Review- Carbs• Carbohydrates are sugars (immediate NRG)
– C:H:O is 1:2:1– Building blocks = monosacharides
• Single saccharride molecules• Glucose, fructose, ribose, etc
– Disaccharides – 2 monos combined• Sucrose (table sugar), lactose (in milk)
– Block Tower = polysaccarhides• Starch (created by plants), cellulose, • Glycogen – made by muscles and liver from cellulose
Review - Lipids• Lipids (Fats)
• Monomer: Fatty Acid
• Polymer: Lipid
• Structure: Fatty Acids
• bonded to compounds
• such as glycerol
• (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen!)
• Most Common lipids: Fats,
• Oils, Cholesterol, Waxes
Glycerol molecule
Review - Lipids• Fats and Oils = long term energy storage
• Carbs can be turned into lipids to be stored as energy for much later use
• Overall, they yield less energy than carbs• Saturated – animal fats, all single C-C bonds• Unsaturated – plants, at least one double C=C bond
– Waxes – repel water (plants and animals can produce this)
– Phospholipids – cell membranes– Cholesterol – too much is BAD
Protein Basics
• Used in variety of cellular functions
• Made of smaller amino acids– Monomer: Amino acid
– Polymer: Protein, held together by peptide bonds
• Only 20 amino acids… but thousands of proteins– Exact arrangement of amino acids determines the protein
leucine valine glycine alanine leucine leucinehisti-dine
aspara-gine
serine proline = protein A
leucinevaline glycine alanine leucine leucinehisti-dine
aspara-gine
serine proline = protein B
leucine valine glycine alanine leucine leucine = protein C
Amino acid (monomer)
Amino Acid Structure
• 5 basic parts
1) Central C atom
2) Amino group (NH2)
3) H
4) Carboxyl group (COOH)
5) R group
Only 20 amino acids…
Each has different R group
..
Proteins
• C, H, O, N, Sulfur and Phosphorous• “building blocks” of organisms• Functions of proteins:
– Movement- Muscle fibers – Structure- cartilage, bones, tendons– Regulation-control chemical reactions– Transport- hemoglobin carries O2 – Defense – antibodies are proteins that fight off
bacteria and viruses
Review1) What are the smaller monomers that make proteins
called?
2) How many different amino acids exist?
3) How does each amino acid differ?
4) The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the ____ group.
5) The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ____ group.
Chemical Reactions
• Change substances into different ones by breaking and forming chemical bonds– Reactants are the substances changed during a
chemical reaction.– Products are the substances made by a chemical
reaction
ProductsReactants
Type of Protein - enzyme
• Enzyme:
– Increases the speed of specific chemical reactions so they happen faster! Does this by lowering the energy it takes for the rxn to happen
• Breaking down food
• Build needed molecules
• “catalyst” – something that speeds up a reaction
• They can work inside cells and outside cells
• Sensitive to pH and temperature
– ex: If high fever: enzymes lose ability to work
– Ex. Cooking “denatures” enzymes
• Reusable
• Helps to maintain homeostasis
Type of Protein - enzyme
• Vocab:• Catalyst – anything that speeds up a rxn• Enzyme – proteins that lower the energy it
takes for a chemical rxn to happen• Substrate – compounds put together
(synthesized) OR broken down by enzymes• Coenzyme – a 2nd enzyme needed to help
do the job
Review1. Given the following chemical formula list the products
and reactants: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O
2. Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions?
3. What are the molecules called that react with enzymes?
4. What are the substances that are changed during a chemical reaction called?
5. What is another term for a catalyst?
6. What can cause an enzyme to stop functioning?
7. What do enzymes weaken between molecules?