7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
1/67
7/13/2012
Artificial Recharge Techniques
7/13/2012
Present Status of
Groundwater Availability and
Artificial Recharge Techniques
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
2/67
Benefits of Artificial
Recharge?
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
3/67
Groundwater pollution
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
4/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
5/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
6/67
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
120
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
water level(m-BGL) population (million)
Linear (water level(m-BGL)) Linear (population (million))
Groundwater Depletion
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
7/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
8/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
9/67
7/13/2012 Water Resources Management 9
Groundwater Budget/SustainabilityGround water recharge
Ground water discharge
Balance
Stage of Ground water Development
Static groundwater reserves
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
10/67
7/13/2012 Water Resources Management 10
Groundwater Budget
Groundwater RechargeRecharge due to precipitation = 7.48 mcm
Recharge due to bunded area
(10% of rainfall rec = 7.48 mcmRecharge due to Kharif pumping
20% Kharif pumping = 17 mcm
Recharge due to return flow from well irrigation
=20% of 20% of withdrawal = 3.4 mcm
Recharge due to Canal seepage = 4.68 mcm
Total groundwater recharge = 146.76 mcm
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
11/67
7/13/2012 Water Resources Management 11
Groundwater discharge
Discharge from pumps = 57.67 mcm
Discharge from mhots = 19.8 mcm
Total groundwater discharge from wells = 77.47 mcm
Live stock consumption = 7.74 mcm
Total withdrawal in the area = 85.33 mcmGround water balance = 146.78- 85.33 = 62.45 mcm
Stage of development= Draft/Discharge *100
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
12/67
Categorisation of Blocks
Safe < 70%
Semi-Critical 70 to 90 %
Critical 90 to 100%Over exploited > 100 %
7/13/2012 Water Resources Management 12
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
13/67
Categorization of blocks in
GujaratOE Critical Semi-
Critical
Safe
31 7 43 107
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
14/67
7/13/2012 Water Resources Management 14
Static Ground water reserves
Static groundwater reserves upto a depth of 20 mUntapped saturated thickness = 12m (20-8)
Static gw reserves = 1100* 0.0092*12= 121.44 mcm
Static groundwater reservesFor the existing depth of the wells
Area = 1100 sq.km
Average specific yield = 0.0092
Present static water level = 8m
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
15/67
Water Availability, Demand and Supply
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
16/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
17/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
18/67
Aquifer 1
Aquifer 2
Aquitard 2
Aquifer 3
Up to 200 m BGL
250-350 m BGL
400 and above m BGL
Aquitard 1
Multiple Aquifers
Groundwater Modeling in DhamarBasin, Yemen
f f
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
19/67
Aquifer 1 Aquifer 2 Aquifer 3
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
20/67
Artificial recharge is required
Sealing of natural recharge areas due to
paving of streets, airports, buildings etc
Diversion and export of water which otherwise
percolate
Drought mitigation strategies
Due to over exploitation and decline of
water levels
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
21/67
Need for artificial recharge
Overall deficit in budget and deficit is increasing every
year the ground water recharge by itself may or may not form a
complete remedy.
water conservation measures like drip and sprinkler irrigationsystems,
regulating the groundwater by legislation etc.
Water budget is surplus but seasonal difficiencies
Build additional groundwater storage
Conserve groundwater to use in lean period
Drinking and industrial use to be included in Planning
artificial recharge projects
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
22/67
Source of water availability
Four types of source of water may be availablefor causing artificial recharge
1) Insitu precipitation on the watershed,
2) Surface (canal) supplies from largereservoirs located with in a basin
3) Surface supplies through trans basin water
transfer4) Partially treated waste water.
li
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
23/67
water quality
The quality of source of water is veryimportant in case direct recharge
techniques are used especially when
partially treated water is used forrecharge.
This will lead to decisions about
extent and type of treatment required,
arrangements for treatment plants and
the cost of source of water etc.
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
24/67
Suitability of hydro geologic and
topographic situation
The hydro geological investigations are needed :
for recharge, thickness, aerial extent and aquiferparameters of these potential zones;
the groundwater levels and patterns of groundwaterflow and the
chemical quality of the groundwater.
The existing dug wells and tube wells should beutilized for the study of ground water flow pattern, its
fluctuation and for collection of water samples for
geochemcial studies.
Detailed hydro geological mapping is required
A ifi i l h h i
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
25/67
Artificial Ground Water Recharge
Direct Method Indirect Method Combination Methods
Induced MethodSubsurface Method
Surface Spreading
Basin
Ditch & Furrow
Flooding
Irrigation
Injection Wells
Recharge Pits /Shafts
Stream Channel Connector Wells
Surface Methods
Infiltration galleries
Collector Wells
Pumping Wells
Aquifer Modification
Bore hole blasting
Hydro fracturing
GW Conservation
Dams/ Stop dams
Water harvesting
str.
Artificial Recharge Techniques
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
26/67
Surface Spreading techniques(1) Flood and ditch and
furrow
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
27/67
Surface Spreading techniques(2)Flood and ditch and furrow
In i tration asins
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
28/67
In i tration asins
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
29/67
Spread channel
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
30/67
Injection well recharge(1)
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
31/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
32/67
Hydro fracturing
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
33/67
Injection well recharge(2)
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
34/67
water level at Naonodara 24-08-01
0
5
10
15
5 15 30 160
280
400
520
640
Time in Minutes
Waterlev
elin(m)
water level
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
35/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
36/67
Recharge pits and shafts
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
37/67
Stop Dam
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
38/67
A topographic unit drained at a common
point by a system of streams
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
39/67
Minnesota GIS/LIS Consortium
Spring Workshops 2001 Page 39
Traditional watershed delineation manuallyusing contours on a topographic map.
A watershed boundarycan be sketched by
starting at the outlet
point and following the
height of land definingthe drainage divides
using the contours on a
map.
Outlet Point
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
40/67
Treatment Areas
Non arable lands
Arable lands
Drainage line treatment
1. Upper Reaches
2. Middle Reaches3. Lower Reaches
Upper reaches / Non arable lands
http://www.kar.nic.in/watershed/landtreat.htmhttp://www.kar.nic.in/watershed/landtreat.htmhttp://www.kar.nic.in/watershed/landtreat.htm7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
41/67
UPPER REACHES
Upper reaches / Non arable lands-
Gully Formation
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
42/67
Brushwood Check dam
UPPER REACHES
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
43/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
44/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
45/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
46/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
47/67
Ready made check dam
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
48/67
Ready made check dam
UPPER REACHES
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
49/67
7/13/2012
Gabian structure
UPPER REACHES
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
50/67
UPPER REACHES
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
51/67
( Upper to Middle Reaches)
Bench Terracing( Upper to Middle
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
52/67
g( pp
Reaches)
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
53/67
4.00.3
2.5
MIDDLE REACHES
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
54/67
MIDDLE REACHES
1. Arable Land - Production Systems
2. Drops in Waterways
3 Contour and Staggered trenches
(Upper to middle)
4 Terraces (Upper to middle)
4 Dug out farm pond
5 Live Bund
6 Graded Bunds(Middle to Lower)
MIDDLE REACHES
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
55/67
MIDDLE REACHES
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
56/67
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
57/67
Middle and Lower Reaches
LOWER REACHES
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
58/67
LOWER REACHES
1. Small Storage Dams
2. Contour bunds/ Graded bunds3. Field bunds
4. Spill ways
Middl d L R h
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
59/67
Middle and Lower ReachesContour bunds
Contour Bund Design
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
60/67
H
BERM
Burrow PitContour BundT
L h F b d
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
61/67
Lower reaches -Farm bunds
Lower reac es Spi ways, out et, Stream anprotection orks
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
62/67
protection works
Lower reaches- Small
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
63/67
Storage dams
Concrete Check dam Earthen Check Dam
Nalla BundCement Plug
C t f i tifi i l h t t ( $/ 3)
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
64/67
Artificial Recharge
StructureInitial Cost Running Cost
Injection well
(alluvial area)100 100
Spreading Channel
(alluvial area)
9 10
Percolation Tank
(alluvial area)2 7
Injection well(limestone area) 6 21
Spreading Channel
(limestone area)7 6
Cost of various artificial recharge structures( $/m3)
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
65/67
Recharge Estimation techniques
GROUND WATER LEVEL
FLUCTUATION METHOD:
Sy= Specific Yield
H= Change in water level
A= Area of influence/ Study area
Benefits from Water Harvesting & Water
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
66/67
1. Ground water rechargestudy has indicated that recharge of 138.47 MCM of runoff water during a
drought year became possible. In a normal rainfall year with 2 overflows
assumed, the generated capacity could be 307.71 MCM.2. Benefit to wells
In total 62225 wells were benefited from the Checkdams constructed in the five
reference districts.
3. Benefits to agricultureAbout 20 lac bighas of land could be protected against draught due to 10257
check dams.4. Cost benefit
Expenditure per checkdam was Rs. 1,58,000. Total benefits of Rs. 2,51,582
could be obtained in three years.
5. Drinking water problemAbout 70 % of farmers opined that shortage of drinking water and of grass
could be lessoned.6. Impact on land prices
Average price hike of Rs. 19,244 per bigha was estimated.
7. Benefits experienced by peopleIn some villages people had to buy water through tankers for ten to eleven
months at the cost of Rs. 200 to Rs. 250 per month. This period was curtailed
by six months due to check dams. The hand pumps which were found dried upearlier were also found live because of recharge.
Conservation Schemes
7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT
67/67