BIOLOGY EOCT REVIEW
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CELLS?
Eukaryotic cells
•true nucleus and organelles•plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotesProkaryotic cells •lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
•bacteria
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF CELLS? Cell membrane -passage of materials into
and out of the cell
Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA
Nucleolus – produces ribosomes
Mitochondria- cell energy
Ribosome- protein synthesis
Vacuole- cell storage
Lysosome- cell digestion
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF CELLS? (CONTINUED)
Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis
Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion
Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall
Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis
Centrioles (animals only) - cell division
Cilia – short hair like structures
Flagella – long whip like tails
THE CELL - ANIMAL
THE CELL - PLANT
WHAT IS THE CELL THEORY? All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.
All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.
HOW ARE CELLS ORGANIZED? Cell
Tissue – functioning group of cells
Organ – functioning group of tissues
Organ System – functioning group of organs
Organism – functioning group of organ systems
WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? Homeostasis Steady State Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your internal environment
HOW DO CELLS TRANSPORT MATERIALS? Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a
lower concentration Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic
Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane
HOW DO CELLS TRANSPORT MATERIALS?
Passive transport is the movement of materials without energy Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Active Transport requires energy Pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis
WHAT ARE THE CHEMICALS OF LIFE?
ElementsElements Building Building BlocksBlocks
UsesUses
CarbohydratCarbohydratesesEx-sugar,starchEx-sugar,starch
C,H,OC,H,O Mono-Mono-saccharidesaccharidess
EnergyEnergy
LipidsLipidsEx-butter, oilEx-butter, oil
C,H,OC,H,O Fatty Acids Fatty Acids & glycerol& glycerol
EnergyEnergy
ProteinsProteinsEx-meat, Ex-meat, cheesecheese
C,H,O,N,SC,H,O,N,S Amino Amino AcidsAcids
Structure, Structure, growth & growth & repairrepair
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Ex-DNA,RNAEx-DNA,RNAC,H,O,N,PC,H,O,N,P NucleotideNucleotide
ssGenetic Genetic InformatioInformationn
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Occurs in chloroplasts Two parts:Light reactionCalvin cycle (dark reaction)
WHERE DOES A CELL GET ENERGY? Cellular
respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use. Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .
WHAT IS RESPIRATION?
The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy Occurs in the mitochondria Two types:Aerobic – requires oxygenAnaerobic – occurs without oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION
Inseparable cycles
HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?
The Cell Cycle
Interphase
Mitosis PMAT
Cytokinesis
Somatic Cells
HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?
ReproductiveCells
ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual Diploid cells produced by mitosis, binary fission
Identical copy produced
Sexual Gametes, haploid cells, produced by meiosis
Gametes combine during fertilization to produce diploid cell
First diploid cell known as a zygote
Zygote grows into an embryo through mitosis
Infinite possibilities
WHAT IS DNA? DNA - blueprint for life
Double helix
Nucleotides are the building blocks
Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and
4 bases:
Adenine - ThymineCytosine – Guanine
Copies itself by Replication
HOW ARE DNA & RNA DIFFERENT?
DNA Deoxyribose
Thymine
Double stranded
Found only in nucleus
RNA Ribose
Uracil
Single stranded
HOW DOES DNA CONTROL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?
TranscriptionmRNA copies the message from DNA in the nucleus
TranslationForms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence
HEREDITY AND GENETICS A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a
flower’s color may be red of white (trait).
An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene.
Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS.
Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS.
A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype
A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd).
PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks.
GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism.
HEREDITY AND GENETICS A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen when a
male and a female reproduce.
MENDEL’S LAWS
Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are dominant over the others
Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on form of the allele
Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles segregates independently during the formation of the egg or sperm
HOW DO MUTATIONS OCCUR?
Gene mutations – affect individual genesSubstitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different amino acid
Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different amino acid chain
Chromosomal mutations – affect entire chromosomeDuplication – extra chromosomeDeletion – missing chromosomeInversion – chromosome reattaches backwardsTranslocation – segment of chromosome attached to another pair
DNA IN FORENSICS, MEDICINE, AND AGRICULTURE
Forensics - DNA sequence of every person is unique and can be used for identification
Medicine-Diagnosis of genetic diseases and the development of cures and gene therapy
Agriculture-Using genetic technology, plants are mutated to improve disease resistance and crop output
EVOLUTION – DARWIN’S THEORY
Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting to their environment also known as survival of the fittest
EvidenceFossil recordAntibiotic resistanceAdaptationsVestigial organsHomologous structuresEmbryonic developmentGenetic makeup
TAXONOMY Taxonomy – classification of organisms based on structure, behavior, development, genetic make-up Evolutionary theory is the basis for taxonomy Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Aristotle first classified plants and animals Carolus Linnaeus developed basis of system used today
THE EVOLUTION OF THE SIX KINGDOMS
Eubacteria – the earliest
Archaebacteria – closest to eukaryotes
Protista – most diverse, all other eukaryotes evolved from protista
Fungi – decomposers
Plantae – producers
Animalia – Invertebrates & Vertebrates
THE SIX KINGDOMS
ECOLOGY
Individual
Population
Ecosystem
WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF
ECOLOGY?Population – group of a single species living in the same place
Communities - group of interacting populations
Ecosystem – the community and its environment
Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities
Biosphere – the circle of life
WHAT DETERMINES A TERRESTRIAL BIOME? Climate – temperature and rainfall
6 major biomes Tundra Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest
WHAT DETERMINES AN AQUATIC BIOME?
Amount of light, oxygen and salinity Lakes Ponds Wetlands
Marshes Swamps Estuaries
Coral Reefs Deep Ocean
HOW DOES MATTER & ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM? Food Chains – one
path of energy flow Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community
WHAT DOES AN ORGANISM NEED TO SURVIVE?
Food
Space
Water
Air
Shelter
WHAT ARE THE TROPHIC LEVELS?
PYRAMID OF ENERGY, NUMBERS, OR BIOMASS
Saprovores
Saprovoresor Carnivores
Carnivores
Carnivores
Herbivoresor omnivores
Herbivores
WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS? Predation + - Predator kills the
prey for food Competition - - both compete for same resources Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed