ARTIFICIAL BLOOD
Substitute for bloodSubstitute for blood
Scientific American- Feb 1998Scientific American- Feb 1998
THE IDEAL SUBSTITUTETHE IDEAL SUBSTITUTE
Non toxic- Free from DiseaseNon toxic- Free from Disease No Immune Response- CompatibleNo Immune Response- Compatible Transportable- Long Shelf lifeTransportable- Long Shelf life Excreted without Side effectsExcreted without Side effects Remains in circulation until Remains in circulation until
replacedreplaced Performs Blood’s many TasksPerforms Blood’s many Tasks
RESEARCH APPROACHRESEARCH APPROACH
Haemoglobin- basedHaemoglobin- based Polymerised HbPolymerised Hb
Cross- Linked HbCross- Linked Hb
Bovine HbBovine Hb ChemicalsChemicals
LIQUID BREATHING MOUSELIQUID BREATHING MOUSE
LeLand ClarkLeLand Clark of Univ. Alabama of Univ. Alabama 19601960
Mouse immersed in Mouse immersed in Poly F loro Poly F loro Carbons (PFC)Carbons (PFC)
Science Fiction Movie “Science Fiction Movie “ ABYSS ABYSS””
PFC - Mode of actionPFC - Mode of action
PFC floats in Plasma after PFC floats in Plasma after administrationadministration
Oxygen from Lungs moves directly to Oxygen from Lungs moves directly to PFC bypassing RBCsPFC bypassing RBCs
PFC travels to rest of Body and PFC travels to rest of Body and Exchanges Oxygen for Carbon Exchanges Oxygen for Carbon DioxideDioxide
Excreted through ExhalationExcreted through Exhalation
MILESTONES TO CONQUER
2005 - Male Contraceptive2005 - Male Contraceptive 2010 - More effective Cancer Treatment through 2010 - More effective Cancer Treatment through
combined Gene & Immunotherapy combined Gene & Immunotherapy 2015 - Genetic Roots of all Diseases identified2015 - Genetic Roots of all Diseases identified 2022 - Fetuses conceived In Vitro mature to Term in 2022 - Fetuses conceived In Vitro mature to Term in
Extra Uterine IncubatorsExtra Uterine Incubators 2030 - Fully Functional Artificial Eyes2030 - Fully Functional Artificial Eyes 2035 - Human Hibernation used for Space Travel2035 - Human Hibernation used for Space Travel 2500 - Human Life Span extended to 140 years2500 - Human Life Span extended to 140 years
Source:“The next 500 years”- Adrian BerrySource:“The next 500 years”- Adrian Berry
CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT FOR MENCONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT FOR MEN
Times of India 17 April Times of India 17 April 9999
Etonogestrel Implant in Arm switches Etonogestrel Implant in Arm switches off Spermatogenesis & Testosteroneoff Spermatogenesis & Testosterone
Testosterone Pellets in the Abdomen Testosterone Pellets in the Abdomen restores Libidorestores Libido
Reversible & Long actingReversible & Long acting Prelim Studies encouraging in Prelim Studies encouraging in
Edinburgh & ManchesterEdinburgh & Manchester Contributed Contributed
by Dr. Padma Raoby Dr. Padma Rao
HUMANGENOMEPROJECT
HUMAN GENOME PROJECTHUMAN GENOME PROJECT BREAKING THE CODE OF LIFEBREAKING THE CODE OF LIFE
Launched a Decade ago by Launched a Decade ago by Universities & Governments of USA Universities & Governments of USA UK & Germany UK & Germany
1997 - 50000 Genes identified and 1997 - 50000 Genes identified and Functions of 5000 determinedFunctions of 5000 determined
1998 - 21 Genes identified1998 - 21 Genes identified Deadline: 2003 AD Deadline: 2003 AD
GENE MAPPINGGENE MAPPING
How to Decode the Book of Life?How to Decode the Book of Life? Genes vary from person to person Genes vary from person to person
because of Conspiracy of Genes & because of Conspiracy of Genes & EnvironmentEnvironment
Molecular Basis of most DiseasesMolecular Basis of most Diseases Treatment through Genetic Treatment through Genetic
EngineeringEngineering >250 Ongoing Trials allover the world>250 Ongoing Trials allover the world
BRCA1 GENEBRCA1 GENE
Responsible for 82% of Ca Breast Responsible for 82% of Ca Breast & 44% of Ca Ovary& 44% of Ca Ovary
Prevention StrategiesPrevention Strategies:: Frequent screeningFrequent screening
Early BiopsyEarly Biopsy
With hold Estrogen ReplacementWith hold Estrogen Replacement
Oopherectomy after Child bearing Oopherectomy after Child bearing
Gene Therapy will Gene Therapy will revolutionize Medicinerevolutionize Medicine
We used think that our We used think that our fate was in our fate was in our stars.Now we know stars.Now we know that our fate is in our that our fate is in our Genes Genes
- - James watsonJames watson
GENDER PRESELECTION
PRESELECTION OF SEX:PRESELECTION OF SEX: TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
Albumin Density GradientAlbumin Density Gradient Ericsson et alEricsson et al
Based on Increased motility of Y SpermsBased on Increased motility of Y Sperms
86% Males86% Males
Sephadex MethodSephadex Method First 5ml of Semen passed thru Sephadex has more X First 5ml of Semen passed thru Sephadex has more X
spermssperms
Y sperm attaches to GelY sperm attaches to Gel
70% Females70% Females
PRESELECTION OF SEXPRESELECTION OF SEX
Ficoll - Paque MethodFicoll - Paque Method
Centrifuging sediments more Y spermsCentrifuging sediments more Y sperms
But decreases motilityBut decreases motility Percoll GradientPercoll Gradient
12 step sedimentation12 step sedimentation
Laminar Flow ChamberElectrophoresisLaminar Flow ChamberElectrophoresis
X sperms swim in straight lineX sperms swim in straight line
ElectophoresisElectophoresis
X sperms move towards AnodeX sperms move towards Anode
FLOW CYTOMETRYFLOW CYTOMETRYFugger et al - J Human Repr 99Fugger et al - J Human Repr 99
Sperms dosed with DNA stainSperms dosed with DNA stain X sperms have 2.3% more DNA and X sperms have 2.3% more DNA and
take up more staintake up more stain When subjected to Laser beam X When subjected to Laser beam X
sperms shine moresperms shine more Cell sorting Machine separates Cell sorting Machine separates
X&YspermsX&Ysperms 85% Chance of Girl 85% Chance of Girl
PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD)DIAGNOSIS (PGD) India Today 17 May India Today 17 May 9999
Malpani MumbaiMalpani Mumbai Ova harvested from ovary fertilized Ova harvested from ovary fertilized
in vitroin vitro 8 cell embryos stained with 8 cell embryos stained with
fluorescent dyefluorescent dye X becomes pink and Y blueX becomes pink and Y blue Only X embryos implanted in uteroOnly X embryos implanted in utero
Designer babyDesigner baby
Today parents can choose a baby’s Sex and Today parents can choose a baby’s Sex and screen for genetic defectsscreen for genetic defects
How about the colour of hair,eyes, IQ and How about the colour of hair,eyes, IQ and personality?personality?
‘‘Remaking Eden’ by Lee Silver of Princeton Remaking Eden’ by Lee Silver of Princeton Univ mentions Reprogenetics & Genetic Univ mentions Reprogenetics & Genetic tinkeringtinkering
Adding genes for HIV resistance, High IQ, Adding genes for HIV resistance, High IQ, Longevity, Attractive face & figureLongevity, Attractive face & figure
‘ ‘Doable’ says Prof.Lipshultz Doable’ says Prof.Lipshultz
BABY ASPIRIN
Has it had a Neonatal death?Has it had a Neonatal death?
CLASP TRIALCLASP TRIALLancet March 94Lancet March 94
Routine prophylaxis not Routine prophylaxis not recommended in Pre eclampsiarecommended in Pre eclampsia
Justified in Early onset PE requiring Justified in Early onset PE requiring Preterm DeliveryPreterm Delivery
Start early in second trimesterStart early in second trimester
BLASP TRIALBLASP TRIALBrit J Ob G March 98Brit J Ob G March 98
Incidence of PE unchangedIncidence of PE unchanged Incidence of Preterm Delivery Incidence of Preterm Delivery
reducedreduced 2.5% with Aspirin vs 14.0% with 2.5% with Aspirin vs 14.0% with
PlaceboPlacebo
TRIAL OF CALCIUMTRIAL OF CALCIUMNew Eng J Med July 97New Eng J Med July 97
No significant difference in PE/ PIH No significant difference in PE/ PIH without PE/ HT disorderswithout PE/ HT disorders
No change in Preterm delivery/ No change in Preterm delivery/ SGA/ NND SGA/ NND
NUTRITIONAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTSSUPPLEMENTS
ZINCZINC
Brit Med J 1989 - Acta ObG Scand Brit Med J 1989 - Acta ObG Scand 19961996
MAGNESIUMMAGNESIUM
Am J Ob G 1989Am J Ob G 1989 FISH OIL - Omega 3 Fatty acidsFISH OIL - Omega 3 Fatty acids
Brit J Ob G 1996Brit J Ob G 1996
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