Art RechargeGJIT

7/31/2019 Art RechargeGJIT

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7/13/2012

Artificial Recharge Techniques

7/13/2012

Present Status of

Groundwater Availability and



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Benefits of Artificial

Recharge?


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Groundwater pollution


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-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

120

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040

water level(m-BGL) population (million)

Linear (water level(m-BGL)) Linear (population (million))

Groundwater Depletion


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7/13/2012 Water Resources Management 9

Groundwater Budget/SustainabilityGround water recharge

Ground water discharge

Balance

Stage of Ground water Development

Static groundwater reserves


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Groundwater Budget

Groundwater RechargeRecharge due to precipitation = 7.48 mcm

Recharge due to bunded area

(10% of rainfall rec = 7.48 mcmRecharge due to Kharif pumping

20% Kharif pumping = 17 mcm

Recharge due to return flow from well irrigation

=20% of 20% of withdrawal = 3.4 mcm

Recharge due to Canal seepage = 4.68 mcm

Total groundwater recharge = 146.76 mcm


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Groundwater discharge

Discharge from pumps = 57.67 mcm

Discharge from mhots = 19.8 mcm

Total groundwater discharge from wells = 77.47 mcm

Live stock consumption = 7.74 mcm

Total withdrawal in the area = 85.33 mcmGround water balance = 146.78- 85.33 = 62.45 mcm

Stage of development= Draft/Discharge *100


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Categorisation of Blocks

Safe < 70%

Semi-Critical 70 to 90 %

Critical 90 to 100%Over exploited > 100 %



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Categorization of blocks in

GujaratOE Critical Semi-

Critical

Safe

31 7 43 107


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Static Ground water reserves

Static groundwater reserves upto a depth of 20 mUntapped saturated thickness = 12m (20-8)

Static gw reserves = 1100* 0.0092*12= 121.44 mcm

Static groundwater reservesFor the existing depth of the wells

Area = 1100 sq.km

Average specific yield = 0.0092

Present static water level = 8m


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Water Availability, Demand and Supply


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Aquifer 1

Aquifer 2

Aquitard 2

Aquifer 3

Up to 200 m BGL

250-350 m BGL

400 and above m BGL

Aquitard 1

Multiple Aquifers

Groundwater Modeling in DhamarBasin, Yemen

f f


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Aquifer 1 Aquifer 2 Aquifer 3


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Artificial recharge is required

Sealing of natural recharge areas due to

paving of streets, airports, buildings etc

Diversion and export of water which otherwise

percolate

Drought mitigation strategies

Due to over exploitation and decline of

water levels


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Need for artificial recharge

Overall deficit in budget and deficit is increasing every

year the ground water recharge by itself may or may not form a

complete remedy.

water conservation measures like drip and sprinkler irrigationsystems,

regulating the groundwater by legislation etc.

Water budget is surplus but seasonal difficiencies

Build additional groundwater storage

Conserve groundwater to use in lean period

Drinking and industrial use to be included in Planning

artificial recharge projects


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Source of water availability

Four types of source of water may be availablefor causing artificial recharge

1) Insitu precipitation on the watershed,

2) Surface (canal) supplies from largereservoirs located with in a basin

3) Surface supplies through trans basin water

transfer4) Partially treated waste water.

li


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water quality

The quality of source of water is veryimportant in case direct recharge

techniques are used especially when

partially treated water is used forrecharge.

This will lead to decisions about

extent and type of treatment required,

arrangements for treatment plants and

the cost of source of water etc.


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Suitability of hydro geologic and

topographic situation

The hydro geological investigations are needed :

for recharge, thickness, aerial extent and aquiferparameters of these potential zones;

the groundwater levels and patterns of groundwaterflow and the

chemical quality of the groundwater.

The existing dug wells and tube wells should beutilized for the study of ground water flow pattern, its

fluctuation and for collection of water samples for

geochemcial studies.

Detailed hydro geological mapping is required

A ifi i l h h i


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Artificial Ground Water Recharge

Direct Method Indirect Method Combination Methods

Induced MethodSubsurface Method

Surface Spreading

Basin

Ditch & Furrow

Flooding

Irrigation

Injection Wells

Recharge Pits /Shafts

Stream Channel Connector Wells

Surface Methods

Infiltration galleries

Collector Wells

Pumping Wells

Aquifer Modification

Bore hole blasting

Hydro fracturing

GW Conservation

Dams/ Stop dams

Water harvesting

str.



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Surface Spreading techniques(1) Flood and ditch and

furrow


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Surface Spreading techniques(2)Flood and ditch and furrow

In i tration asins


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In i tration asins


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Spread channel


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Injection well recharge(1)


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Hydro fracturing


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Injection well recharge(2)


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water level at Naonodara 24-08-01

0

5

10

15

5 15 30 160

280

400

520

640

Time in Minutes

Waterlev

elin(m)

water level


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Recharge pits and shafts


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Stop Dam


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A topographic unit drained at a common

point by a system of streams


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Minnesota GIS/LIS Consortium

Spring Workshops 2001 Page 39

Traditional watershed delineation manuallyusing contours on a topographic map.

A watershed boundarycan be sketched by

starting at the outlet

point and following the

height of land definingthe drainage divides

using the contours on a

map.

Outlet Point


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Treatment Areas

Non arable lands

Arable lands

Drainage line treatment

1. Upper Reaches

2. Middle Reaches3. Lower Reaches

Upper reaches / Non arable lands
http://www.kar.nic.in/watershed/landtreat.htmhttp://www.kar.nic.in/watershed/landtreat.htmhttp://www.kar.nic.in/watershed/landtreat.htm


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UPPER REACHES

Upper reaches / Non arable lands-

Gully Formation


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Brushwood Check dam

UPPER REACHES


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Ready made check dam


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Ready made check dam

UPPER REACHES


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7/13/2012

Gabian structure

UPPER REACHES


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UPPER REACHES


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( Upper to Middle Reaches)

Bench Terracing( Upper to Middle


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g( pp

Reaches)


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4.00.3

2.5

MIDDLE REACHES


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MIDDLE REACHES

1. Arable Land - Production Systems

2. Drops in Waterways

3 Contour and Staggered trenches

(Upper to middle)

4 Terraces (Upper to middle)

4 Dug out farm pond

5 Live Bund

6 Graded Bunds(Middle to Lower)

MIDDLE REACHES


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MIDDLE REACHES


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Middle and Lower Reaches

LOWER REACHES


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LOWER REACHES

1. Small Storage Dams

2. Contour bunds/ Graded bunds3. Field bunds

4. Spill ways

Middl d L R h


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Middle and Lower ReachesContour bunds

Contour Bund Design


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H

BERM

Burrow PitContour BundT

L h F b d


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Lower reaches -Farm bunds

Lower reac es Spi ways, out et, Stream anprotection orks


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protection works

Lower reaches- Small


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Storage dams

Concrete Check dam Earthen Check Dam

Nalla BundCement Plug

C t f i tifi i l h t t ( $/ 3)


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Artificial Recharge

StructureInitial Cost Running Cost

Injection well

(alluvial area)100 100

Spreading Channel

(alluvial area)

9 10

Percolation Tank

(alluvial area)2 7

Injection well(limestone area) 6 21

Spreading Channel

(limestone area)7 6

Cost of various artificial recharge structures( $/m3)


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Recharge Estimation techniques

GROUND WATER LEVEL

FLUCTUATION METHOD:

Sy= Specific Yield

H= Change in water level

A= Area of influence/ Study area

Benefits from Water Harvesting & Water


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1. Ground water rechargestudy has indicated that recharge of 138.47 MCM of runoff water during a

drought year became possible. In a normal rainfall year with 2 overflows

assumed, the generated capacity could be 307.71 MCM.2. Benefit to wells

In total 62225 wells were benefited from the Checkdams constructed in the five

reference districts.

3. Benefits to agricultureAbout 20 lac bighas of land could be protected against draught due to 10257

check dams.4. Cost benefit

Expenditure per checkdam was Rs. 1,58,000. Total benefits of Rs. 2,51,582

could be obtained in three years.

5. Drinking water problemAbout 70 % of farmers opined that shortage of drinking water and of grass

could be lessoned.6. Impact on land prices

Average price hike of Rs. 19,244 per bigha was estimated.

7. Benefits experienced by peopleIn some villages people had to buy water through tankers for ten to eleven

months at the cost of Rs. 200 to Rs. 250 per month. This period was curtailed

by six months due to check dams. The hand pumps which were found dried upearlier were also found live because of recharge.

Conservation Schemes


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