ARTIFICIAL BLOOD

Substitute for bloodSubstitute for blood

Scientific American- Feb 1998Scientific American- Feb 1998

THE IDEAL SUBSTITUTETHE IDEAL SUBSTITUTE

Non toxic- Free from DiseaseNon toxic- Free from Disease No Immune Response- CompatibleNo Immune Response- Compatible Transportable- Long Shelf lifeTransportable- Long Shelf life Excreted without Side effectsExcreted without Side effects Remains in circulation until Remains in circulation until

replacedreplaced Performs Blood’s many TasksPerforms Blood’s many Tasks

RESEARCH APPROACHRESEARCH APPROACH

Haemoglobin- basedHaemoglobin- based Polymerised HbPolymerised Hb

Cross- Linked HbCross- Linked Hb

Bovine HbBovine Hb ChemicalsChemicals

LIQUID BREATHING MOUSELIQUID BREATHING MOUSE

LeLand ClarkLeLand Clark of Univ. Alabama of Univ. Alabama 19601960

Mouse immersed in Mouse immersed in Poly F loro Poly F loro Carbons (PFC)Carbons (PFC)

Science Fiction Movie “Science Fiction Movie “ ABYSS ABYSS””

PFC - Mode of actionPFC - Mode of action

PFC floats in Plasma after PFC floats in Plasma after administrationadministration

Oxygen from Lungs moves directly to Oxygen from Lungs moves directly to PFC bypassing RBCsPFC bypassing RBCs

PFC travels to rest of Body and PFC travels to rest of Body and Exchanges Oxygen for Carbon Exchanges Oxygen for Carbon DioxideDioxide

Excreted through ExhalationExcreted through Exhalation

MILESTONES TO CONQUER

2005 - Male Contraceptive2005 - Male Contraceptive 2010 - More effective Cancer Treatment through 2010 - More effective Cancer Treatment through

combined Gene & Immunotherapy combined Gene & Immunotherapy 2015 - Genetic Roots of all Diseases identified2015 - Genetic Roots of all Diseases identified 2022 - Fetuses conceived In Vitro mature to Term in 2022 - Fetuses conceived In Vitro mature to Term in

Extra Uterine IncubatorsExtra Uterine Incubators 2030 - Fully Functional Artificial Eyes2030 - Fully Functional Artificial Eyes 2035 - Human Hibernation used for Space Travel2035 - Human Hibernation used for Space Travel 2500 - Human Life Span extended to 140 years2500 - Human Life Span extended to 140 years

Source:“The next 500 years”- Adrian BerrySource:“The next 500 years”- Adrian Berry

CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT FOR MENCONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANT FOR MEN

Times of India 17 April Times of India 17 April 9999

Etonogestrel Implant in Arm switches Etonogestrel Implant in Arm switches off Spermatogenesis & Testosteroneoff Spermatogenesis & Testosterone

Testosterone Pellets in the Abdomen Testosterone Pellets in the Abdomen restores Libidorestores Libido

Reversible & Long actingReversible & Long acting Prelim Studies encouraging in Prelim Studies encouraging in

Edinburgh & ManchesterEdinburgh & Manchester Contributed Contributed

by Dr. Padma Raoby Dr. Padma Rao

HUMANGENOMEPROJECT

HUMAN GENOME PROJECTHUMAN GENOME PROJECT BREAKING THE CODE OF LIFEBREAKING THE CODE OF LIFE

Launched a Decade ago by Launched a Decade ago by Universities & Governments of USA Universities & Governments of USA UK & Germany UK & Germany

1997 - 50000 Genes identified and 1997 - 50000 Genes identified and Functions of 5000 determinedFunctions of 5000 determined

1998 - 21 Genes identified1998 - 21 Genes identified Deadline: 2003 AD Deadline: 2003 AD

GENE MAPPINGGENE MAPPING

How to Decode the Book of Life?How to Decode the Book of Life? Genes vary from person to person Genes vary from person to person

because of Conspiracy of Genes & because of Conspiracy of Genes & EnvironmentEnvironment

Molecular Basis of most DiseasesMolecular Basis of most Diseases Treatment through Genetic Treatment through Genetic

EngineeringEngineering >250 Ongoing Trials allover the world>250 Ongoing Trials allover the world

BRCA1 GENEBRCA1 GENE

Responsible for 82% of Ca Breast Responsible for 82% of Ca Breast & 44% of Ca Ovary& 44% of Ca Ovary

Prevention StrategiesPrevention Strategies:: Frequent screeningFrequent screening

Early BiopsyEarly Biopsy

With hold Estrogen ReplacementWith hold Estrogen Replacement

Oopherectomy after Child bearing Oopherectomy after Child bearing

Gene Therapy will Gene Therapy will revolutionize Medicinerevolutionize Medicine

We used think that our We used think that our fate was in our fate was in our stars.Now we know stars.Now we know that our fate is in our that our fate is in our Genes Genes

- - James watsonJames watson

GENDER PRESELECTION

PRESELECTION OF SEX:PRESELECTION OF SEX: TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

Albumin Density GradientAlbumin Density Gradient Ericsson et alEricsson et al

Based on Increased motility of Y SpermsBased on Increased motility of Y Sperms

86% Males86% Males

Sephadex MethodSephadex Method First 5ml of Semen passed thru Sephadex has more X First 5ml of Semen passed thru Sephadex has more X

spermssperms

Y sperm attaches to GelY sperm attaches to Gel

70% Females70% Females

PRESELECTION OF SEXPRESELECTION OF SEX

Ficoll - Paque MethodFicoll - Paque Method

Centrifuging sediments more Y spermsCentrifuging sediments more Y sperms

But decreases motilityBut decreases motility Percoll GradientPercoll Gradient

12 step sedimentation12 step sedimentation

Laminar Flow ChamberElectrophoresisLaminar Flow ChamberElectrophoresis

X sperms swim in straight lineX sperms swim in straight line

ElectophoresisElectophoresis

X sperms move towards AnodeX sperms move towards Anode

FLOW CYTOMETRYFLOW CYTOMETRYFugger et al - J Human Repr 99Fugger et al - J Human Repr 99

Sperms dosed with DNA stainSperms dosed with DNA stain X sperms have 2.3% more DNA and X sperms have 2.3% more DNA and

take up more staintake up more stain When subjected to Laser beam X When subjected to Laser beam X

sperms shine moresperms shine more Cell sorting Machine separates Cell sorting Machine separates

X&YspermsX&Ysperms 85% Chance of Girl 85% Chance of Girl

PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC PREIMPLANTATION GENETIC DIAGNOSIS (PGD)DIAGNOSIS (PGD) India Today 17 May India Today 17 May 9999

Malpani MumbaiMalpani Mumbai Ova harvested from ovary fertilized Ova harvested from ovary fertilized

in vitroin vitro 8 cell embryos stained with 8 cell embryos stained with

fluorescent dyefluorescent dye X becomes pink and Y blueX becomes pink and Y blue Only X embryos implanted in uteroOnly X embryos implanted in utero

Designer babyDesigner baby

Today parents can choose a baby’s Sex and Today parents can choose a baby’s Sex and screen for genetic defectsscreen for genetic defects

How about the colour of hair,eyes, IQ and How about the colour of hair,eyes, IQ and personality?personality?

‘‘Remaking Eden’ by Lee Silver of Princeton Remaking Eden’ by Lee Silver of Princeton Univ mentions Reprogenetics & Genetic Univ mentions Reprogenetics & Genetic tinkeringtinkering

Adding genes for HIV resistance, High IQ, Adding genes for HIV resistance, High IQ, Longevity, Attractive face & figureLongevity, Attractive face & figure

‘ ‘Doable’ says Prof.Lipshultz Doable’ says Prof.Lipshultz

BABY ASPIRIN

Has it had a Neonatal death?Has it had a Neonatal death?

CLASP TRIALCLASP TRIALLancet March 94Lancet March 94

Routine prophylaxis not Routine prophylaxis not recommended in Pre eclampsiarecommended in Pre eclampsia

Justified in Early onset PE requiring Justified in Early onset PE requiring Preterm DeliveryPreterm Delivery

Start early in second trimesterStart early in second trimester

BLASP TRIALBLASP TRIALBrit J Ob G March 98Brit J Ob G March 98

Incidence of PE unchangedIncidence of PE unchanged Incidence of Preterm Delivery Incidence of Preterm Delivery

reducedreduced 2.5% with Aspirin vs 14.0% with 2.5% with Aspirin vs 14.0% with

PlaceboPlacebo

TRIAL OF CALCIUMTRIAL OF CALCIUMNew Eng J Med July 97New Eng J Med July 97

No significant difference in PE/ PIH No significant difference in PE/ PIH without PE/ HT disorderswithout PE/ HT disorders

No change in Preterm delivery/ No change in Preterm delivery/ SGA/ NND SGA/ NND

NUTRITIONAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTSSUPPLEMENTS

ZINCZINC

Brit Med J 1989 - Acta ObG Scand Brit Med J 1989 - Acta ObG Scand 19961996

MAGNESIUMMAGNESIUM

Am J Ob G 1989Am J Ob G 1989 FISH OIL - Omega 3 Fatty acidsFISH OIL - Omega 3 Fatty acids

Brit J Ob G 1996Brit J Ob G 1996

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