JUNE,2000:.NUDomainbeginsusingthe
“*”ARRRecordinthe.NUzonefile(wildcardAddressResourceRecord).
2ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,
March9,2010
Whyusethewildcard?
ToservetheGlobal(non‐Englishspeaking)Internetcommunity(RFC1591),underestablishedInternetstandards(RFC1034)bygivinguserssimpleaccesstotheirownlanguagesandcharactersetsontheInternet.
3ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,
March9,2010
Limited“LocalLanguage”DNSsoluHonsin1999:I.Keywords:RegisteredUniformResourceIdenHfiers(URI)withbrowser‐basedplug‐ins– Netpia:KoreanKeywords(SHllacHve2010)– 3271:ChineseKeywords(terminated2008)
– CNNIC:Chinese“InternetKeyword”(acHve2010)– RealNames/Microso`:Alllanguages’Keywords(Terminated2002)
– IDN‐S.Net:Chineselanguage,otherURIsICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,
March9,2010 4
AlternaHve“LocalLanguage”soluHonsin1999:II.DirectDNSso4waresupport:non‐standardDNSpatchessupporHngnaHvecharacters– CNNIC:LaunchedanaHonaltest– JPNIC:Same
– KRNIC:Same– SomeArab‐languageccTLDoperators– IDN‐S/Net:Terminateda`erIETFStandardsset
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 5
AlternaHve“LocalLanguage”soluHonsin1999:III..NUDomain’sMul=lingualWebAddress:– Developedin1999– MetallcurrentInternetstandards– LaunchedatICANNCairomeeHngin2000– Nobrowserplug‐inrequired– PrecursortoIETF’sIDNStandardsof2003(RFC3490,3491,RFC3492)
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 6
III.(ConHnued)
.NU’sMul=lingualWebAddressService:
FollowedIETFandW3Cstandards– ASCIIcharactersin.nuzonefile(STD13,RFC1034)– WildcardARRpointstosingleIPaddr(RFC1034)
– .NU’s“WebRedirect”atIPaddrreceivesnon‐ASCIIhostnamequeries,checksforaregisteredLLURLand,iftrue,findsconjoinedASCIIdomainname.
– LLquerymatchisredirectedtoASCIIURL(W3C)ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,
March9,2010 7
MethodforServingURLswithnon‐ASCIIhostnames
InternetBrowser
TLDNameServersServingWildcardAddressRecord
Registry‐OperatedWebRedirector
CustomerOperatedWeb‐Server
DNSqueryforhostinUTF‐8,ISO‐8859,etc.
ReplydirecHngclienttowebredirector
HTTPrequestinUTF‐8,ISO‐8859,etc.
HTTPredirecttoASCIIwebsite
PlainASCIIrequestforwebpage
Webcontentdelivered
8ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,Copyright.NUDomain,March9,2010
WebRedirectorInternalLookupLogic
IteraHvetriallookupengine
HostnameLLRegistryDatabasekeyedinUTF‐8
UTF‐8transcoder
UTF‐8ISO‐8859‐1
XML
CP1250
Shi`‐JIS
BIG5
Etc.
9ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,Copyright.NUDomain,March9,2010
.NU’sMul=lingualWebAddressService:WhoDevelopedit?PaulMockapetris,SeniorTechnicalAdviser
Author,RFC1034andRFC1035;inventoroftheDNS;formerARPANetworkingProgramManager;formerChairof:theResearchWorkingGroupoftheFederalNetworkingCouncil,theIETFandtheIESG;formerIABmember.
CurrentlyChairmanandChiefScienHstatNominum.
MarcBlanchet,Manager,So`wareDevelopmentCo‐chair,IETFInternaHonalizedDomainNames(IDN)workinggroup(2000–2001);Author,RFC3491,“Nameprep:AStringprepProfileforInternaHonalizedDomainNames(IDN)”(2003).CurrentlyVice‐Chair,ISACCIPv6TaskGroupatICTStandardsAdvisoryCouncilofCanada,andPresident,Viagenie
BillSemich,ProjectDirectorFoundingmember,AsiaPacificTopLevelDomains(1998);member,IFWP(1998);iniHaldirector,APTLDiName(IDN)commilee(1998);foundingparHcipant,ICANN(1999,Singapore);iniHalmember,ICANN’sDNSONamesCouncil,Berlin(1999‐2000),FoundingMember,MINC;foundingmemberandcontributor,IETFIDNworkinggroup(2000‐2001);foundingmember,DotAsia,2004;workinggroupmember,ccTLDIDNFastTrackProcess,2008.CurrentlyPresident,.NUDomain.
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 10
.NU’sMul=lingualWebAddressService:ImplementaHonPhases:
PhaseI,1999–2003:ImplementaHon,iniHallaunchandongoingoperaHon.
Twostepprocess:
1.UserRegistersanASCII.nudomainname
2.Signsupfor.NUMLWebAddressserviceusingalocallanguagehostname
TypicalWHOISresponse: DomainName(ASCII):elnat.nu ConjoinedDomainName(UTF‐8):elnät.nu Recordlastupdatedon24‐Feb‐2003 Recordexpireson24‐Feb‐2004
Recordcreatedon24‐Feb‐2002
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 11
≠≠≠
PhaseI
UserExample:OmVärlden.nu(ShowingURLFrame
RedirecHonSourceCode)
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 14
.NU’sMul=lingualWebAddressService:ImplementaHonPhaseII:
2004–2009:TransiHonalAdopHonofIETF2003IDNStandards. 1.NewIDNusersregisterasingle.nuIDNname.ASCII‐encoded“Punycode”domainnameenteredinto.nuzonewithdefinedARR. 2.LegacyuserswhohadpreviouslyregisteredanactualASCIIdomainnamearesHllsupportedviawildcardredirecttoLLHostname;ASCII‐encodedversionofLLHostnameisassigned,enteredinto.nuzone.FinaltransiHonoflegacycustomersatnextrenewal. TypicalWHOISresponseforLegacyuser: DomainName(ASCII):elnat.nu ConjoinedDomainName(UTF‐8):elnät.nu
ConjoineddomainPunycodeForm:xn‐‐elnt‐noa.nu Recordlastupdatedon24‐Feb‐2008
Recordexpireson24‐Feb‐2009 Recordcreatedon24‐Feb‐2002
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 15
≠≠≠
UserExample,PhaseII:Domäin.nu
(NewPunycodeRegistraHon,viewedonabrowserwithoutaPunycodeplug‐ininstalled)
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 16
≠≠≠
UserExample,
PhaseII:Domäin.nu
(NewPunycodeRegistraHon,
viewedonabrowserwith
apunycodeplug‐ininstalled)
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 17
.NU’sMul=lingualWebAddressService:FinalImplementaHon,PhaseIII:2010:TransiHoncompleted,onlyIETFIDNnamessupported
1.All.NUDomainIDNusersmustregisterorrenewasingleIDNname.
ASCII“Punycode”nameenteredinto.nuzonewithdefinedARR.
2.Wildcardremovedfromthe.nuzonefile.
TypicalWHOISresponseforallcurrentusers: DomainName(UTF‐8):elnät.nu
PunycodeForm:xn‐‐elnt‐noa.nu Recordlastupdatedon24‐Febr‐2010
Recordexpireson24‐Feb‐20011 Recordcreatedon24‐Feb‐2002
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 18
≠≠≠
Example,
PhaseIII:.NUIDNregisteredonlyvia
Punycode,withoutwildcard
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 20
Conclusion:
.NUDomainIDNUsersHaveSuccessfullyTransiHonedtotheIETFIDNStandards,andtheWildcardIsNotNeededinthe.NUZone.
IDNHasComeALongWaySince1999!
ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,March9,2010 22
Summary:“IfoneofthecrucialvaluesoftheInternetisinternaHonalcommunicaHon,thenit's
onlyrightfortheInternettoaccommodatethedifferentlanguagesystemspeopleusetocommunicate.”
‐‐BillSemich,1999“.NUdomain’sdevelopmentofthisuniquenewnamingserviceisamajor
breakthroughintheglobalizaHonofInternetdomainnames.Maybeabitofrunningcodewillhelppushalongtheacceptanceofthestandards.”
‐‐PaulV.Mockapetris,2000“Thisisonlythefirststep,butitisanincrediblybigoneandanhistoricmovetoward
theinternaHonalizaHonoftheInternet.ThefirstcountriesthatparHcipate…aregoingtohelptobringthefirstofbillionsmorepeopleonline–peoplewhoneveruseRomancharactersintheirdailylives.”
‐‐RodBeckstrom,ICANNPresidentandCEO,2009
(abouttheccTLDIDNFastTrackimplementaHon)ICANN‐ccNSONairobiWildcardMeeHng,
March9,2010 23