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IVMS FLASH FACTS-USMLE Step 1 1
IMHOTEP VIRTUAL MEDICAL SCHOOL FLASH CARD FACTS
BIOCHEMISTRY
MICROBIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
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At which end of the tRNA isthe aa bound?
The amino acid is covalentlybound to the 3' end of the
tRNA.
Can RNA polymerase initiatechains? Yes.
Define transition.Substituting purine for purineor pyrimidine for pyrimidine.
Define transversion.Substituting purine for
pyrimidine or vice versa.
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Define tRNA wobble.
Accurate base pairing isrequired only in the first 2nucleotide positions of anmRNA codon, so codons
dif
ering in the 3rd 'wobble'position may code for thesame tRNA/amino acid.
Describe DNA replication.
Origin of replication: continuous DNAsynthesis on leading strand and
discontinuous (Okazaki fragments) onlagging strand. Primase makes an RNA
primer on which DNA polymerase caninitiate replication. DNA polymerasereaches primer of preceding fragment;
5'®3' exonuclease activity of DNApolymerase I degrades RNA primer;
DNA ligase seals;
Describe DNA replication(continued answer)
3'->5' exonuclease activity of
DNA polymerase 'proofreads'each added nucleotide. DNAtopoisomerases create a nick
in the helix to relievesupercoils
Describe EuchromatinLess condensed (vs.Heterochromatin),
transcriptionally active
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Describe HeterochromatinCondensed, transcriptionally
inactive
Describe key structural
dif erences betweennucleotides.
1) Purines (A,G) have 2 rings.2) Pyrimidines (C,T,U) have 1ring 3) Guanine has a ketone.
4) Thymine has a methyl
Describe single-strand,excision repair.
Excision repair-specificglycosylase recognizes and
removes damaged base.Endonuclease makes a breakseveral bases to the 5' side.Exonuclease removes shortstretch of nucleotides. DNA
polymerase fills gap. DNA ligaseseals.
Describe the dif erencebetween Eukaryotic Vs.
Bacterial, viral and plasmidorigin of replications
Eukaryotic genome hasmultiple origins of
replication. Bacteria, virusesand plasmids have only one
origin of replication.
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Describe the main dif erencein eukaryotic and prokaryotic
synthesis of RNA.
Eukaryotes have 3 dif erentRNA polymerases ('I, II, III
synthesize RMT') andprokaryotes have 1 RNA
polymerase (which makes all3 kinds of RNA).
Describe the method bywhich introns are removed
from primary mRNAtranscript.
Introns are precisely spliced outof primary mRNA transcripts. A
lariat-shaped intermediate isformed. Small nuclear
ribonucleoprotein particles(snRNP) facilitate splicing by
binding to primary mRNAtranscripts and forming
spliceosomes.
Describe the number of bonds per purine-pyrimidine
pair. Which is stronger?
G-C bond (3 H-bonds) A-Tbond (2 H-bonds G-C bond is
stronger
Describe the structure of Chromatin.
Condensed by (-) chargedDNA looped around (+)
charged histones(nucleosome bead). H1 ties
the nucleosome together in astring (30 nm fiber)
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Describe tRNA structure.
75-90 nucleotides, cloverleaf form, anticodon end is opposite3' aminoacyl end. All tRNAs botheukaryotic and prokaryotic, haveCCA at 3' end along with a high
percentage of chemicallymodified bases. The amino acidis covalently bound to the 3' end
of the tRNA.
Does RNA polymerase have aproof reading function? No.
How do purines andpyrimidines interact,
molecularly?
Purines and pyrimidines pair(A-T, G-C) via H-bonds
How does RNA polymerase IIopen DNA?
RNA polymerase II opens DNAat promoter site (A-T richupstream sequence- TATA
and CAAT)
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How is the original RNAtranscript processed in
eukaryotes? (3)
1) Capping on 5' end (7-methyl G) 2)Polyadenylation
on 3' end ( =200 As) 3)
Splicing out of introns
In eukaryotes, what mustoccur before an newly
synthesized RNA transcriptleaves the nucleus?
Only processed RNA is
transported out the nucleusof eukaryotes.
Name 3 types of RNA 1) mRNA 2) rRNA 3) tRNA
Name the charged histonesaround which (-) chargedDNA loops (nucleosome
core).
H2A, H2B, H3, H4 histones
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Name the enzyme responsiblefor the synthesis of RNA in
prokaryotes.
RNA polymerase
Name the enzymes involvedin ss-DNA repair. (5)
1) specific glycosylase. 2)endonuclease. 3)
exonuclease. 4) Danpolymerase. 5) DNA ligase.
Name the enzymesresponsible for the synthesis
of eukaryotic RNA.
RNA polymerase I RNApolymerase II RNA
polymerase III
What are exons?Exons contain the actual
genetic information codingfor a protein
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What are four types of mutations that can occur in
DNA?
1) Silent 2) Missense 3)Nonsense 4) Frame shift
What are introns?Introns are intervening
noncoding segments of DNA
What are the four features of the Genetic Code?
1) Unambiguous 2)Degenerate 3) Commaless,
non-overlapping 4)Universal
What atoms link aa in aprotein chain?
Amino acids are linked N to C
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What changes occur in DNAstructure during mitosis?
In mitosis, DNA condenses toform mitotic chromosomes
What codon sequence is
found at the 3' end of alltRNAs?
All tRNAs, both eukaryotic
and prokaryotic, have CCA at3' end.
What direction is DNAsynthesized in?
5' > 3'. Remember that the
5' of the incoming nucleotidebears the triphosphate
(energy source for the bond).The 3' hydroxyl of the
nascent chain is the target.
What direction is proteinsynthesized in?
Protein synthesis alsoproceed in the 5' to 3' (5' >
3')
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What direction is RNAsynthesized in?
5' > 3'. Remember that the5' of the incoming nucleotide
bears the triphosphate(energy source for the bond).
The 3' hydroxyl of thenascent chain is the target.
What does the AUG mRNAsequence code for?
AUG codes for methionin,which may be removed beforetranslation is completed. Inprokaryotes the initial AUG
codes for a formyl-methionin(f-met).
What does the P in P-sitestand for? What does the A in
A-site stand for?
P-site: peptidyl; A-site:aminoacyl;
What does the statement, 'thegenetic code is commaless'mean? What is the exception
to this rule?
The code is non-overlapping.The exception are some
viruses
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What does the statement, 'thegenetic code is degenerate'
mean?
More than one codon maycode for the same amino acid
What does the statement, 'the
genetic code is unambiguous'mean?
Each codon specifies only oneamino acid
What does the statement, 'thegenetic code is universal'
mean? What are theexceptions (4)?
The same code is used in alllifeforms. The exceptions are
1. mitochondria, 2.archaeobacteria, 3.
Mycoplasma, 4. some yeasts
What enzyme is responsiblefor 'charging' tRNA? How does
it work?
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
This enzyme (one per aa, usesATP) scrutinizes aa before and
after it binds to tRNA. If incorrect, bond is hydrolyzedby synthetase. The aa-tRNA
bond has energy forformation of e tide bond.
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What inhibits RNA polymeraseII?
alpha-amanitin inhibits RNApolymerase II
What is a conservativemissense mutation?
Mutation results in a dif erentaa encoded, but that new aa
is similar in chemicalstructure to the original code
What is a frameshiftmutation? What is usually the
ef ect on the encodedprotein?
A change in DNA resulting inmisreading of all nucleotidesdownstream. Usually results
in a truncated protein.
What is a missense mutation?Mutation results in a dif erent
aa encoded.
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What is a nonsense mutation?A change in DNA resulting in
an early stop codon.
What is a promoter?
Site where RNA polymeraseand multiple other
transcription factors bind toDNA upstream from gene
locus.
What is a silent mutation?What usually causes a silent
mutation?
Mutation results in the sameaa encoded. Often the basechange is in the 3rd position
of the codon
What is a snRNP? What is itsfunction?
snRNP = small nuclearribonucleoprotein. snRNPsfacilitate splicing by bindingto primary mRNA transcriptsand forming spliceosomes.
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What is an enhancer?
Stretch of Dan that altersgene expression by bindingtranscription facts. May be
located close to, far from, or
even within (an intron) thegene whose expression itregulates.
What is an Okazaki fragment?
The discontinuous DNA
synthesized on the laggingstrand during DNA replication
What is hnRNA?hnRNA = heterogeneous
nuclear RNA The initial RNAtranscript is called hnRNA
What is responsible for theaccuracy of amino acid
selection during peptidesynthesis?
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetaseand binding of charged tRNAto the codon are responsiblefor accuracy of amino acid
selection.
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What is the broadclassification of nucleotides?
(2)
Purines (A, G) and Pyrimidines(C, T, U)
What is the dif erencebetween hnRNA and mRNA?
hnRNA = the initial RNA
transcript mRNA = cappedand tailed transcript
What is the dif erencebetween thymine and uracil?
Uracil found in RNA Thyminefound in DNA
What is the function of DNAligase during DNA
Replication?
DNA ligase seals synthesizedDNA into a continuous strand
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What is the function of DNApolymerase during DNA
Replication? (2)
5'®3' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase I degrades
RNA primer; 3'®5'exonuclease activity of DNA
polymerase 'proofreads' eachadded nucleotide.
What is the function of DNA
topoisomerase during DNAReplication?
DNA topoisomerases create a
nick in the helix to relievesupercoils
What is the function of primase in DNA Replication?
Primase makes an RNAprimer on which DNA
polymerase can initiatereplication.
What is the function of RNApolymerase I?
RNA polymerase I makesrRNA
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What is the function of RNApolymerase II?
RNA polymerase II makesmRNA
What is the function of RNApolymerase III?
RNA polymerase III makestRNA
What is the mRNA initiationcodon?
AUG, or rarely GUG
What is the mRNA stopcodons? (3)
UGA (U Go Away) UAA (U AreAway) UAG (U Are Gone)
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What is the result of 'mischarged' tRNA?
A mischarged tRNA (bound towrong aa) reads usual codon
but inserts wrong amino acid.
What is the role of
endonuclease in ss-DNArepair?
Endonuclease makes a breakseveral bases to the 5' side.
What is the role of excisionrepair-specific glycosylase in
ss-DNA repair
Recognizes and removesdamaged base.
What is the role of exonuclease in ss-DNA
repair?
Exonuclease removes shortstretch of nucleotides.
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What prevents an incorrectaa-tRNA pairing?
If incorrect, the aa-tRNAbond is hydrolyzed by
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
What role does histone H1play in chromatin structure?
H1 ties the nucleosome
together in a string (30nmfiber)
What supplies the energy forformation of peptide bond?
The aa-tRNA bond has energyfor formation of peptide
bond.
What would most likely be theresult of a mutation of the
promoter sequence?
Promoter mutation commonlyresults in dramatic decrease
in amount of genetranscribed.
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When is ATP used in proteinsynthesis? When is GTP used
in protein synthesis?
ATP is used in tRNA charging,whereas GTP is used in
binding of tRNA ribosome
and for translocations.
When is recombinationinvolved in DNA repair?
If both strands are damaged,repair may proceed via
recombination withundamaged homologous
chromosome.
Where does RNA processingoccur in eukaryotes?
RNA processing occurs in thenucleus.
Which is the largest type of RNA?
mRNA (massive)
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Which is the most abundanttype of RNA?
rRNA (rampant)
Which is the smallest type of RNA? tRNA (tiny)
Which nucleotide position inthe codon has room for
'wobble'?
Codons dif ering in the 3rd'wobble' position may codefor the same tRNA/amino
acid
How do you do a NorthernBlot?
Electrophorese RNA on a geltransfer to a filter expose
filter to a labeled DNA probevisualize the DNA probe
annealed to the desired RNA
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How do you do a SouthernBlot?
Electrophorese DNA on a geltransfer to a filter and
denature the DNA expose toa labeled DNA probe
visualize probe annealed todesired DNA fragment
How do you do aSouthwestern blot?
Separate protein byelectrophoresis transfer to a
filter expose to a labeled DNAprobe visualize DNA bound to
desired protein
How do you do a WesternBlot?
Separate protein byelectrophoresis transfer to a
filter expose to a labeledantibody visualize Ab bound
to desired protein
How do you do PCR? (4 steps)
1. Heat DNA to denature. 2.Cool DNA and let the primers
aneal. 3. Heat-stablepolymerase replicates DNAfollowing each premer 4.
Repeat
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What are some geneticdiseases detectable by PCR?
(11)
SCID, Lesh-Nyhan, CF,familial hypercholesterolemiaretinoblastoma, sickle cell, B-
thalassemia, hemophilia A
and B, von Willebrand's dz,lysosomal dz, and glycogenstroage dz
What gene is involved incystic fibrosis? CFTR
What gene is involved infamilial
hypercholesterolemia?
LDL-R
What gene is involved inLesh-Nyhan syndrome?
HGPRT
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What gene is involved inretinoblastoma
Rb
What gene is involved inSCID? adenosine deaminase
What gene is involved inSickle cell and ?-thal?
? globin gene
What is an ELISA (enzymelinke immunosorbant assay)?
Rapid lab test in which an
antibody or an antigen(usually collected from a
patient) is exposed to an Agor Ab liked to to an enzyme.A positive test results in a
Ag-Ab match and is usuallyindicated b a color chan e
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What is PCR?Lab procedure used to
synthsize many copies of a
desired fragment of DNA
Von Geirke's disease is aresult of?
Glucose-6-phosphatasedeficiency; also known asType I Glycogen Storage
disease
A build up of sphingomyelinand cholesterol in
reticuloendothelial andparenchymal cells and tissues
is found in what disease
Niemann-Pick disease
A child is born with multiplefractures and blue sclera what
is the diagnosis
Osteogenesisimperfecta;disease of
abnormal collagen synthesisresulting in fractures andtranslucent Conn tiss overchorioid causing the blue
sclera
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A congenital deficiency of tyrosinase would lead to
Albinism, can't synthesizemelanin from tyrosine
A patient presents withcataracts,
hepatosplenomegaly, andmental retardation, what is
the Dx?
Galactosemia
A patient presents withcorneal clouding and mentalretardation that is, based onfamily history, inherited in anAutsomal recessive pattern,you impress your intern with
a Dx of
Hurler's syndrome
A patient presents with 1.Hyperextensible skin 2.Tendency to bleed 3.
Hypermobile joints youastutely Dx them with
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
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Absence of Galactosylceramide Beta-
galactosidase leads to
thebuild up of whatcompound in what disease
accumulation of galactocerebroside in the
brain; Krabbe's disease
Absence of hexosaminidase Aresults in the acumulation of
what molecule that ischaracteristic of what disease
GM2-ganglioside
accumulation; Tay-Sachsdisease
albinism increase risk of developing what
skin cancer
Autosomal dominant defectswill ef ect what members of a
family
male and female
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Autosomal recessivedisorders often result in what
kind of defect/deficiencie?
enzyme deficiencies
Autosomal recessive
disorders usually ef ect howmany generations in a family?
usually only one generation
Bloom's syndrome ischaracterized by sensitivity to
what as a result of
sensitivity to radiation as aresult of a DNA repair defect
Creatine and Urea are bothmade from?
Arginine
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Defects in structural genesoften follow what pattern of
inheritance?
Autosomal dominant
Defiency of arylsulfatase A
results in the accumulation of what molecule where
sulfatide in the brain, kidney,liver, and peripherla nerves.
Characteristic of MetachromaticLeukodystrophy
define genetic imprintingwhen dif erences in
phenotype depend onwhether the mutation is of paternal or maternal origin
define incomplete penetrancewhen not all individuals witha mutant genotype show the
mutant phenotype
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define Linkage Disequilibrium
the tendency for certainalleles at two linked loci tooccur together more often
thatn expected by chance, asmeasured in a population
define pleiotropy
one gene has more than oneef ect on an individual's
phenotype, autosomaldominant defects are oftne
pleiotropic
Define variable expressionnature and severity of thephenotype varies from one
individual to another
Fanconi's anemia is caused bywhat typr of agents
cross-linking agents
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Ganglioside is made up of what
Ceramide + oligosacharide +sialic acid
Gaucher's disease is causedby a deficiency of Beta-glucocerebrosidase
Glucocerebrosideaccumulation in the brain,
liver, spleen, and bonemarrow are characteristic of
Gaucher's disease
Hglycine is used to makewhat important compound
Porphyrin which is then usedto make Heme
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Histamine is synthesizedform what compound
Histidine
How does adenosine
deaminase defiency causeSCID
Purine salvage pathway. ADAnormal converts adenosine toinosine without it ATP &
dATP build up inhibitingribonucleotide reductasewhich prevents DNAsynthesis lowering
How is Lesch-Nyhansyndrome inheritied andwhatis the result and symptoms
X-linked recessive; increasein uric acid production.
Retardation, self mutalation,aggression, hyperuricemia,gout, and choreathetosis
Hunter's syndrome ischaracterised by what
biochemical problem and howis it inherited
deficiency of iduronatesulfatase; X-linked recessive
mild form of Hurler's
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In ataxia-telangiectasia DNAdamage caused by what
source cannot be repaired
X-rays
in G6PD deficiency the
decrease in NADPH can leadto _____ if exposed to _____
hemolytic anemia;oxidizingagents( fava beans,
sulfonamides, primaquine)and antituberculosis.
In PKU what builds up andwhat can be found in the
urine
phenyalanine builds upeleading to phenylketones in
the urine
In PKU, what amino acidbecomes essential
tyrosine.
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in the Hardy-Weinbergequation, what are the p and
q and what is 2pq
p and q are each separatealleles; 2pq = heterozygote
no male to male transmission
is characteristic of what typeof genetic disorders?
X-linked recessive
Pompe's disease is caused bya defect in?
lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase defiency
Sickle cell anemia is causedby what defect and what is
it's prevalence
AR single missense mutationin the beta globin; 1:400
blacks
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Siclkle cell anemia patientsoften present with
recurrent painful crisis andincreased susceptibility to
infections
Skin sensitivity to UV lightsecondary to a DNA repairdefect is characteristic of
what?
xeroderma pigmentosum
Sphingosine + fatty acidyields
ceramide
the COL1A gene mutation isassociated with what diseaseand what type of mutation is
this
Osteogenesisimperfecta;dominant negitive
mutation
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The main defect in Ataxia-telangiectasi is a ___
DNA repair defect
The most common form of Osteogenesis imperfecta haswhat genetic problem and
inheritance
abnormal Collagen Type I
synthesis;Autosomaldominant
the transporter for whatamino acids is defective in
cystinuria
COLA: Cys,Ornithine, Lysineand Arginine
Thymidine dimers are formedby exposure of DNA to UV
light, are the dimers formedon the opposing strands of aDNA molecule or on the same
side?
dimers are on same side
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Tryptophan can be used tomake what three chemicals
Niacin, 'Serotonin, melatonin
Type III Glycogen storagedisease is a defiency of ?
deficiency of debranching
enzyme alpha-1,6-glucosidase
What is the cause Tx andsymptoms of Lactase
intolerance?
Lactase defiency, avoid diaryproducts or add lactse pills to
diet symptoms bloating,cramps, osmotic diarrhea
What % of kids born to fatherwith mitochondrial myopathie
will be ef ected
none, mitochondrialmyopathies are inherited
from mitochondria which isonly inherited from the
mother
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What are the clinical signs of Krabbe's disease
optic atrophy, spasticity, earlydeath
What are the components of Cerebroside
Ceramide + glucose/galactose
What are the components of Sphingomyelin
Ceramide +phosphorylcholine
What are the components of sphingosine
serine + palmitate
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What are the findings andtreatment of pyruvate
dehydrogenase
neurologic defects; increaseintake of ketogenic nutrients
What are the findings in
McArdles's disease and whatis the problem
increased glycogen in skeletalmuscle due to a Glycogenphosphorylase defiency
strenuous exercise causemyoglobinuria and painful
cramps
What are the findings in PKUand what is the treatment
Mental retardation, fair skin,eczema, musty body odor Tx.
Decreasee phenylalanin(nutrasweet) and increase
tyrosine
What are the findings inPompe's disease and what is
it alternate name
Cardiomegaly and systemicfindings, leading to early
death. Pompe's trashes thePump. (Heart, Liver and
muscle) Type II Glycogenstorage disease
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What are the findings in VonGierke's disease
severe fasting hypoglycemia,increased glycogen in the
liver
What are the four
assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
1.There is no mutationoccuring at the locus 2. Thereis no selection for any of the
geno types at the locus 3.Random mating 4. no
migration in or out
What are the purely ketogneicamino acids
lysine and leucine
What are the signs andsymptoms of essential
fructosuria
asymptomatic, benign,Fructose appears in blood
and urine
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what are the signs andsymptoms of Homocystinuria
Homocysteine accumulates inurine and cystine becomes
essential Methionine and it'smetabolites build up in blood
Mental retardation,osteoporosis, dislocation of the lens
What are the symptoms of Alkaptonuria
Dark Urine from alkaptonbodies; also connective tissueis dark, may have arthralgias.
Bengin disease
What are the symptoms of Fructose intolerance
hypoglycmeia, jaundice,cirrhosis
What are the symptoms of Maple syrup Urine disease
CNS defects, mentalretardation and death. Urine
smells like maple syrup
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What biological chemicals arederived form phenylalanine
tyrosine, thyroxine Dopadopamine NE, Epinephrine
and Melanin
What causes EssentialFructosuria defect in fructokinase
What causes Lesch-Nyhansyndrome
Absence of HGPRTase,
(normally convertshypoxanthine to IMP andguanine to GMP) Lacks
Nucleotide Salvage (LNS)-purines
What do melanin andNorepinephrine have in
common
both derived directly fromdopamine Phenylalanine to
tyrosine to Dopa to Dopamin
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What does the term 'loss of heterozygosity' mean
when one allele of an allele pair islost. An example is when a
patient inherits or develops amutation in a tumor suppressor
gene and the complimentaryallele is then lost to deletion/
mutation. The patient would notdevelop the cancer until the loss
of the normal allele.
What enzyme defiencies are
associated with hemolyticanemia
Glycolytic enzymedeficiencies 1. Hexokinase
2.glucose-phosphate
isomerase 3.aldolase4.triose-phosphate isomerase5. phosphate-glyceratekinase enolase pyruvate
What event in embryology cancause albinism
lack of migration of neuralcrest cells to skin (form
melanocytes)
What genetic error can causeSevere Combined
Immnuodeficiency (SCID)?
Adenosine deaminasedeficiency
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what group of people can beseen with pyruvate
dehydrognease deficiency
alcoholics due to B1defiecincy
What is a complication of cystinuria cystine kidney stones
What is a dominant negitivemutation?
a mutation that exerts a
dominant ef ect because thebody cannot produce enoughof the normal gene product
with only one allelefunctioning normally
What is a good pnuemonic forthe four glycogen storage
diseases
Very-Von Gierke's Poor-Pompes Carbohydrate-Cori's
Metabolism-McArdles
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What is commonly associatedwith xeroderma pigementosa?
dry skin, melanoma and othercancers
What is crucail to the
diagnosis of an Autosomaldominant disease?
Family history
What is genetic anticipation?the severity of the diseas
worsens or age of onset of disease is earlier in
succeeding generations
What is inheritance of G6PDdfiency and what population
is ef ected more often
X-linked recessive; blacks
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What is NAD/NADP madeform
Niacin, 'Serotonin, melatonin
What is osteogenesis
imperfecta often confusedwith
child abuse
What is the biochemicaldefect in Metachromatic
leukodystrophy and what isthe inheritance pattern
deficiency of arylsulfatase A;Autosomal recessive
What is the biochemicaldefect in Nieman-Pickdisease and how is it
inherited
deficiency of Beta-glucocerebrosidase;autosomal recessive
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What is the biochemical ef ectof G6PD defiency
decrease in NADPH which isnecessary to reduce
glutathione which in turn
detoxifies free radicals andperoxides
What is the cause of
Cystinuria and what are thesigns/symptoms
inheritied defect o the tubularamino acid transporter for
Cystine, ornithine, Lysine andArginine in kidneys excess
cystine in urine
What is the cause of Fabry'sdisease and what is the
common clinical problem
Alpha-galactosidase Adeficiency; gives
accumulation of ceramidetrihexoside causing renal
failure
What is the cause of galactosemia?
Absence of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase;
accumualtion of toxicsubstances (galactitol)
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What is the characteristicdefect in Hurler's syndrome
Alpha-L-iduronidase defiencyleads to corneal clouding and
mental retardation
What is the characteristicfindings in Neurofibromatosis
Multiple café-au-lait spots,
neurofibromas increasedtumor susceptibilty
What is the clinical picture of a patient with cystic fibrosis
pulmonary infections,exocrine pancreatic
insuciency, infertility inmen
What is the clinical picture of Duchenne's muscular
dystrophy
muscular weakness anddegeneration
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What is the defect in MapleSyrup Urine disease
decreased Alpha-ketoaciddehydrogenase. blocks
degradation of branched
amino acids Ile. Val. Leu
What is the epidemiology of lactose intolerance
Age-dependnet and/orhereditary (blacks and Asians)
What is the etiology of Homocystinuria
defect in cystathionine
synthase. Two forms: 1.deficiency 2. decreasedanity of synthase forpyridoxal phosphate
(cofactor)
What is the finding of Hunter's syndrome on
H&P
mild mental retardation butno corneal clouding
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What is the formula forHardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
p^2 +2pq + q^2 =1 and p+q=1
What is the genetic mech. Of
Cystic fibrosis and it'sinheritance
AR; multiple loss-of-function
mutations in a chloridechannel
What is the geneticmechanism of Duchenne's
muscular dystrophy
X-linked recessive;caused bymultiple loss-of-funtion
mutations in a muscle protein
What is the geneticmechanism of Fragile X MR
X-linked; progressiveexpansion of unstable DNAcauses failure to express
gene-encoding RNA-bindingprotein
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what is the geneticmechanism of
Neurofibromatosis
AD, multiple loss-of functionmutations in a signaling
molecule
What is the genetic problemin Down's Syndrome
trisomy 21 chromosomalimbalance
What is the inheritance of Krabbe's disease
Autosomal recessive
what is the inheritancepattern and carrier frequency
in Tay-Sach's
Autosomal recessive; 1:30 in Jews of European descent and
1:300 in the generalpopulaition
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What is the inheritancepattern of Ehlers-Danlos
syndrome
10 types of this syndromeType IV-Auto Dominant TypeVI-Auto Recessive Type IX-
X-linked recessive
What is the inheritancepattern of Gaucher's disease Autosomal recessive
What is the inheritancepattern of xeroderma
pigmentosa
autosomal recessive
What is the inheritiancepattern of Fabry's disease
X-linked recessive
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What is the lab symptoms of G6PD defiency
Heinz Bodies: alteredhemoglobin precipitate in
RBC
What is the mostdistinguishing finding in Tay-
Sach's disease on Physicalexam
cherry red Macula; thesepatients die by 3
What is the pathogneumoniccell type founde in Gaucher's
disease
Gaucher's cells with thecharacteristic 'crinkled paper'
appearance of enlargedcytoplasm
What is the pattern of inheritance of Leber's
hereditary optic neuropathy?
mitochondrial inheritance
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What is the phenotype inOsteogenesis imperfecta
increased susceptibility tofractures;connective tissue
fragility
What is the phenotype of Down's syndrome
Mental and growthretardation, dysmorphic
features, internal organanomalies especially heart
problems
What is the phenotype of Fragile X
mental retardation,characteristic facial features,
large testes
What is the predominantproblem in Ehlers-Danlos
syndrome
Faulty collagen synthesis
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What is the prevalance of cystic fibrosis
1:2000 whites; very rareamong Asians
What is the prevalandce of Neurofibromatosis
1:3000 with 50% being newmutations
What is the prevalence of Down's syndrome and what
are the risk factors
1:800; increased risk withadvanced maternal age
What is the prevalence of Duchenne's musc. dys.
1:300; 33% new mutations
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What is the prevalence of Fragile X- associated mental
retardation
1:1500 males: can be infeamales is a multi-step
process
What is the prevalence of osteogenesis imperfecta 1:10000,
What is the prevalence of Phenylketonuria
1:10000
What is the priamry defect inFructose intolerance and how
is it inherited?
defiency of aldolase B,autosomal recessive
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What is the primary defect inAlkaptonuria
congenital defiency of homogentisic acid oxidase in
the degradative pathway of
tyrosine
What is the primary defect(s)found in Phenylketoneuria
either 1.decreasedphenylalanie hydroxylase or
2. decreasedtetrahydrobiopterin cofactor
What is the rate-limitingenzyme in the Hexose-Monophosphate shunt?
Glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase
What is the result of pyruvatedehydrognease deficiency
backup of substrate (pyruvateand alanine) resulting in lactic
acidosis
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What is the specific defect inXeroderma pigmentosa
defective excision repair suchas uvr ABC exonuclease; haveinability to repair thymidine
dimer formed by UV light
What is the treament of Cystinuria and what is a
possible consequence of nottreating
Acetazolide to alkinlize the
urine cystine kidney stonesdue to excess cysteine
What is the treatment of fructose intolerance?
decrease intake of bothfructose and sucrose (glucose
+ fructose)
What is the treatment of Homocystinuria
1. For a defiency incystathionine synthase tx bydecrease Met and increaseCys in diet 2. for decreasedanity of synthase Tx by
decrease vitamin B6 in diet
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What is the Tx of galactosemia?
Exclude galactose and lactose(galactose +glucose) form
diet
what of spring of femalesaf ected with a mitochondrial
inherited disease will beef ected?
all of spring can be ef ected
what percent of of springfrom two autosomal recessive
carrier parents will beef ected?
25%
what percent of sons of aheterazygous mother carrying
an x-linked disease will beef ected?
50%
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What period of life doautosomal dominant defects
present in?
often present clinically afterpuberty
What three phenyl ketones
build up in the urine of PKUpatients
phenylacetate, phenyllactate,phenylpyruvate
What to thyroxine and Dopahave in common
both derived form tyrosine
What type of genetic error isusually more severe
autosomal recessive ordominant?
AR disorders are often moresevere
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What bacteria causes amalignant pustule (painless
ulcer); black skin lesions that
are vesicular papules coveredby a blak eschar?
Bacillus anthracis
What bacteria exhibits a'tumbling' motility, is found in
unpasteurized milk, andcauses meningitis in
newborns?
Listeria monocytogenes
What bacteria is catalase(-)and bacitracin-resistant?
Strep. agalactiae
What bacteria is catalase(-)and bacitracin-sensitive?
Strep. pyogenes
IVMS FLASH FACTS-USMLE Step 1 193
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What bacteria is catalase+and coagulase+?
Staph. aureus
What bacteria producesalpha-toxin, a hemolytic
lecithinase that causesmyonecrosis or gas
gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
What bacterium causesCellulitis?
Pasteurella multocida
What bacterium causesleprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae
IVMS FLASH FACTS-USMLE Step 1 194
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What bacterium causes Lymedisease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
What bacterium causes thePlague? Yersinia pestis
What bacterium causesTularemia?
Francisella tularensis
What bacterium causesUndulant fever?
Brucella spp. (a.k.a.Brucellosis)
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What bug causes atypical'walking' pneumonia?
Mycoplama pneumoniae
What bug causes
gastroenteritis and up to 90%of duodenal ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What bug causesLegionnaire's disease?
Legionella pneumophila
What bug is associated withburn wound infections?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What bug is comma- or S-shaped and grows at 42C,
and causes bloody diarrhea
with fever and leukocytosis?
Campylobacter jejuni
What bug that causesdiarrhea is usually
transmitted from pet feces(e.g. puppies)?
Yersinia enterocolitica
What causes tetanus? (givebacteria and disease process)
Clostridium tetani: exotoxinproduced blocks glycine
release (inhibitory NT) fromRenshaw cells in spinal cord
What causes the flu?NOT H. flu -it is caused by
influenza virus
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What chemical is found in thecore of spores?
dipicolinic acid
What coccobacillus causesvaginosis: greenish vaginal
discharge with a fishy smell;nonpainful?
Gardnerella vaginalis
What disease does Bordetellaperussis cause? How?
Whooping cough: toxin
permanently disables G-protein in respiratory mucosa
(turns the 'of ' of );ciliatedepithelial cells are killed;
mucosal cells are overactive.
What disease does Vibriocholerae cause? How?
Cholera: toxin permanentlyactivates G-protein in
intestinal mucosa (turns the'on' on) causing rice-water
diarrhea
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What disease is caused byBorrelia?
Lyme Disease
What disease is caused by
Clostridium botulinum? Whatpathophys. does it cause?
Botulism: associated withcontaminated canned food,
produces a preformed, heat-labile toxin that inhibits ACh
release---> flaccidparalysis.
What diseases (2) are causedby Treponema?
Syphilis (T. pallidum) -yaws(T. pertenue; not and STD)
What diseases can be causedby Staph. aureus?
Inflammatory disease: skin
infections, organ abcess,pneumonia - Toxin-
mediated disease: ToxicShock Syn., scalded skin
syndrome (exfoliative toxin),rapid onset food poisoning
enterotoxinsIVMS FLASH FACTS-USMLE Step 1 199
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What do Chlamydiatrachomatis serotypes A, B,
and C cause?
chronic infection, causeblindness in Africa (ABC=
Africa / Blindness / Chronic
What do Chlamydia
trachomatis serotypes D-Kcause? (3)
urethritis/ PID - neonatal
pneumonia -neonatalconjuctivitis
What do Chlamydiatrachomatis serotypes L1,L2,
and L3 cause?
lymphogranuloma venereum(acute lymphadentis: positive
Frei test)
What do RMSF, syphilis, andcoxsackievirus A infection
have in common?
rash on palm and sole is seenin each (coxasackievirus A=hand, foot, and mouth
disease)
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What does catalase do? Whichbacteria have it?
it degrades H2O2, anantimicrobial product of
PMNs. - Staphlococci make
catalase; Strep. do NOT.
What does the H-antigenrepresent?
H: flagellar antigen, found onmotile species
What does the K-antigenrepresent?
K: capsular, relates tovirulence
What does the O-antigenrepresent?
O-antigen is thepolysaccharide of endotoxin
(found on all species)
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What family includes E. coli,Salmonella, Klebsiella,
Enterobacter, Serratia, and
Proteus?
Enterobacteriaceae
What family of bacteria uses
the O-, K-, and H-antigennomenclature?
Enterobacteriaceae
What function does thecapsule serve? (2: one for the
bacterium, one other)
1) antiphagocytic 2) antigenin vaccines (Pneumovax, H.
flu b, meningococcalvaccines)
What G+ anaerobe causesoral/facial abscesses with'sulfur granules' that may
drain through sinus tracts inskin?
Acinomyces israelii
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What G+ and also weakly acidfast aorobe found in soil
causes pulmonary infections
in immunocompromisedpatients?
Norcardia asteroides
What general type of bacteria
are normal flora in GI tractbut pathogenic elsewhere?
Anaerobes
What general type of bacteriagrow pink colonies on
MacConkey's agar?
Lactose-fermenting entericbacteria
What is a Ghon complex andin whom does it occur?
Occurs in Primary TB (usuallya child) -Ghon complex=draining Hilar nodes andGhon focus, exudative
parenchymal lesion (usu. inLOWER lobes of lung)
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What is a lab diagnosis of diphtheria based on?
G+ rods with metachromaticgranules; grows on tellurite
agar. (Coryne=club shaped)
What is a major dif erence
between Salmonella andShigella observable in the lab?
Salmonella are motile;Shigella are nonmotile
What is a positive Quellungreaction?
if encapsulated bug ispresent, capsule SWELLS
when specific anticapsularantisera are added.
What is notable aboutChrmydia psittaci?
has an avian reservoir
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What is one reason M. leparaeinfects skin and superficial
nerves?
It likes cool temperatures
What is the classic symptomof Lyme Disease?
erythema chronicum migrans,
an expanding 'bull's eys' redrash with central clearing.
What is the classic triad of symptoms associated with
Rickettsiae?
1) headache 2) fever 3) rash(vasiculitis)
What is the commonmanifestation of secondary
TB?
Fibrocaseous cavitary lesionusu. in APICIES of lung
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What is the common site of infection for Mycobacterium
tuberculosis?
the apicies of the lung (whichhave the highest PO2)
What is the D.O.C. to treatGardnerella vaginalis? Metroidazole
What is the DOC for treatingrickettsial infections?
tetracycline
What is the DOC fortreatment of most rickettsial
infections?
tetracycline
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What is the DOC to treatLyme Disease?
tetracycline
What is the DOC to treatsyphilis? Penicillin G
What is the drug of choice forH. flu meningitis? What DOC
for prophylaxis in close-contacts?
Treat meningitis withCEFTRIAXONE; Rifampin for
prophylaxis.
What is the drug of choice forLegionaires' disease?
Erythromycin
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What is the morphology of H.flu?
Small G(-) (coccobacillary) rod
What is the morphology of H.pylori? Gram (-) rod
What is the primary drugused to treat leprosy?
dapsone (toxicity is hemolysisand methemoglobinemia)
What is the recommendedtreatment for Pseudomonas
aeruginosa infection?
aminoglycoside plusextended-spectrum penicillin(e.g. piperacillin or ticarcillin)
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What is the source of infection and the bacterium
that causes endemic typhus?
R. typhi; from fleas
What is the source of
infection and the bacteriumthat causes epidemic typhus?
R. prowazekii; from humanbody louse
What is the source of infection and the bacterium
that causes Q fever?
Coxiella burnetii; frominhaled aersols
What is the source of infection and the bacteriumthat causes Rocky Mountain
Spotted Fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii; from tickbite
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What lab test assays forantirickettsial antibodies?
Weil-Felix reaction
What Lancefield AntigenGroup are enterococci in? Group D
What Lancefield AntigenGroup are Viridans strep in?
They are non-typealbe. Theydo not have a C-carbohydrate
on their cell wall to beclassified by.
What level of disinfection isrequired to kill spores?
autoclaving; they are highlyresistant to destruction by
heat and chemicals
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What populations are mostlikely to get Mycoplama
pneumoniae infection?
patients younger than age 30- military recruits - prisons
What rickettsial disease isatypical in that it has no rash,no vector, negative Weil-Felix
reaction, and its causativeorganism can survive outside
for a long time?
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii)
What species are associatedwith food poisoning incontaminated seafood?
Vibrio parahaemolytica andVirbrio vulnificus
What species causesdiphtheria?
Corynebacterium diptheriae
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What species is associatedwith food poisoning in
improperly canned foods
(bulging cans)?
Clostridium botulinum
What species is associated
with food poisoning in meats,mayonnaise, and custard?
Staphylococcus aureus (this
food poisoining usu. startsquickly and ends quickly)
What species is associatedwith food poisoning in
poultry, meat, and eggs?
Salmonella
What species is associatedwith food poisoning inreheated meat dishes?
Clostridium perfringens
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What species is associatedwith food poisoning in
reheated rice?
Bacillus cereus ('Foodpoisoning from reheated rice?
Be serious!')
What species is associatedwith food poisoning inundercooked meat andunpasteurized juices?
E. coli 0157-H7
What species of Mycobacteriacauses pulmonary, TB-like
symptoms?
M. kansasii
What strain of Haemophilusinfluenza causes most
invasive disease?
capsular type b
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What symptoms areassociated with M.
scrofulaceum
cervical lymphadenitis in kids
What test dif erentiatesViridans from S. pneumoniae?
Viridans are resistant to
optochin; S. pneu. aresensitive to optochin
What two bugs secrete
exotoxins that act via ADPribosylation of G-proteins,
permanently activating adenylcyclase (resulting in increased
cAMP)?
Vibrio cholerae - Bordetellapertussis
What two genera of G+ rodsform long branching
filaments resembling fungi?
Acinomyces and Nocardia
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What type of bacteria aredicult to culture, producegas in tissue (CO2 and H2),
and are generally foul-smelling?
Anaerobes
What type of bacteria isassociated with rusty sputum,
sepsis in sickle cell, andsplenectomy?
Pneumoccocus
What type of E. coli areassociated with bloody
diarrhea?
enterohemmoragic/enteroinvasive E. coli
What type of immunologicresponse is elicited by a
Salmonella infection?
monocyte response
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What types of infection canchlamydia cause? (4)
arthritis - conjunctivitis -pneumonia - nongonococcal
urethritis
What virulence factor of Staph. aureus binds Fc-IgG,
inhibiting complementfixation and phagocytosis?
Protein A
What virulence factor of Strep. pyogenes also servesas an antigen to which the
host makes antibodies?
M-protein
What will likely be visibleunder the microscope in thecase of Gardnerella vaginallis
infection?
Clue cell, or vaginal epithelialcells covered with bacteria
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Where are Viridans strep.found (reservoir)?
normal flora of oropharynx
Where are when is Lymedisease common?
common in northeast US insummer months
Which disease/toxin causeslymphocytosis? (Cholera or
Pertussis)
Pertussis toxin: by inhibitingchemokine receptors
Which has an animalreservoir? (Salmonella or
Shigella)
Salmonella: poultry, meat,eggs
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Which is more specific forsyphilis: VDRL or FTA-ABS?
FTA-ABS is more specific
Which is more virulent?(Salmonella or Shigella)
Shigella (10^1 organisms vs.Salmonella 10^5 organisms)
Which is motile? (Salmonellaor Shigella)
Salmonella (think: salmonswim)
Which species of chlamydiacauses and atypical
pneumonia? How is ittransmitted?
C. pneumonia -transmittedvia aeresol
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Which two species of chlamydia infect only
humans?
C. trachomatis -C.pneumoniae
Why are anaerobessusceptible to oxygen?
they lack catalase and/or
oxidase and are susceptibleto oxidative damage
Why does TB usually infectthe upper lobes of the lung?
M.tuberculosis is an aerobe;there is more oxygen at the
apicies
Why must rickettsia andchlamydia always be
intracellular?
they can't make their ownATP
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Are most fungal sporesasexual?
yes
Are most P. Carinii infectionssymptomatic? no, most of are asymptomatic
Are the above mentionedsystemic mycoses dimorphic?
yes, except coccioidomycosiswhich is a spherule in tissue
How do the S. Schenckii yeastappear in the pus?
Cigar-shaped budding yeast
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How do you Tx S. Schenckii?Itraconazole or Potassium
Iodide
How does Aspergillus appearmicroscopically?
Mold with septate hyphaethat branch at a V-shaped (45degree angle) , they are NOT
dimorphic
How does Mucor speciesappear microscopically?
It is a mold with irregularnonseptate hyphae branchingat wide angles>90 degrees
How doesParacocciodioidomycosis
appear histologically?
Captain's wheel' appearance(like on a sailboat)
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How is Clonorchis sinensistransmitted and what disease
results?
undercooked fish; causesinflammation of the biliary
tract
How is Schistosoma
transmitted and what diseaseresults?
snails are host; cercariaepenetrate skin of humans;
causes granulomas, fibrosis,and inflammation of the
spleen and liver
How is AncylostomaDuodenale transmitted and
what disease results?
Larvae penetrate skin of feet;intestinal infection can cause
anemia
How is Ascaris Lumbricoidestransmitted and what disease
results?
Eggs are visible in feces;intestinal infection
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How is cryptosporidiumtransmitted?
Cysts in Water
How is Dracunculus
medinensis transmitted andwhat disease results?
In drinking water; sinkinflammation and ulceration
How is E. granulosistransmitted and what disease
results?
Eggs in dog feces cause cystsin liver; causes anaphylaxis if
echinococcal antigensreleased from cysts
How is E. Histolyticatransmitted?
Cysts in Water
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How is EnterobiusVermicularis transmitted and
what disease results?
food contaminated with eggs;intestinal infections; causes
anal pruritus
How is giardia transmitted? Cysts in Water
How is Loa loa transmittedand what disease results?
Transmitted by deer fly;causes swelling the in the
skin (can see worm crawlingin conjunctiva)
How is malaria dx? Blood smear
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How is malaria transmitted? mosquito (Anopheles)
How is Onchocerca volvulus
transmitted and what diseaseresults?
transmitted by female
blackflies; causes riverblindness
How is ParagonimusWestermani transmitted and
what disease results?
Undercooked crab meat;causes inflammation and
secondary bacterial infectionof the lung
How is Sporothrix schenckiiappear under the scope?
Dimorphic fugus that lives onvegetation
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How is StrongyloidesStercoralis transmitted and
what disease results?
larvae in soil penetrate theskin; intestinal infection
How is T. Canis transmittedand what disease results?
food contaminated with eggs;
causes granulomas (if inretina=blindness)
How is T. Solium transmittedand what disease results?
undercooked pork tapeworm;causes mass lesions in the
brain, cysticercosis
How is T. Vaginalistransmitted?
sexually
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How is Toxo transmitted? cysts in meat or cat feces
How is Trichinella Spiralis
transmitted and what diseaseresults?
undercooked meat, usually
pork; inflammation of muscle,periorbital edema
How is Wucheria transmittedand what disease results?
female mosquito; causesblockage of lymphatic vessels
(elephantiasis)
In what cells do you findhistoplasmosis?
macrophages
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Is Pneumocystis Carinii ayeast?
Yes, but originally classifiedas a Protozoa
Microscopically how doesCandida appear?
budding yeast with
pseudohyphae, germ tubeformation at 37 degrees C)
Name 3 Trematodes (Flukes) .Schistosoma, Clonorchissinensis, Paragonimus
Westermani
Name 4 opportunistic fungalinfections.
Candida Albicans, Aspergillusfumigatus, CryptococcusNeoformans, Mucor and
Rhizopus species
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Name 4 systemic mycoses.
Coccidiomycosis,Histoplasmosis,
Paracoccidioidomycosis,
Blastomycosis
Name two asexual sporestransmitted by inhalation.
Hisoplasmosis andCoccidiodomycosis
Name two Cestodes(Tapeworms) .
Taenia Solium, andEchinococcus Ganulosus
What agar is used to culturefor systemic mycoses?
Sabouraud's Agar
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What are Conidia?asexual fungal spores (ex.
Blastoconidia, and
arthroconidia)
What are some commonCandida infections?
Thrush in Immunocompromised
pts (neonates, patients on
steroids, diabetics and AIDS
pts) , endocarditis in IV drug
users, vaginitis (high pH,
Diabetes, post-antibiotic) ,
diaper rash, disseminated
candidiasis (to any organ)
What are some infectionscaused by cryptococcus?
Cryptococcal meningitis,cryptococcosis
What are the 10 Nematodes(roundworms) we are
concerned with?
Ancylostoma duodenale
(hookworm) , AscarisLumbricoides, EnterobiusVermicularis (pinworm) ,Strongyloides stercoralis,
Trichinella Spiralis, DracunculusMedinensis, Loa loa, Onchocerca
Volvulus, Toxocara Canis,Wucheria Bancrofti
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What are the 4 B's of Blastomycosis?
Big, Broad-Based, Budding
What are the diseases causedby Cryptosporidium?
Severe diarrhea in AIDS, Mild
disease (watery diarrhea) innon-HIV
What are the diseases causedby Toxoplasma?
Brain Abscess in HIV and birthdefects
What are the infectionscaused by Aspergillus?
Ear fungus, Lung cavityAspergilloma ('fungus ball') ,
invasive aspergillosis.
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What can systemic mycosesmimic?
TB (granuloma formation)
What disease are caused byEntamoeba Histolytica?
Amebiasis: bloody diarrhea,
dysentery, liver abscess, RUQ pain
What disease does Mucorspecies cause?
Mucormycosis
What disease doesPneumocystis carinii cause?
Pneumocystis CariniiPneumonia
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What disease does SporothrixSchenckii cause?
Sprotricosis
What disease doesTrypanosoma Cruzi casue?
Chaga's Disease (heartdisease)
What disease is caused byGiardia Lamblia?
Giardiasis: bloating,flatulence, foul-smelling
diarrhea
What disease is caused byLeishmanina donovani?
Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)
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What disease is caused by P.Carinii?
Dif use interstitial pneumoniain HIV
What disease is caused by the
plasmodium species (vivax,ovale, malariae, falciparum) ?
Malaria: cyclic fever,
headache, anemia,splenomegaly
What disease is caused byTrypanosma Gambiense and
Rhodesiense?
African Sleeping sickness
What disesase doesTrichomonas Vaginalis cause?
Vaginitis: foul-smeilling,greenish discharge; itching
and burning
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What do you tx P. Cariniiwith?
TMP-SMZ, or pentamidine, ordapsone
What do you use to culturecryptococcus? Asabouraud's Agar
What do you use to DiagnoseE. Histolytica?
Serology and/or trophozoitesor cysts in stool
What do you use to stainCryptococcus?
India Ink
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What do you use to txcryptosporidium?
nothing
What do you use to TxGiardiasis? Metronidazole
What do you use to tx T.Vaginalis?
Metronidazole
What do you used to dx P.Carinii?
Lung biopsy or lavage,methenamine silver stain
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What do you used to TxCandida Albicans?
Nystatin for superficialinfection, Amphotericin B for
systemic
What does Alba mean? white
What does dimorphic mean?fungi that are mold in the soil(low temp) and yeast in tissue
(higher/body temp 37 C)
What is diagnositic for L.donovani?
Macrophages containgamastigotes
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What is diagnositic of T.Vaginalis?
Trophozoites on wet mount
What is histoplasmosisassociated with? bird or bat droppings
What is the progression of S.Schenckii infection?
traumatic introduction intothe skin, typically by a thorn
('rose gardner's' disease) ,causes local pustule or ulcerwith nodules along draining
lymphatics (ascendinglymphangitis) . Little systemic
illness.
What is the vector for L.donovani?
Sandfly
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What is the vector for T.Cruzi?
Reduviid Bug
What is the vector for T.Gambiense and Rhodesiense? Tstese fly
What is used to dx Africansleeping sickness?
Blood smear
What is used to dx T. Cruzii? blood smear
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What is used to dxtoxoplasma?
serology and biopsy
What is used to treat D.Medinensis? Niridazole
What is used to Treat E.Histolytica?
Metronidazole and Iodoquinol
What is used to tx africansleeping sickness?
Suramin for bloodbornedisease or melaroprol for CNS
penetration
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What is used to txAncylostoma duodenale?
Mebendazole/pyrantelpamoate
What is used to tx AscarisLumbricoides?
Mebendazole/pyrantelpamoate
What is used to tx Clonorhissinensis?
Praziquantel
What is used to tx E.Granulosus?
Albendazole
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What is used to tx E.Vermicularis?
Mebendazole/pyrantelpamoate
What is used to tx L.Donovani? Sodium Stibogluconate
What is used to tx Loa loa? diethylcarbamazine
What is used to tx malaria?
Chloroquine ( primaquine forvivax, ovale) , sulfadoxine +pyrimethamine, mefloquine,
quinine
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What is used to tx O.Volvulus?
Ivermectin
What is used to txParagonimus Wetermani? Praziquantel
What is used to tx S.Stercoralis?
Ivermectin/thiabendazole
What is used to txschistosoma?
Praziquantel
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What is used to tx T. Canis? diethylcarbamazine
What is used to tx T. Cruzii? Nifurtimox
What is used to tx T. Spiralis? Thiabendazole
What is used to tx taeniasolium infection?
Praziquantel/niclosamide;albendazole for cysticercosis
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What is used to txtoxoplasma?
sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
What is used to tx W.Bancrofti? diethylcarbamazine
What patient population issusceptible to Mucor disease?
Ketoacidotic patients andLeukemic patients
What stain do you use forlung tissue when you are
detecting P. Carinii?
silver
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What state predisposes you toP. Carinii infection?
Immunosuppression
What test can be used todetect polysaccharidecapsular antigen of
Cryptococcus?
latex agglutination test
What types of infections canCandida Albicans cause?
systemic or superficial fungalin fections
When do you startprophylaxis in HIV patients?
when the CD4 drops below200 cells/mL
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Where do the mucor andrhizopus species fungi
proliferate?
in the walls of blood vesselsand cause infarction of distal
tissue
Where is Blastomycosisendemic?
States east of the MississippiRiver and Central America
Where is Coccidioidomycosisendemic?
SWUS, California (San JoaquinValley or destert (desert
bumps) 'Valley fever')
Where is Histoplasmosisendemic?
Mississippi and Ohio Rivervalleys
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Where isParacoccioidomycosis
endemic?
Rural Latin America
All viruses are haploid except_________?(1)
Retroviruses, which have two
identical ssRNA molecules(diploid).
Bites from what 3 animals aremore prone to rabies
infection than a bite from adog?
Bat, Raccoon, and Skunk
Define complementation?
When one of 2 viruses that
infects the cell has a mutationthat results in a nonfunctional
protein. The nonmutatedvirus 'complements' the
mutated one by making afunctional protein that serves
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Define genetic drift.Minor changes based on
random mutations.
Define genetic shift.
Reassorment of viral genome(such as when human flu Avirus recombines with swin
flu A virus.)
Define phenotypic mixing?
When virus A acquires virus Bcoat proteins and acts likevirus B buts its progeny willhave virus A genome and
coat.
Define reassortment?
-When viruses withsegmented genomes (eg.influenza virus) exchange
segments. -High frequencyrecombination. Cause of worldwide pandemics.
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Define recombination?
Exchange of genes between 2chromosomes by crossing
over within regions of
significant base sequencehomology.
Describe its incubation period
and whether or not it has acarrier.
-Short incubation period (3weeks) -No carriers
Describe its incubation periodand whether or not it has a
carrier.
-Long incubation (3 months)- has carriers
Describe the general conceptof bacterial super infection
which can occur withinfluenza infection?
A life-threatening illnesswhere a bacterial infection issuperimposed on an existing
viral infection.
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