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hay 1 hay nhiu nguyn t H ca hydrocarbon bng 1 hay nhiuguyn t halogen :

-Haloalkan , Halocycloalkan

-Haloalken , Halocycloalken

-Haloalkyn

-Haloaren

Monohalogen

Polyhalogen

Dn xut halogen

1

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1. Danh php

S ch v tr v tn halogen + s ch v tr v tn mch nhnh +tn hydrocarbon tng ng mch chnh.

chlorobutan

Trans-1-chloro-3-ethylcyclopentan

1-cloro-2-floroethan

2-bromopropen 2,3-dibromocyclohexen

dichloroacetylen

chlorobenzen2-bromo-6-floro-1-iodonaphtalen

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3

1,6-dicloro-3-(2cloroethyl)hexan

3-bromo-4-cloro-6-methylnonan

2-(trifloromethyl)-buta-1,3-dien

1.2.Tn thng thng:Tn gc hydrocarbon + halogenid

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2. ng phnS ng phn ty thuc cu to mch C v v tr halogen

3. iu ch:3.1. Halogen ha alkan

3.2. Cng HX vo alken

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3.3. Phn ng ca alcol vi HX, PCl5, PBr3, PI3(I2+P), SOCl2.

Kh nng p/ ca HXvi alcol:- alcol 3o> alcol 2o> alcol 1o.

- HI > HBr > HCl

C ch:Th i nhn lng phn t:

(Vi HCl c xc tc ZnCl2)

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C ch th i nhn n phn t

Chuyn v

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P/ gia alcol 1ohoc 2ovi HCl xt ZnCl2theo c ch :

Alcol p/ viSOCl2xy ra theo c ch:

3.4. iu ch dn xut monoflo

3.5. iu ch h/c monohalogenoaren: Ch yu bng p/ th i int (halogen ha), hoc:

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3.6. iu ch cc dn xut polyhalogen

benzylchlorid benzaldichlorid benzotrichlorid

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iu ch chloroform t alcol ethylic v chlor:

e,e,e,a,a,a -hexachlorocyclohexan

(DDT)

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4. Phn ng ha hc4.1. Cu to v kh nng p/-Trung tm p/ l lin kt C X

-Kh nng p/: ph thuc bn cht halogen v cu to ca gchydrocarbon lk vi halogen

RI > RBr > RCl > RF

P/ thy phn:

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4.2. Phn ng th i nhn:

RX t/d alcolat hay phenol/mt kim to eter ROR hay ArOR( p/ Williamson)

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4.3. Phn ng th i nhn ca h/c allylhalogenid

4.4. Phn ng th i nhn ca h/c halogenoaren: kh, phi c to, p

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*nh hng ca dmi v c cht ln p/ th i nhn:-Cu to gc alkyl:

Tc SN2 methyl > gc 1o

> gc 2o

> gc 3o

.-Dung mi: Dm phn cc thun li cho p/ SN1

Dm t phn cc thun li cho p/ SN2.* P/ th i nhn ca h/c halogen b cnh tranh bi p/ tch loi

4.5. Phn ng tch loi: (xem /c alken):Xy ra khi RX tc dng base mnh (ion hidroxid, alkoxid)

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C ch tch loi E2

K: 4 trung tm p (H-C-C-X) nm trn 1 mt phngH v X v tr anti vi nhau

C ch tch loi E1

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Halogenid alkyl bc 2, allyl v benzyl c th cho p SN1v E1nudng tc nhn i nhn yu trong dm proton nh EtOH, AcOH

c) RX bc 3:E2: base mnh nh HO-, RO-

Mt trung ha: hn hp sp E1v SN1

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4.6. Phn ng vi kim loi

P/ Wurtz

P/ Wurtz-Fittig

RMgX: thuc th Grignard

R: alkyl cc bc, aryl, alkenylX: Cl, Br, I