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hay 1 hay nhiu nguyn t H ca hydrocarbon bng 1 hay nhiuguyn t halogen :
-Haloalkan , Halocycloalkan
-Haloalken , Halocycloalken
-Haloalkyn
-Haloaren
Monohalogen
Polyhalogen
Dn xut halogen
1
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1. Danh php
S ch v tr v tn halogen + s ch v tr v tn mch nhnh +tn hydrocarbon tng ng mch chnh.
chlorobutan
Trans-1-chloro-3-ethylcyclopentan
1-cloro-2-floroethan
2-bromopropen 2,3-dibromocyclohexen
dichloroacetylen
chlorobenzen2-bromo-6-floro-1-iodonaphtalen
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1,6-dicloro-3-(2cloroethyl)hexan
3-bromo-4-cloro-6-methylnonan
2-(trifloromethyl)-buta-1,3-dien
1.2.Tn thng thng:Tn gc hydrocarbon + halogenid
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2. ng phnS ng phn ty thuc cu to mch C v v tr halogen
3. iu ch:3.1. Halogen ha alkan
3.2. Cng HX vo alken
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3.3. Phn ng ca alcol vi HX, PCl5, PBr3, PI3(I2+P), SOCl2.
Kh nng p/ ca HXvi alcol:- alcol 3o> alcol 2o> alcol 1o.
- HI > HBr > HCl
C ch:Th i nhn lng phn t:
(Vi HCl c xc tc ZnCl2)
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C ch th i nhn n phn t
Chuyn v
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P/ gia alcol 1ohoc 2ovi HCl xt ZnCl2theo c ch :
Alcol p/ viSOCl2xy ra theo c ch:
3.4. iu ch dn xut monoflo
3.5. iu ch h/c monohalogenoaren: Ch yu bng p/ th i int (halogen ha), hoc:
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3.6. iu ch cc dn xut polyhalogen
benzylchlorid benzaldichlorid benzotrichlorid
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iu ch chloroform t alcol ethylic v chlor:
e,e,e,a,a,a -hexachlorocyclohexan
(DDT)
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4. Phn ng ha hc4.1. Cu to v kh nng p/-Trung tm p/ l lin kt C X
-Kh nng p/: ph thuc bn cht halogen v cu to ca gchydrocarbon lk vi halogen
RI > RBr > RCl > RF
P/ thy phn:
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4.2. Phn ng th i nhn:
RX t/d alcolat hay phenol/mt kim to eter ROR hay ArOR( p/ Williamson)
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4.3. Phn ng th i nhn ca h/c allylhalogenid
4.4. Phn ng th i nhn ca h/c halogenoaren: kh, phi c to, p
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*nh hng ca dmi v c cht ln p/ th i nhn:-Cu to gc alkyl:
Tc SN2 methyl > gc 1o
> gc 2o
> gc 3o
.-Dung mi: Dm phn cc thun li cho p/ SN1
Dm t phn cc thun li cho p/ SN2.* P/ th i nhn ca h/c halogen b cnh tranh bi p/ tch loi
4.5. Phn ng tch loi: (xem /c alken):Xy ra khi RX tc dng base mnh (ion hidroxid, alkoxid)
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C ch tch loi E2
K: 4 trung tm p (H-C-C-X) nm trn 1 mt phngH v X v tr anti vi nhau
C ch tch loi E1
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Halogenid alkyl bc 2, allyl v benzyl c th cho p SN1v E1nudng tc nhn i nhn yu trong dm proton nh EtOH, AcOH
c) RX bc 3:E2: base mnh nh HO-, RO-
Mt trung ha: hn hp sp E1v SN1
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4.6. Phn ng vi kim loi
P/ Wurtz
P/ Wurtz-Fittig
RMgX: thuc th Grignard
R: alkyl cc bc, aryl, alkenylX: Cl, Br, I