteria.
However, most bacteria that cause food poisoning are destroyed byheat. Cooking food properly kills these bacteria. Most disease-causingbacteria can be destroyed by antibiotics. Unfortunately, many bacteria arechanging to become resistant to antibiotics. Scientists must find new waysto combat these resistant bacteria.
HHeellppffuull BBaacctteerriiaa
Some bacteria can cause diseases. But most bacteria are not harmful. Infact, they have many important uses.
■ Bacteria take nitrogen from the atmosphere and change it to a formthat plants can use.
■ Bacteria break down dead organisms, returning their nutrients to the soil.
■ Bacteria in your stomach crowd out harmful bacteria and help youdigest your food.
■ Bacteria in water treatment plants help break down sewage.
■ Bacteria take carbon dioxide from the air and replace it with oxygen.
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Marcia had a sore throat. She made a doctor’sappointment to see if she had a bacterial infection. Afriend offered her some antibiotics. Marcia knew that somebacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. The mainreason is because people take antibiotics when they do notneed them. She refused her friend’s offer and waited untilshe saw the doctor.
IN REAL LIFE
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LESSON 8: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
GOAL: To learn about archaebacteria and eubacteria
WORDS TO KNOW
TThhee OOllddeesstt LLiiffee--FFoorrmmss
BBaacctteerriiaa were probably the first life-forms on Earth. They are living things,but they are neither plants nor animals. These single-celled organisms lackmost of the structures present in plant and animal cells. Yet they are stillthe most numerous and successful organisms on Earth. They can survivein any environment. They are found on the tops of the highest mountainsand at the bottom of the deepest oceans. Some live in extremely saltywater. Some live in rocks and ice. Some live in the roots of plants, or in theintestines of animals. There are more of them in your mouth right nowthan there are people in the world! But you have probably never seen one.This is because bacteria are mmiiccrroossccooppiicc.. They are so small they can onlybe seen when magnified by a microscope.
These organisms have a cell wall, but do not have a true nucleus. Thename for this kind of cell is pprrookkaarryyoottee,, which means “before nucleus.”Instead of a nucleus, these cells have a nnuucclleeooiidd.. This is a region ofcytoplasm where the cell’s DNA is found. DNA is usually in one long
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aannaaeerroobbiicc
aannttiibbiioottiiccss
aarrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa
bbaacciillllii ((ssiinngguullaarr bbaacciilllluuss))
bbaacctteerriiaa ((ssiinngguullaarr bbaacctteerriiuumm))
bbiinnaarryy ffiissssiioonn
ccooccccii ((ssiinngguullaarr ccooccccuuss))
eeuubbaacctteerriiaa
ffllaaggeellllaa
ggrraamm--nneeggaattiivvee
ggrraamm--ppoossiittiivvee
mmiiccrroossccooppiicc
nnuucclleeooiidd
pprrookkaarryyoottee
ssppiirriillllaa ((ssiinngguullaarr ssppiirriilllluumm))
vviirruusseess
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■ Bacteria are essential for making cheese and yogurt.
■ Bacteria are used in oil spills to break oil molecules into lessdangerous forms.
■ Scientists use bacteria to produce medicines and for geneticengineering.
■ PRACTICE 22: EubacteriaCircle the letter of the answer that correctly completes each of thefollowing statements.
11.. Eubacteria that are shaped like rods are called ____.aa.. bacillibb.. coccicc.. spirilla
22.. Bacteria that cause food poisoning can be killed by ____ the food.aa.. eating bb.. freezingcc.. cooking
33.. Bacteria take ____ from the atmosphere and change it so that plantscan use it.
aa.. methanebb.. oxygencc.. nitrogen
44.. Some bacteria are becoming ____ to antibiotics.aa.. resistantbb.. identicalcc.. harmful
VViirruusseess
Bacteria cause some diseases. But other diseases are caused by vviirruusseess..These are tiny particles, even smaller than bacteria. Scientists are
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Biology
WALCH PUBLISHING
Teacher’s Guide
®
Table of Contents
© 2005 Walch Publishing Teacher’s Guide • Biology
iii
To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Basic English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Classroom Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Use Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
UUnniitt 11:: BBuuiillddiinngg BBlloocckkss ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggssUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
UUnniitt 22:: SSiimmppllee OOrrggaanniissmmssUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
UUnniitt 33:: TThhee PPllaanntt KKiinnggddoommUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
UUnniitt 44:: TThhee AAnniimmaall KKiinnggddoommUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
UUnniitt 55:: TThhee HHuummaann BBooddyyUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
UUnniitt 66:: EEccoollooggyyUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Graphic Organizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Student Book Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Student Book Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Teacher’s Guide • Biology © 2005 Walch Publishing
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Unit 2 introduces Earth’s simplest organisms: bacteria, protists, and fungi. Lesson 8 gives an overviewof archaebacteria and eubacteria, with a brief introduction to viruses. Lesson 9 discusses the protistkingdom, including plantlike protists, animallike protists, and funguslike protists. Lesson 10 presentsthe role, structure, and diversity of fungi.
Lesson 8—Archaebacteria and EubacteriaGoal: To learn about archaebacteria and eubacteria
WORDS TO KNOW
Lesson 9—ProtistsGoal: To learn about the different classes of protists
WORDS TO KNOW
Unit 2: Simple Organisms
aannaaeerroobbiicc
aannttiibbiioottiiccss
aarrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa
bbaacciillllii ((ssiinngguullaarr bbaacciilllluuss))
bbaacctteerriiaa ((ssiinngguullaarr bbaacctteerriiuumm))
bbiinnaarryy ffiissssiioonn
ccooccccii ((ssiinngguullaarr ccooccccuuss))
eeuubbaacctteerriiaa
ffllaaggeellllaa
ggrraamm--nneeggaattiivvee
ggrraamm--ppoossiittiivvee
mmiiccrroossccooppiicc
nnuucclleeooiidd
pprrookkaarryyoottee
ssppiirriillllaa ((ssiinngguullaarr ssppiirriilllluumm))
vviirruusseess
aallggaaee ((ssiinngguullaarr aallggaa))
aallggaall bblloooomm
cciilliiaa
eeuukkaarryyoottee
ppaarraassiitteess
ppllaassmmooddiiuumm
pprroottiisstt
pprroottoozzooaannss
ppsseeuuddooppoodd
ssppoorreess
ttooxxiinn
© 2005 Walch Publishing Teacher’s Guide • Biology
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CycleWrite the important stages of the cycle in the boxes. Add or delete boxes as needed.
Biology
WALCH PUBLISHING
Workbook
Table of ContentsTo the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii
AAccttiivviittyy 11Sci-Fi Organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AAccttiivviittyy 22Basic Chemistry—Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
AAccttiivviittyy 33The Molecules of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AAccttiivviittyy 44Cell Structure and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
AAccttiivviittyy 55A Cell Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
AAccttiivviittyy 66Cellular Scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
AAccttiivviittyy 77Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells . . 7
AAccttiivviittyy 88Plant Cell Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AAccttiivviittyy 99Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
AAccttiivviittyy 1100DNA and RNA Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
AAccttiivviittyy 1111Life on the Edge: The Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
AAccttiivviittyy 1122Cell Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
AAccttiivviittyy 1133DNA and Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
AAccttiivviittyy 1144Gene Crossword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
AAccttiivviittyy 1155Flipping for Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
AAccttiivviittyy 1166Punnett Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
AAccttiivviittyy 1177Queen Victoria and the Royal Disease . . . . . . . 17
AAccttiivviittyy 1188Special Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
AAccttiivviittyy 1199Stripes and Spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
AAccttiivviittyy 2200The Life of Charles Darwin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
AAccttiivviittyy 2211Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
AAccttiivviittyy 2222Organizing Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
AAccttiivviittyy 2233Monera—Archaebacteria and Eubacteria . . . . 23
AAccttiivviittyy 2244The Bacteria Around Us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
AAccttiivviittyy 2255Drawing Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
AAccttiivviittyy 2266Observing Protists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
AAccttiivviittyy 2277Protists and Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
AAccttiivviittyy 2288Mushroom Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
AAccttiivviittyy 2299Mushroom Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
AAccttiivviittyy 3300Fungus Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
AAccttiivviittyy 3311Useful Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
AAccttiivviittyy 3322Plant Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
AAccttiivviittyy 3333Light and Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
AAccttiivviittyy 3344Leaves and Roots in the Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
AAccttiivviittyy 3355Roots Underwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
UUnniitt 33:: TThhee PPllaanntt KKiinnggddoomm
UUnniitt 22:: SSiimmppllee OOrrggaanniissmmss
© 2005 Walch Publishing Biology
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UUnniitt 11:: BBuuiillddiinngg BBlloocckkss ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggss
Biology © 2005 Walch Publishing
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Table of Contents, continuedAAccttiivviittyy 3366
What Stops the Tallest Stems? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
AAccttiivviittyy 3377Tropism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
AAccttiivviittyy 3388Simple Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
AAccttiivviittyy 3399Fruit or Vegetable? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
AAccttiivviittyy 4400Plant Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
AAccttiivviittyy 4411Where Does Paper Come From? . . . . . . . . . . . 41
AAccttiivviittyy 4422Making Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
AAccttiivviittyy 4433Herbal Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
AAccttiivviittyy 4444Marine Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
AAccttiivviittyy 4455Go With the Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
AAccttiivviittyy 4466Model a Marine Invertebrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
AAccttiivviittyy 4477Marine Invertebrate Classification . . . . . . . . . 47
AAccttiivviittyy 4488Marine Invertebrate Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
AAccttiivviittyy 4499Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrates . . . . . 49
AAccttiivviittyy 5500Ecosystems of Terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
AAccttiivviittyy 5511Arthropods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
AAccttiivviittyy 5522Arthropod Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
AAccttiivviittyy 5533Fishy Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
AAccttiivviittyy 5544Fish Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
AAccttiivviittyy 5555How Do Fish Breathe? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
AAccttiivviittyy 5566Amphibian Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
AAccttiivviittyy 5577Characteristics of Non-Amniotic Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
AAccttiivviittyy 5588Reptile Poster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
AAccttiivviittyy 5599Break an Egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
AAccttiivviittyy 6600Amniotic Egg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
AAccttiivviittyy 6611Birds of a Feather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
AAccttiivviittyy 6622Compare and Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
AAccttiivviittyy 6633Mammal Crossword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
AAccttiivviittyy 6644Mammal Essay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
AAccttiivviittyy 6655Group Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
AAccttiivviittyy 6666Over the Lips, Through the Gums, Look Out, Stomach, Here It Comes . . . . . . . . . 66
AAccttiivviittyy 6677Digestive System Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
AAccttiivviittyy 6688Processing the Food Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
AAccttiivviittyy 6699Excretion Word Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
AAccttiivviittyy 7700No Smoking! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
UUnniitt 55:: TThhee HHuummaann BBooddyy
UUnniitt 44:: TThhee AAnniimmaall KKiinnggddoomm
Table of Contents, continuedAAccttiivviittyy 7711
Respiration and Circulation Matchup . . . . . . . 71
AAccttiivviittyy 7722Heart and Lung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
AAccttiivviittyy 7733Heart to Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
AAccttiivviittyy 7744Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
AAccttiivviittyy 7755White Blood Cell Superhero! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
AAccttiivviittyy 7766Mothers and Smallpox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
AAccttiivviittyy 7777Stopping the Sweat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
AAccttiivviittyy 7788Skeletal and Muscular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
AAccttiivviittyy 7799Muscle Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
AAccttiivviittyy 8800The Neuron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
AAccttiivviittyy 8811Quick Reflexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
AAccttiivviittyy 8822Sense-abilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
AAccttiivviittyy 8833The Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
AAccttiivviittyy 8844Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
AAccttiivviittyy 8855Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
AAccttiivviittyy 8866Reproductive Systems Matchup . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
AAccttiivviittyy 8877Fetal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
AAccttiivviittyy 8888Developmental Psychology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
AAccttiivviittyy 8899Systems of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
AAccttiivviittyy 9900Being an Ecologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
AAccttiivviittyy 9911The Food Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
AAccttiivviittyy 9922Crop Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
AAccttiivviittyy 9933Losing the Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
AAccttiivviittyy 9944Carnivorous Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
AAccttiivviittyy 9955Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
AAccttiivviittyy 9966Symbiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
AAccttiivviittyy 9977Temperate and Tropical Rain Forests . . . . . . . 97
AAccttiivviittyy 9988Charting the Rain Forest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
AAccttiivviittyy 9999Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
UUnniitt 66:: EEccoollooggyy
© 2005 Walch Publishing Biology
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© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology
23
On the line next to the definition in Column A, write the letter of the word it defines from Column B.
CCoolluummnn AA CCoolluummnn BB
____ 11.. This is a cell without a nucleus.
____ 22.. These are hairlike strands that movesimple organisms around.
____ 33.. These are spiral cells.
____ 44.. These are ancient bacteria.
____ 55.. These are round or oval cells.
____ 66.. These are true bacteria.
____ 77.. These bacteria can be stained withGram’s stain.
____ 88.. These are rod-shaped cells.
____ 99.. This is the area that contains the DNA in a cell that has no nucleus.
____ 1100.. These are medicines that killdisease-causing bacteria.
UNIT 2 • ACTIVITY 23MMoonneerraa——AArrcchhaaeebbaacctteerriiaa aanndd EEuubbaacctteerriiaa
NAME:
aa.. archaebacteria
bb.. antibiotics
cc.. bacilli
dd.. cocci
ee.. eubacteria
ff.. flagella
gg.. gram-positive bacteria
hh.. nucleoid
ii.. prokaryote
jj.. spirilla
Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology © 2005 Walch Publishing
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Bacteria can be found everywhere. Even when you think you have cleaned an area, some bacteria willremain. In this activity, you will choose four different places to test to see if there are any bacteriapresent. You will watch the bacteria grow (or not). You will write and draw what you see.
MMaatteerriiaallss
■ petri dish with agar solution ■ distilled water■ wax pencil ■ magnifying glass■ four cotton swabs ■ small metric ruler
PPrroocceedduurree
1. Use the wax pencil to divide the petri dish into four quarters. You will do this by drawing on the bottom of the petri dish and labeling each quarter 1, 2, 3, and 4.
2. Take a cotton swab and dip the end in distilled water. Rub the swab against a surface, such as a chair, a doorknob, or a toilet seat.
3. Open the lid of the petri dish, and rub the cotton swab that you just used on one quarter of the agar solution. Replace the lid as soon as you are done. Be sure to keep track of what surface you swabbed and where you placed the sample on the petri dish.
4. Do this three more times using different surfaces. Use a different swab each time.5. Keep the lid on the petri dish between rubbings. Keep the petri dish in a warm, dark location.6. Check the petri dish for the next three days. Use the magnifying glass to see if bacteria are
growing. Try to not take the lid off the petri dish to look at the bacteria.7. On a separate sheet of paper, make a table like the one below for each surface.
Surface: __________________________________
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Size: _____________ Size: _____________ Size: ____________
Shape:____________ Shape:____________ Shape:___________
Color: ____________ Color: ____________ Color: ___________
Drawing: Drawing: Drawing:
On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions.
11.. Why did you choose those surfaces?
22.. The bacteria that grew the most came from which surface? Why do you think that happened?
33.. What are some ways to get rid of bacteria?
44.. Why was it important to keep the lid on the petri dish?
UNIT 2 • ACTIVITY 24TThhee BBaacctteerriiaa AArroouunndd UUss
NAME:
Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology © 2005 Walch Publishing
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The body of most fungi lives below the surface of an object. This is true for mushrooms. Onemushroom organism can cover many, many acres of land, but only a small part may be visible. Thepart of the mushroom that is visible is the part you eat. This is the sporangium, which is the sexuallyreproductive part of the mushroom.
In this lab, you will look at an edible mushroom. The cap of the mushroom is the very top. It usually grows out of a ring, which is attached to the stalk. The stalk rises from the cup of themushroom, which grows up out of the ground. When it is immature, this cup is called a button.The gills of the mushroom are found on the underside of the cap. The mycelium is a loose network of hyphae, the threadlike objects that form the body of the mushroom.
MMaatteerriiaallss
■ mushroom■ hand lens■ scalpel or sharp knife
SSaaffeettyy CCoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn
Use extra care when handling the scalpel or sharp knife.
PPrroocceedduurree
11.. Look at your mushroom, and make a drawing of it. Label the stalk, gills, cup, cap, and ring.
22.. Carefully use the scalpel or sharp knife to cut the mushroom in half from top to bottom.
33.. Next, cut the cap off at the ring where it meets the stalk.
44.. Pull some of the stem apart with your fingertips, and look at the structure of the organism withthe hand lens. Can you see the hyphae? Observe how they form a mycelium.
55.. Use the hand lens to look at the gills of the mushroom.
66.. Use the hand lens to look at the stalk of the mushroom. Make a drawing of what you see.
CCoommpprreehheennssiioonn QQuueessttiioonnss
11.. What is the purpose of the gills? ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
22.. Why do mushrooms have spores? ___________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
UNIT 2 • ACTIVITY 28MMuusshhrroooomm LLaabb
NAME:
© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 2: Simple Organisms • Biology
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Use the Internet or a reference book to find a picture of a mature mushroom. Remember there areseveral parts to the visible mushroom:
■ stalk■ gills■ cup■ cap■ ring
In addition, remember that the gills of a mature mushroom contain spores. The body of themushroom is composed of hyphae that tangle together to form a mycelium.
In the three-dimensional medium of your choice (for instance, plasticine, clay, wood, or othermedium), create a mushroom model. Be sure to label all the parts of the mushroom clearly. Becreative! In the space below, sketch a plan for your model and jot down ideas.
UNIT 2 • ACTIVITY 29MMuusshhrroooomm MMooddeell
NAME:
Biology
WALCH PUBLISHING
Test Pack
Table of ContentsTo the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Testing Students Who Do Not Test Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Test-Taking Strategies for Power Basics® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
PPrreetteesstt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11
UUnniitt 11 TTeesstt:: BBuuiillddiinngg BBlloocckkss ooff LLiivviinngg TThhiinnggss .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66
UUnniitt 22 TTeesstt:: SSiimmppllee OOrrggaanniissmmss .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1100
UUnniitt 33 TTeesstt:: TThhee PPllaanntt KKiinnggddoomm .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1144
UUnniitt 44 TTeesstt:: TThhee AAnniimmaall KKiinnggddoomm .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1188
UUnniitt 55 TTeesstt:: TThhee HHuummaann BBooddyy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2222
UUnniitt 66 TTeesstt:: EEccoollooggyy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2266
PPoosstttteesstt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3300
Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Student Record-Keeping Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Strategies for Standardized Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
© 2005 Walch Publishing Biology Test Pack
iii
Circle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following questions.
11.. What are lipids?
aa.. sugars and starches
bb.. the molecules that make up fats and oils
cc.. proteins that are involved in chemical reactions in organisms
dd.. the basic units of proteins
22.. What is the largest, most visible structure in most cells?
aa.. the Golgi complex
bb.. the lysosomes
cc.. the mitochondria
dd.. the nucleus
33.. How many pairs of chromosomes are found in the human cell?
aa.. 7
bb.. 19
cc.. 23
dd.. 27
44.. In peas, green pea pods are dominant over yellow ones. If you cross a green homozygous varietywith a yellow variety, what will the F2 generation look like?
aa.. all green
bb.. all yellow
cc.. half green and half yellow
dd.. three quarters green and one quarter yellow
55.. What is the most important characteristic of a species?
aa.. Individuals must be able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
bb.. Individuals must belong to the same population.
cc.. Individuals must possess the same genotype.
dd.. Individuals must possess the same phenotype.
BIOLOGY • PRETESTNAME: DATE:
© 2005 Walch Publishing Pretest • Biology Test Pack
1
NAME: DATE:
10Unit 2 Test • Biology Test Pack © 2005 Walch Publishing
Circle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following questions.
11.. What were probably the earliest life forms on Earth?
aa.. algae
bb.. bacteria
cc.. diatoms
dd.. viruses
22.. What is the name for cells that do not have a nucleus?
aa.. prokaryotic
bb.. nuclear
cc.. eukaryotic
dd.. bacterial
33.. How do most bacteria reproduce?
aa.. by spores
bb.. by seeds
cc.. by diffusion
dd.. by binary fission
44.. Which of the following are the three most common eubacteria shapes?
aa.. spiral, circle, and sphere
bb.. spiral, rod, and sphere
cc.. rod, rectangle, and circle
dd.. sphere, spiral, and rectangle
55.. Which of the following diseases is caused by bacteria?
aa.. measles
bb.. influenza
cc.. botulism
dd.. strep throat
UNIT 2 TEST • SIMPLE ORGANISMS
11
NAME: DATE:
© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 2 Test • Biology Test Pack
66.. What is an algal bloom?
aa.. the flowering of certain water plants when exposed to algae
bb.. the flowering tip of multicellular algae
cc.. a rapid growth of algae
dd.. a type of algae that lives on flowering water plants
77.. What is red tide?
aa.. an algal bloom of certain dinoflagellates that contain a red pigment
bb.. an algal bloom of diatoms that contain a red pigment
cc.. a kind of red algae that lives in snow
dd.. a kind of red seaweed
88.. What is the name for a protozoan that attaches itself to another organism and uses the hostorganism for food?
aa.. ciliate
bb.. dinoflagellate
cc.. parasite
dd.. pseudopod
99.. What type of algae are commonly known as seaweed?
aa.. blue-green algae
bb.. brown algae
cc.. green algae
dd.. red algae
1100.. What is the name for the foot-like extension of cytoplasm some protozoans use to move?
aa.. flagellum
bb.. cilium
cc.. pseudopod
dd.. fingers
12
NAME: DATE:
Unit 2 Test • Biology Test Pack © 2005 Walch Publishing
1111.. What makes single-celled protists different from bacteria?
aa.. They have DNA.
bb.. They have a nucleus.
cc.. They have cell walls.
dd.. They have flagella.
1122.. What do paramecia use to move?
aa.. flagella
bb.. pseudopods
cc.. cilia
dd.. fingers
1133.. What is a community of slime molds called?
aa.. colony
bb.. plasmodium
cc.. sporangia
dd.. algae
1144.. What is the basic structure in a fungus called?
aa.. hypha
bb.. mycelium
cc.. spore
dd.. yeast
1155.. What type of growth is actually an association between a fungus and algae?
aa.. ameba
bb.. lichen
cc.. mycelium
dd.. mushroom
13
NAME: DATE:
© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 2 Test • Biology Test Pack
1166.. How do fungi reproduce?
aa.. through seeds
bb.. through budding off
cc.. through spores
dd.. through eggs
1177.. What is one important role fungi play in the ecosystem?
aa.. decomposers
bb.. producers
cc.. first-order consumers
dd.. scavengers
1188.. What do fungi release into the organism they feed on in order to digest it?
aa.. an acid
bb.. an alkaline
cc.. an enzyme
dd.. a nutrient
1199.. Which of the following human conditions is caused by a fungus?
aa.. polio
bb.. athlete’s foot
cc.. malaria
dd.. strep throat
2200.. Which of the following organisms is a fungus?
aa.. ameba
bb.. bacterium
cc.. mushroom
dd.. alga
Circle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following questions.
11.. What are enzymes?
aa.. sugars and starches
bb.. the molecules that make up fats and oils
cc.. proteins that are involved in chemical reactions in organisms
dd.. the basic units of proteins
22.. Which of the following is true about the nucleus?
aa.. It starts and controls cell division.
bb.. It is surrounded by the nucleolus.
cc.. It processes glucose.
dd.. It is the site of protein synthesis.
33.. What is the term for a region of DNA that codes for a single protein or group of proteins?
aa.. a gene
bb.. a nitrogen base
cc.. a nucleotide
dd.. RNA
44.. What is the term for traits that are governed by more than one gene?
aa.. codominant traits
bb.. dominant traits
cc.. polygenic traits
dd.. recessive traits
55.. Which of the following situations will likely lead to speciation?
aa.. Individuals from one population breed with individuals from a second population.
bb.. Two populations occupy the same habitat type.
cc.. Two populations are physically separated from each other.
dd.. Members of the same population develop different color patterns.
BIOLOGY • POSTTESTNAME: DATE:
Posttest • Biology Test Pack © 2005 Walch Publishing
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