1
2
ANNUAL REPORT 2017
Edited by
Marta Ruiz McEwan
NIPO: 058‐17‐015‐9
3
CONTENTS
1. General Presentation…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
2. Facilities and Infrastructure…………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
2.1 Experimental installations and Laboratories existing at PSA for Solar Thermal
Concentrating Systems………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
2.1.1 PSA Experimental facilities for Solar Thermal Concentrating Systems…… 15
2.1.2 Laboratory of Solar Concentrating Systems Unit……………………………………. 37
2.2 Experimental Installations for Solar Desalination of Water………………………………….. 46
2.2.1 Durability and Characterization of Materials under Concentrated Solar
Radiation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
2.2.2 Advanced Optical Coatings……………………………………………………………………… 49
2.2.3 Solar Reflector Durability Analysis and Optical Characterization…………….. 51
2.2.4 Receivers Testing and Characterization for Concentrating Solar Thermal
Systems…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
2.2.5 Solar Hydrogen………………………………………………………………………………………… 57
2.2.6 Radiometry……………………………………………………………………………………………… 60
2.2.7 Materials and Components for Molten Salt Circuits……………………………….. 61
2.2.8 Materials for Thermal Storage………………………………………………………………… 62
2.2.9 Geometrical Characterization of Solar Concentrators…………………………….. 63
2.3 Experimental Installation for Solar Decontamination and Disinfection of Water…. 65
2.3.1 Solar Treatment of Water Facilities…………………………………………………………. 65
2.3.2 PSA Water Technologies Laboratory………………………………………………………… 73
2.4 Experimental Installations for the Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency in Buildings.. 77
3. Solar Concentrating Systems Unit…………………………………………………………………………………. 79
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79
3.2 Projects…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
3.3 Medium Concentrating Unit…………………………………………………………………………………. 85
3.3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………. 85
3.3.2 Projects…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 85
3.4 High Concentrating Unit……………………………………………………………………………………….. 89
3.4.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………… 89
3.4.2 Project……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 90
3.5 Solar Fuels/Solarisation of Industrial Processes Group…………………………………………. 95
3.5.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
3.5.2 Projects…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
3.6 Thermal Storage Group………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
3.6.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
3.6.2 Projects…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 103
4. Solar Desalination Unit………………………………………………………………………………………………. 105
4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 105 4.2 Projects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 106
5. Water Solar Treatment Unit………………………………………………………………………………………. 111
5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 111 5.2 Projects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 112
6. Horizontal R&D and Innovative activities…………………………………………………………………… 122
6.1 Scientific and Technological Alliance for Guaranteeing the European Excellence in Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy. STAGE‐STE……………………………………………….. 122
6.2 Solar Facilities for the European Research Area: Second Phase. SFERA‐II…………… 126 6.3 Network for Excellence in Solar Thermal Energy Research. NESTER……………………. 127
6.4 Integrating National Research Agendas on Solar Heat for Industrial Processes. INSHIP………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 128
4
6.5 Water Saving for Solar Concentrating Power. WASCOP……………………………………… 129
7. Training and Educational Activities…………………………………………………………………………….. 131
8. Events………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 132
9. Publications……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 143
PhD Thesis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 143
Solar Concentrating Systems……………………………………………………………………………………… 143
Solar Desalination Unit………………………………………………………………………………………………. 148
Water Solar Treatment Unit………………………………………………………………………………………. 152
Energy Efficiency in Building R&D Unit………………………………………………………………………. 158
5
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Integration of the PSA in the CIEMAT organization…………………………………………………… 10
Figure 2. Aerial view of the Plataforma Solar de Almería………………………………………………………… 11
Figure 3. Management and technical services staff grouped in the PSA Management Unit. a)
Direction Unit, b) Administration unit, c) Instrumentation unit, d) IT Services unit, e) Operation unit,
f) Cleaning and maintenance unit, f) Infrastructure unit……………………………………………………… 12‐13
Figure 4. Distribution of permanent personnel at the PSA as of December 2017…………………… 14
Figure 5. Location of the main PSA test facilities for solar thermal concentrating systems……… 15
Figure 6. The CESA‐I facility seen from the Nortt……………………………………………………………………… 16
Figure 7. Aerial view of the experimental SSPS‐CRS facility……………………………………………………… 17
Figure 8. An autonomous heliostat in the CRS field………………………………………………………………… 18
Figure 9. Diagram of the PSA “HTF test Loop” ………………………………………………………………………… 20
Figure 10. Simplified flow diagram of the PSA DISS loop………………………………………………………… 21
Figure 11. View of the DISS plant solar field in operation………………………………………………………… 22
Figure 12. View of the IFL experimental facility (with parabolic‐troughs) using compressed gas as
heat transfer fluid…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
Figure 13. Simplified system diagram of the IFL experimental facility located at the PSA……… 23
Figure 14. Diagram of the TCP‐100 2.3‐MWth parabolic‐trough facility………………………………… 24
Figure 15. Simplified scheme of the PTTL facility…………………………………………………………………… 26
Figure 16. Photo of the linear Fresnel concentrator erected at the PSA………………………………… 27
Figure 17. CAPSOL solar thermal test facility for small‐size parabolic‐trough collectors………… 28
Figure 18. Side view of Kontas test bench and the heating cooling unit………………………………… 29
Figure 19. View of the PROMETEO test facility……………………………………………………………………… 30
Figure 20. View of a parabolic‐dish DISTAL‐ II………………………………………………………………………… 31
Figure 21. Front and back views of the EURODISH………………………………………………………………… 31
Figure 22. HT120 heliostat with new PSA facets…………………………………………………………………… 33
Figure 23. Back side of facet…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
Figure 24. HT120 heliostat in tracking. ……………………………………………………………………………….… 33
Figure 25. Interior view of the PSA SF‐60 Solar Furnace in operation…………………………………… 34
Figure 26. Interior of the SF‐40 solar furnace, showing the parabolic concentrator……………… 35
Figure 27. Concentrator of the SF‐5 Furnace………………………………………………………………………… 36
Figure 28. Molten salt test loop…………………………………………………………………………………………… 36
Figure 29. The PSA SOL‐14 MED Plant (left), double‐effect LiBr‐H2O absorption heat pump (upper
right) and 606‐m2 flat plate solar collector field (bottom right) …………………………………………… 38
Figure 30. The 606‐m2 large‐aperture flat plate solar collector field (AQUASOL‐II) ……………… 39
Figure 31. View of the outside of the CSP+D test bed building with the air coolers1 (left) and partial
view of the interior of the CSP+D test bench (right) ……………………………………………………………… 40
Figure 32. NEP PolyTrough 1200 solar field…………………………………………………………………………… 41
Figure 33. Internal (left) and external (right) views of the Membrane Distillation experimental test
bed within the PSA low‐temperature solar thermal desalination facility……………………………… 42
Figure 34. Bench‐scale unit for testing membranes on isobaric MD……………………………………… 43
Figure 35. Bench‐scale unit for testing MD with flat‐sheet membranes………………………………… 44
Figure 36. Bench‐scale unit for testing FO and PRO……………………………………………………………… 45
Figure 37. Test bed for FO‐RO combination research…………………………………………………………… 46
Figure 38. View of the Metallography Room in the Solar Furnaces building………………………… 48
Figure 39. View of a) Microscopy Room b) Thermogravimetric balance inside of its room…… 48
Figure 40. Advanced optical coatings laboratories equipment……………………………………………… 50‐51
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Figure 41. OPAC solar reflector optical characterization laboratory (left) and durability analysis
laboratory (right) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
Figure 42. Climate chamber with corrosive gases. ……………………………………………………………………… 53
Figure 43. View of the HEATREC test chamber to measure heat losses in solar receiver tubes (left)
and RESOL test bench to measure receiver’s optical efficiency (right) ……………………………………… 54
Figure 44. Test bench for volumetric receiver testing………………………………………………………………… 55
Figure 45. Xenon lamp used in the volumetric receiver test bench at CIEMAT (Madrid) …………… 56
Figure 46. Front view of the lab‐scale regenerative storage system in static arrangement………… 56
Figure 47. Front view of the lab‐scale regenerative storage system in dynamic arrangement…… 56
Figure 48. Indoor Solar Simulation Loop for evaluation of materials for thermochemical cycles… 57
Figure 49. Thermogravimetry analyser and an a 1650 º C electric furnace…………………………………… 58
Figure 50. Outdoor Solar Double Reflection disc and a fluidised bed reactor on the focus…………… 59
Figure 51. Testing of a ORESOL plant in a solar furnace to produce oxygen form regolite…………… 59
Figure 52. View of the PSA Radiometry equipment……………………………………………………………………… 61
Figure 53. IR sensor calibration using a black body……………………………………………………………………… 61
Figure 54. Test bench BES‐I for evaluation of molten salt components………………………………………… 62
Figure 55. The HDR device…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Figure 56. The SUBMA device……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62
Figure 57. Angular deviations (left) and intercept factor (right) of a parabolic‐trough collector
module analysed by photogrammetry………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
Figure 58. View of several CPC photo‐reactors for purification of water. a) CPC facilities I, b) CPC
facilities II…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67
Figure 59. Electro‐Fenton pilot plant coupled with a 2 m2 CPC (ELECTROX) ………………………………… 67
Figure 60. View of new CPC and U‐type photoreactors (NOVA 75 V 1.0) ……………………………………… 68
Figure 61. Solar simulator SUNTEST XLS+……………………………………………………………………………………… 68
Figure 62. a) Equipment for humidity elimination in ozone gas outlet; b) Thermo‐catalytic ozone
destructor; (c) Dissolved ozone sensor………………………………………………………………………………………… 69
Figure 63. a) Nanofiltration pilot plant photo; b) New lavbiew interface for control and automatic
operation of the pilot plant…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 70
Figure 64. UVC pilot plant installed at PSA facilities. …………………………………………………………………… 70
Figure 65. a) Biological pilot plant installed at PSA facilities. b) Solar pilot plant for photocatalytic
generation of hydrogen……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71
Figure 66. Wet Air Oxidation Pilot plant……………………………………………………………………………………… 72
Figure 67. CUV‐5 radiometer (left). View of all solar UV radiometers (inclined and horizontal setup)
used in the Solar Water Treatment Unit (right) ………………………………………………………………………… 72
Figure 68. Cultivation chamber for wastewater crops irrigation reuse at PSA facilities……………… 73
Figure 69. General view of the new PSA Water Technologies Lab……………………………………………… 74
Figure 70. a) General view of the chromatography lab at PSA facilities. b) Metrohm Ion
chromatograph System. C) Agilent Ultra‐fast UPLC‐DAD analyzer. c) SCIEX TripleTOF 5600+
equipment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75
Figure 71. General view of the microbiology lab at PSA facilities……………………………………………… 76
Figure 72. a) SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). b) Optical microscope for FISH technique… 76
Figure 73. (a) CIEMAT’s PASLINK test cell carrying out a thermal test of a PV module, (b) Schematic
drawing of the PAS system, (c) Detail of the rotating device, (d) Exterior of the CETeB Test cell… 77
Figure 74. (a) Solar Chimney, (b) Reference monozone building, (c) ARFRISOL Building Prototype in
use……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 78
Figure 75. ESTCI Project partners in the final general meeting held at Ciudad de La Plata (Argentina)
in October 2017…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80
Figure 76. IEC/TC117 General Assembly meeting at Rabat, October 2017 with PSA participation… 82
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Figure 77. Comparison of the hemispherical spectral transmittance of an uncoated quartz window
and a SiO2 AR coated quartz window…………………………………………………………………………………………… 83
Figure 78. Test bench with mirror segments exposed outdoor in Chile………………………………………… 85
Figure 79. SITEF project: Experimental data during early operation of PROMETEO test facility with
Helisol5A…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
Figure 80. Medium Concentration Group staff working a) at Plataforma Solar de Almería in Tabernas
(Almería) and b) at CIEMAT Headquarters in Madrid…………………………………………………………………… 89
Figure 81. Scheme of the objectives NEXTOWER will pretend to fulfil with the development of the
project…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
Figure 82. Foams absorber on cup level (left) and rotary disc on cup lever (right) ……………………… 92
Figure 83. Local volumetric heat transfer coefficient comparison (left) and local volumetric Nusselt
number comparison (right) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 93
Figure 84. Isolation conductivity as function of the working temperature…………………………………… 93
Figure 85. Digital cameras take images of the target…………………………………………………………………… 94
Figure 86. High Concentration Group Staff working at the Plataforma Solar de Almería (left) and CIEMAT‐
Madrid (right) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
Figure 87. a. Photograph of the reactor array b. Final plant configuration…………………………………… 96
Figure 88. (a) Temperature distribution of CFD simulations. (b) Average temperature in the tube
surfaces distribution……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 98
Figure 89. Oxygen released on the regeneration step from NiFe2O4 and LSC samples………………… 99
Figure 90. Left: H2 evolution during cycling of SiC/SiCf (1200°C in Ar, 1000°C in Ar + steam……… 101
Figure 91. Oresol experiment with hot particles on test platform of the Solar Furnace SF60…… 102
Figure 92. Staff of the Solar Fuels/Solarisation of Industrial Processes Group…………………………… 103
Figure 93. REELCOOP storage prototype experimental data……………………………………………………… 104
Figure 94. Thermal Storage Group staff……………………………………………………………………………………… 105
Figure 95. Pilot‐plant for assessment of combined reverse electrodialysis and membrane
distillation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 107
Figure 96. Members of the UDeS Unit……………………………………………………………………………………… 111
Figure 97. a) S. enteritidis abatement by solar photo‐inactivation and H2O2/solar with 5 mg/L,
10mg/L and 20 mg/L at several solar UVA irradiances under controlled conditions. b) Pilot plants
located at PSA facilities and used for disinfection and decontamination assays of synthetic fresh‐cut
WW, from left to right: ozonation pilot plant, solar CPC reactor and crop camera…………………… 115
Figure 98. a) Imagen of SODIS‐based prototype remarking the physical parameters that will be
assessed during solar disinfection of synthetic rainwater. b) Inactivation of E. coli obtained in the
SODIS‐based prototype under different operational conditions. c) 90L solar reactor for and d) 140L
solar reactor for South Africa at PSA facilities……………………………………………………………………… 116‐117
Figure 99. Best H2 productions for the different sacrificial electron donors and pH values tested
[Cu/TiO2]=0.2 g∙L‐1. The accumulated solar energy (kJ∙L‐1) associated to each energy production
appears attached to each column…………………………………………………………………………………………… 118
Figure 100. Photo‐electro‐Fenton pilot plant (4 electro cells combined with a solar CPC) for testing
in TRICERATOPS project…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 119
Figure 101. UWW disinfection by solar photocatalytic (photo‐Fenton) and photochemical (solar
photo‐inactivation and H2O2/solar) processes under natural sunlight within CPC reactor: a)E. faecalis
b) Salmonella sp c) E. coli and d) Total coliforms inactivation profiles against cumulative solar UV
dose delivered by unit of time and volume of water treated (QUV) ………………………………………… 120
Figure 102. Samples tested in Round Robin Test of optical measurements (Task 8.2.4.2) (a) and
example of corrosion spot localized during the round robin test of solar reflectors (Task 8.1)
(b)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… 123
Figure 103. Comparison of the 4 different configurations without coating and with two different
coatings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 124
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Figure 104. Comparison of the hemispherical reflectance of the pebbles coated with Pyromark 2500
located at different positions before and after the tests for the configuration 3x13mm………… 124
Figure 105. (Left) Web interface of the medium temperature solar collectors database developed in
the framework of the STAGE‐STE project, and (right) example of datasheet of a particular collector
generated by the web tool……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 126
Figure 106. 3rd SFERA Doctoral Colloquium organized by PSA‐CIEMAT in Hotel Rodalquilar (Almeria,
Spain) (6‐8 of June 2016) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 127
Figure 107. Picture of the test bench for the anti‐soiling coating for reflectors (left) and absorber
tubes (right) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 130
Figure 108. Picture of the implantation of the new equipment to be installed at PSA facilities… 130
Figure 109. Steam generator already purchased at PSA facilities……………………………………………… 131
9
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summarize of CPC pilot plants at PSA facilities………………………………………………………… 66
10
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nditions, up
echnology lo
amed IFL
ugh collecto
PTTL) facility
facility with
and complete
d DISTAL, an
of them wit
(5 kWth).
d qualificati
al energy sys
est facilities for
ATORIES EXI
R THERMAL
SA related to
s, 6 and 2.5‐
erimental sys
oduction res
to 500ºC an
oop.
r field with a
y
h thermal oil
e collectors.
d 2 EuroDish
th horizonta
on of small
stems, name
r solar thermal
STING AT
CONCENTRA
o solar therm
MWth respe
stem for two
search with
d 100bar.
associated 1
(the so‐calle
h units.
l axis (60 kW
parabolic t
ed MOSA
concentrating s
PSA FOR S
ATING SYSTE
mal concent
ectively.
o‐phase flow
parabolic‐t
15‐m3 therm
ed HTF Test
Wth and 40
trough colle
systems
SOLAR
MS
rating
w and
rough
mal oil
loop)
kWth)
ectors,
16
These
sectio
collec
conce
The
techn
to be
outdo
demo
The 6
The C
receiv
CESA
helio
conce
applic
chem
exper
e experimen
ons, groupe
ctors and Pa
entration an
2.1.1.1 C
PSA has tw
nology comp
e undertake
oor facilities
onstration.
6 MWth CESA
CESA‐1 plan
ver solar pla
A‐1 plant is a
stats, solar
entrated hig
cations that
mical or high
riments.
ntal installatio
ed by the t
arabolic Dish
d/or temper
CENTRAL REC
wo exception
ponents and
n and techn
s specially co
A‐1 Plant
nt was inaug
ants and ena
very flexible
receivers,
gh flux solar
require hig
h‐temperatu
Fi
ons and othe
ype of tech
hes), having
rature tests.
CEIVER FACIL
nal facilities
applications
nologies vali
onditioned fo
gurated in M
ble the deve
e facility ope
thermal sto
radiation me
h photon co
ure processe
igure 6. The CES
er with less
hnology use
a special sec
LITIES: CESA‐
for the te
s. The SSPS‐
dated in the
or scaling an
May 1983 t
elopment of
rated for tes
orage, solari
easurement
oncentration
es, surface
SA‐I facility see
importance
ed (Central
ction for the
1 AND CRS
sting and v
‐CRS and CES
e hundreds
nd qualifying
to demonstr
the necessa
sting subsyst
ized gas tu
instrumenta
ns on relativ
treatment
en from the Nor
are describe
receiver sys
e Solar Furna
validation of
SA‐1 facilitie
of kilowatts
g systems pri
rate the fea
ry technolog
tems and com
rbines, cont
ation. It is al
ely large su
of materials
rth
ed in detail in
stems, Line‐
aces for very
f central re
es enable pr
s range. The
ior to comm
asibility of c
gy. At presen
mponents su
trol systems
lso used for
rfaces, such
s or astrop
n next
‐focus
y high
ceiver
ojects
ey are
mercial
entral
nt, the
uch as
s and
other
as in
hysics
17
Direc
helio
0.91,
mrad
world
gene
and p
helio
repla
To th
helio
the to
The m
typica
is foc
The S
The S
Solar
conti
acted
small
The h
Marie
manu
ct solar radia
stats distrib
the solar tra
d. The CESA‐
d, with first
ration units
prototypes d
stat field is i
cement and
he north of t
stat prototy
ower.
maximum th
al design irra
cused on a 4‐
SSPS‐CRS 2.5
SSPS‐CRS pla
Power Sys
nuous electr
d as the ther
l solar receiv
heliostat fiel
etta. A seco
ufactured by
tion is collec
uted in 16
acking error
‐1 facility ha
t generation
with reflect
developed by
n good work
drive mecha
he CESA‐1 s
pes, one loca
ermal powe
adiance of 95
‐m‐diameter
5 MWth facil
ant was inau
stems) proje
ricity genera
rmal storage
vers in the 20
d is compos
ond field nor
y MBB and AS
Figure
cted by the fa
rows. The h
on each axis
s the most
n units man
tive facets m
y CIEMAT an
king conditio
anism maint
olar field are
ated 380 m
r delivered b
50 W/m2, ac
r circle and 9
lity
ugurated as p
ect in Sept
ation, it initia
medium. At
00 to 500 kW
ed of 91 39.
rth of it has
SINEL.
7. Aerial view o
acility’s 330
heliostats ha
s is 1.2 mrad
extensive ex
nufactured b
manufacture
nd SOLUCAR
on due to a st
enance and
e two additio
away from t
by the field o
chieving a pe
90% in a 2.8‐m
part of the I
ember 1981
ally used a r
t present, th
Wth capacity
.3 m2 first g
s 20 52‐m2
of the experime
x 250‐m sou
ve a nomin
and the refl
xperience in
by SENER a
ed by ASINEL
R. In spite of
trategic prog
replacement
onal areas u
the tower an
onto the rec
eak flux of 3
m circle.
nternationa
1. Originally
receiver cool
is test facilit
range.
generation u
and 65‐m2
ental SSPS‐CRS
uth‐facing fie
al mean ref
ected beam
glass‐metal
nd CASA as
L and third
f its over 20
gram of cont
t.
sed as test p
nd the other
eiver apertu
.3 MW/m2.
l Energy Age
y conceived
ed by liquid
ty is mainly d
nits manufac
second‐gen
facility.
eld of 300 39
flectance va
image quali
l heliostats
s well as se
generation
years of ag
tinual mirror
platforms fo
500 m away
ure is 6 MWt
99% of the p
ency’s SSPS (
to demon
d sodium tha
devoted to t
ctured by M
eration heli
.6‐m2
lue of
ty is 3
in the
econd
facets
e, the
r‐facet
or new
y from
th at a
power
(Small
strate
at also
esting
Martin‐
ostats
18
The o
of its
centr
resea
or ca
Techn
The n
mrad
W/m
collec
The 4
and a
platfo
calor
and s
TN‐ca
The S
execu
acces
heat
These
windo
uses
flux v
At 25
a few
Figure
original SSPS
s heliostats
ralized contr
archers. This
bling, was m
nology’s PRO
nominal aver
d per axis and
2, total field
cted in a 2.5‐
43‐m‐high m
are prepared
orm is at th
imetric test
solar reactor
apacity crane
SSPS‐CRS to
ution of a w
ss to pressu
flux sensors
e micro sen
ow. The indi
a water‐coo
values.
5 m level, a c
w meters from
8. An autonom
S‐CRS heliost
into comple
rol communi
first autono
made possible
OFIT program
rage reflectiv
d the optical
d capacity is
‐m‐diameter
metal tower h
d for testing
e top of the
bed for the
rs for hydrog
e and a 1000
ower is equi
wide range of
urized air (2
s with a 6.32
sors are pla
irect measur
oled heat flu
antilever wit
m the apertu
mous heliostat i
at field was
etely autono
icated by ra
omous helios
e by financia
m.
vity value of
l reflected be
2.5 MWth a
r circumferen
has three tes
g new receiv
e tower at 4
e evaluation
gen product
0‐kg‐capacity
pped with a
f tests in the
9dm3/s, 8b
2 mm front‐
aced on a m
rement syste
x sensor as
th heat shiel
ure.
n the CRS field.
improved se
omous units
dio using a
stat field, wh
al assistance
the field is a
eam quality
and its peak
nce and 90%
st platforms.
vers for the
43 m, and h
of small at
tion. The tow
y rack elevat
a large qua
e field of sol
ar), pure ni
stan
stea
60k
cap
wat
for
pro
con
A h
mea
con
at
com
dire
mea
‐face diamet
moving bar w
em works op
a reference
d can be use
.
everal years
s powered b
concept dev
hich does no
from the Sp
actually 90%,
is 3 mrad. U
k flux is 2.5 M
% in a 1.8‐m c
. The two fir
ermochemica
houses an en
mospheric‐p
wer infrastru
or.
ntity of aux
lar thermal c
itrogen supp
ndard‐bottle
am generato
kg/h of ste
acity of up
ter (ASTM ty
use in steam
cess, and th
nsisting of Eth
hybrid heat
asure the i
ncentrated b
the SSPS‐
mprises two
ect and the
asurement
ter and a res
which is mou
ptically with
for converti
ed to positio
ago with the
by photovol
veloped and
ot require th
panish Minist
, the solar tr
nder typical
MW/m2. 99%
circumferenc
st are locate
al application
nclosed room
pressure volu
ucture is com
xiliary device
chemistry. A
plied by two
es (50dm3
ors with ca
eam, cooling
p to 700 kW
ype 2) from a
m generators
e data netw
hernet cable
flux measur
ncident sola
y the heliost
‐CRS tower
measureme
e other ind
system con
sponse time
unted in fro
a calibrated
ing grey‐scal
n a (optical o
e conversion
ltaic energy,
patented b
he use of cha
try of Scienc
racking error
conditions o
% of the pow
ce.
ed at 28 and
ns. The thir
m with cran
umetric rece
mpleted wit
es that allow
All test levels
o batteries
3/225bar)
pacity of 20
g water w
W, deminer
a 8m3 buffe
s or directly
work infrastru
e and optical
rement syste
ar power th
tat field is lo
r. This m
ent systems
direct. The
nsists of se
in microsec
ont of the re
d CCD camer
le levels into
or IR) camer
n of all
, with
by PSA
annels
ce and
r is 1.2
of 950
wer is
26 m
d test
e and
eivers,
h a 4‐
w the
s have
of 23
each,
0 and
with a
ralized
r tank
in the
ucture
fibre.
em to
hat is
ocated
ethod
s, one
direct
everal
conds.
eactor
a that
o heat
a only
19
2.1.1.2 LINEAR FOCUSING FACILITIES: HTF, DISS, INNOVATIVE‐FLUIDS TEST LOOP,
FRESDEMO, CAPSOL, KONTAS AND PROMETEO
At present, PSA has several linear‐focusing solar collector facilities for both parabolic‐trough
and Linear Fresnel collectors. Many of these experimental installations, such as the innovative‐
fluids test loop or the DISS plant, are the only one of their kind in the World, and place the PSA
in a privileged worldwide position for research and development of new parabolic‐trough
collector applications. The main characteristics of these facilities are briefly explained below.
The HTF Test Loop
The HTF test loop was erected in 1997 and it is an ideal facility for evaluating parabolic‐trough
collector components under real solar energy operating conditions. The facility is appropriately
instrumented for qualifying and monitoring of the following components:
New designs of parabolic‐trough collectors (up to 75 m long)
Parabolic‐trough collector mirrors
Parabolic‐trough collector absorber tubes
New designs of ball‐joints or flex‐hoses for connecting parabolic‐trough collectors in
the solar fields.
Solar tracking systems.
The facility consists of a closed thermal‐oil circuit connected to several solar collectors of 75‐m
long connected in parallel (up to three collectors can be installed in parallel), being able to
operate only one at a time. The east‐west rotating axis of the solar collectors increases the
number of hours per year in which the angle of incidence of the solar radiation is less than 5º.
The thermal oil used in this facility (Syltherm 800®) has a maximum working temperature of
420°C and a freezing point of ‐ 40ºC.
The facility’s oil circuit, which has a maximum working pressure of 18 bar, is made up of the
following elements:
1‐m3‐capacity oil expansion tank, with automatic nitrogen inertisation.
Oil circuit sump tank.
Mechanical‐draft oil cooler, with air speed control and 400‐kW maximum cooling.
Centrifugal oil pump, with a flow rate of up to 8.3 litres per second.
Two 40‐kW electric oil heaters.
The first EUROtrough collector prototype developed by an European consortium with the
financial aid of the European Commission was installed and evaluated under real working
conditions at this facility in 1998 and it this collector is now used to evaluate and qualify new
designs of receiver tubes, reflectors and other components for parabolic‐trough collectors.
Main activities at the HTF test loop are related to study the optical and thermal performance
of complete parabolic‐trough collectors (optical efficiency, IAM coefficient, and global
efficiency/heat losses) and receiver tubes.
20
Figure 9. Diagram of the PSA “HTF test Loop”.
The DISS experimental plant
This test facility was erected and put into operation in 1998 for experimenting with direct
generation of high‐pressure‐high temperature (100 bar/400ºC) steam in parabolic‐trough
collector absorber tubes. It was the first facility built in the world where two‐phase‐flow
water/steam processes in parabolic‐trough collectors could be studied under real solar
conditions.
The facility (see Figure ) consists of two subsystems, the solar field of parabolic‐trough
collectors and the balance of plant (BOP). In the solar field, feed water is preheated,
evaporated and converted into superheated steam at a maximum pressure of 100 bar and
maximum temperature of 400ºC as it circulates through the absorber tubes of a 700‐m‐long
row of parabolic‐trough collectors with a total solar collecting surface of 3.838 m2. The system
can produce a nominal superheated steam flow rate of 1 kg/s. In the balance of plant, this
superheated steam is condensed, processed and reused as feed water for the solar field
(closed loop operation).
In 2012, within the DUKE Project, three additional parabolic‐trough collectors were installed in
the solar field and all the absorber tubes were replaced by new ones, to increase up to 500°C
the temperature of the superheated steam produced, enabling to generate direct steam at
100bar and 500°C.
OILEXPANS.VESSEL1.5 m³
S
OE
N
TT
OIL PUMP30 m³/h
OIL COOLER400 kW
OIL COOLER200 kW
PT
FT
FT
N2 SUPLY
EUROTROUGH
RELIEF VALVE 22 BAR
PDT
TT
TT
TT
PA021
TTTT
DRIVE PILON
DRIVE PILON
DRIVE PILON
DRAIN TANK
FT
OIL HEATER40 kW
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
TT
TT
TT
TT
TTTT
TT
TEST COLLECTOR
TEST COLLECTOR
21
Facili
also
Recir
(the i
are n
point
for fu
field,
sectio
has a
Amon
ty operation
equipped w
culation (pe
intermediate
not used in th
ts along the
ull system m
pressure dr
ons of the a
database w
ngst the capa
Compone
generatio
steam se
n is highly fle
with a comp
rfectly differ
e water‐stea
his operating
collector ro
onitoring (fl
rops in collec
bsorber tube
where 5‐s pro
Figur
acities assoc
ent testing
on (DSG) in
parators, spe
exible and c
lete set of
rentiated eva
m separator
g mode) and
w). The facil
ow rates and
ctors and pip
es, etc.) and
ocess data ar
re 10. Simplified
ciated with th
for parabo
their receiv
ecific instrum
an work fro
valves allow
aporation an
r and the rec
d in Injection
lity is provid
d fluid temp
ping, tempe
d a data acqu
re recorded 2
d flow diagram
his facility ar
olic‐trough c
ver tubes (r
mentation, e
m very low
wing the sol
nd superheat
circulation p
n mode (feed
ded with a w
peratures in t
rature and t
uisition and
24 hours a da
of the PSA DISS
re the follow
collector sol
receivers, ba
etc.).
pressures u
ar field to b
ting zones),
ump located
d water is inj
wide range o
the various z
thermal grad
process cont
ay.
S loop
ing:
ar fields w
all joints or
p to 100 ba
be configure
for Once‐Th
d in the sola
jected in diff
of instrumen
zones of the
dients in the
trol system
with direct s
flexholes, w
r. It is
ed for
rough
r field
ferent
tation
e solar
cross
which
steam
water‐
22
Innov
The p
trans
opera
The e
which
Figure
Study and
Study and
type of so
Thermo‐h
homogen
vative Fluids
purpose of
sfer fluid in p
ating conditi
experimenta
h houses the
e 12. View of th
d developme
d optimizatio
olar field.
hydraulic stu
neous heat fl
Figure
Test Loop (p
this experim
parabolic‐tro
ons.
al test loop i
e equipment
he IFL experime
ent of contro
on of the op
udy of two‐p
ux.
e 11. View of th
pressurized g
mental facilit
ugh collecto
is located no
necessary fo
ental facility (wi
ol schemes fo
perating proc
phase of wa
he DISS plant so
gases) in par
ty is to stud
ors, evaluatin
orth of the
or its contro
ith parabolic‐tro
or solar field
cedures that
ater/steam i
olar field in ope
abolic‐troug
dy the use
ng their beha
DISS experim
l and data ac
oughs) using co
s with DSG.
must be im
n horizontal
eration
h collectors
of pressuriz
aviour under
mental plant
cquisition.
ompressed gas
mplemented i
l tubes with
zed gases as
r a diversity o
t control bu
as heat transfe
in this
h non‐
s heat
of real
ilding,
er fluid.
23
The IFL facility was originally designed to work at pressures and temperatures of up to 100 bar
and 400ºC, and consists of the following components:
Two East‐West‐oriented EUROtrough parabolic‐trough collectors, each 50 m long with
a 274.2‐m2 collector surface. The collectors are connected in series.
A 400‐kW air‐cooler able to dissipate the thermal energy in the fluid delivered by the
collectors. It has two 4‐kW motorized fans.
A blower driven by a 15‐kW motor which supplies the gas flow rate necessary to cool
the receiver tubes adequately.
A data acquisition and control system that allows the temperature, flow rate, pressure,
beam solar irradiance and humidity in the system to be completely monitored.
Automatic control valves that allow precise, safe variation in the collector fluid feed
flow rate.
An auxiliary circuit for filling the main test loop with the gas used as heat transfer fluid.
Since testing at 400ºC was successfully completed at the end of 2009, this facility was then
upgraded to achieve temperatures of up to 515ºC and it was connected to a two‐tank molten‐
salt thermal storage system to test their joint capacity for collecting and storing solar thermal
energy with a view to making use of them in dispatchable high‐performance thermal cycles.
This increase in test loop design conditions to 100 bar and 515ºC made the implementation of
different improvements necessary (conventional absorber tubes in one of the two collectors
were replaced with advanced high‐temperature tubes, stainless steel pipes were installed for
the high temperature zone and changes were made in the control system).
Figure 13. Simplified system diagram of the IFL experimental facility located at the PSA.
Gas filling system
Gas air-cooler
Parabolic-trough collector #2
Parabolic-trough collector #1
[email protected] kg/s
Gas-to-molten salts HX
24
TCP‐1
This t
therm
The T
instal
comp
of 5.7
1.71
receiv
work
The s
400ºC
oil st
maxim
This
parab
solar
solar
100 2.3‐MW
test facility w
mocline stora
TCP‐100 sola
lled in three
posed of eigh
77 m. The to
n, the geom
ver tubes us
ing fluid is Sy
solar field is
C. Thermal e
torage tank
mum workin
test facility
bolic trough
tracking sys
tracking sys
Wth parabolic
was impleme
age tank with
ar field is com
parallel loop
ht parabolic
otal solar co
metrical inter
ed in this so
yltherm‐800
s connected
energy can b
with a tota
ng temperatu
Figure 14. Di
is specially
solar fields.
stem develo
tem with co
c‐trough faci
ented in 2014
h 115 m3 of
mposed of si
ps, with two
trough mod
llecting surfa
cept factor i
lar field were
.
to a 10 m3
be transferre
al volume of
ure of 300°C
iagram of the T
y designed
This is the r
oped by PSA,
ntinuous mo
ility
4, and it is c
Santotherm
ix parabolic
o collectors in
ule with a to
ace of each
is ≥0.95, and
e delivered b
3 oil expans
d from the s
f 176 m3 an
.
TCP‐100 2.3‐MW
to perform
reason why t
, while the t
ovement.
omposed of
‐55 oil.
trough colle
n series with
otal length o
collector is
d the peak o
by Archimed
ion tank for
solar field pr
nd 115 m3
Wth parabolic‐t
studies rel
two collecto
third loop is
the TCP‐100
ctors, mode
hin each loop
of 100 m and
545 m2. The
ptical efficie
es Solar Ene
r a maximum
imary circuit
of Santothe
rough facility
ated to con
or loops are p
s provided w
0 solar field,
el TER‐MOPO
p. Each collec
d a parabola
e focal dista
ency is 77.5%
ergy (Italy) an
m temperatu
t to a therm
erm 55 oil w
ntrol system
provided wit
with a comm
and a
OWER,
ctor is
width
nce is
%. The
nd the
ure of
ocline
with a
ms for
th the
mercial
25
The Parabolic Trough Test Loop (PTTL) facility
This large test facility is implemented in a 420mx180m plot of the PSA and it is composed of
two solar fields:
the North field is designed to install with a E‐W orientation complete parabolic trough
collectors with a maximum unit length of 180 m. Up to four complete collectors can be
installed in parallel.
the South field is designed to install complete loops of parabolic trough collectors
(PTCs), i.e. several collectors connected in series, with a maximum length of 640 m and
oriented North‐South. Up to four complete loops can be installed in parallel.
Each field is provided with a complete oil circuit installed on a 30mx30m concrete platform
between the two fields, and both circuits share: an oil expansion tank with a capacity of 30 m3,
a gas‐fired oil heater with a thermal power of 250 kW, a meteorological station equipped with
solar radiation, ambient temperature and wind sensors, and the data acquisition system (DAS).
Additionally to these common elements, the oil circuit associated to the North and South fields
are composed of:
North field: one oil pump (75 m3/h) provided with speed control, one oil cooler
refrigerated by air (1.5 MWt) able to cold the oil down to 70°C when the ambient air
temperature is 40ºC, oil piping connecting the circuit to the common elements (i.e.,
expansion tank and oil heater).
South field: one oil pump (125 m3/h) provided with speed control, one oil cooler
refrigerated by air (4 MWt), oil piping connecting the circuit to the common elements
(i.e., expansion tank and oil heater).
Each oil circuit is also provided with an oil draining tank big enough to receive all the oil
existing in the circuit, a complete set of instrumentation to monitor: oil mass flow, pressures
and temperatures, as well as control valves to regulate the oil flow to desired values according
to the tests.
This outdoor life‐size test facility offers the following capacities:
qualification of complete PTC prototypes assessing their optical peak efficiency,
incidence angle modifier and thermal losses,
evaluation of durability and reliability of PTC mirrors, receiver tubes, ball‐joints, flex
hoses, sun tracking systems and all the elements installed in complete rows of
collectors,
Evaluation of PTC solar field control algorithms
26
The F
The F
This
amon
loop
450°C
This p
it is s
work
CAPS
CAPS
testin
envir
FRESDEMO L
FRESDEMO l
100m‐long,
ng 1200 face
is designed
C.
pilot facility
supplied with
ing modes: p
SOL Facility
SOL is a conc
ng of sma
onmental co
Fi
Loop
oop is a “Lin
21‐m‐wide
ets mounted
for DSG at
is presently
h solar steam
preheating, e
centrating so
all‐sized, h
onditions.
gure 15. Simpli
near Fresnel
module has
in 25 paralle
a maximum
connected t
m at differen
evaporation
olar thermal
igh‐precision
ified scheme of
concentrato
s a primary
el rows span
m pressure o
o the piping
nt pressures
and superhe
energy test
n parabolic
f the PTTL facilit
or” technolo
mirror surf
nning the len
of 100 bar a
system of th
and temper
eating.
facility desi
c‐trough so
ty
ogy pilot dem
face of 1433
ngth of the lo
nd maximum
he PSA DISS
atures for te
gned and bu
olar collect
monstration
3 m2, distri
oop. This col
m temperatu
plant from w
esting in the
uilt at the PS
tors under
plant.
buted
lector
ure of
where
three
SA for
real
27
The f
cond
press
(aper
the p
the f
pyrhe
the in
200°C
param
ambi
This t
small
facility is de
itions: fluid
sures up to
rtures up to
parameters r
facility has a
eliometer (E
nlet and out
C range). In
meters, such
ent tempera
test facility m
l parabolic‐t
Figure 16. Ph
signed to o
temperature
25 bar. It a
3 m). High‐
required for
a mass flow
ppley, with
tlet of the s
addition to
h as fluid te
ature, wind s
makes it pos
rough collec
hoto of the linea
perate with
es from amb
also allows
precision ins
adequate ev
wmeter (Cor
8 μV/Wm‐2
olar field (4
these instru
emperature a
speed and di
sible to find
ctors: peak o
ar Fresnel conc
pressurized
bient to 230
testing of d
strumentatio
valuation of
riolis‐type, w
sensitivity)
4‐wire PT‐100
uments, the
at various p
rection, etc.
the efficien
optical‐geom
centrator erecte
d water unde
0ºC, flow rat
different col
on has been
parabolic‐tr
with a ±0.1%
and two typ
0 with an ac
facility has
points in the
cy paramete
metric efficie
ed at the PSA.
er a wide ra
tes from 0.3
lector orien
installed for
rough collect
% measurem
pes of tempe
ccuracy of ±
sensors for
e circuit, pre
ers required
ency, inciden
ange of ope
3 to 2.0 m3/
ntations and
r measuring
tors. In part
ment accura
erature sens
±0.3°C in a 1
r measuring
essure, tank
for characte
nt angle mo
rating
/h and
sizes
all of
icular,
cy), a
ors at
100 to
other
level,
erizing
difier,
28
overa
cond
expan
syste
opera
Both
tubes
allow
resist
Figur
parab
KONT
A rot
Plata
frame
now j
The t
lengt
track
preci
The t
inner
whee
moto
all efficiency
itions neede
nsion tank a
m facilitates
ation from th
complete sm
s, reflectors
ws analysis o
tance, compo
e below sho
bolic‐trough
Figure
TAS: Rotary
tary test be
forma Solar
ework of th
jointly used
test bench al
h of up to 2
ing at any d
sion instrum
test bench r
r and an ou
els. The rota
ors driving fo
y and therm
ed for perf
and auxiliary
s monitoring
he control ro
mall‐sized pa
or tracking s
of technical a
onent assem
ows a photo
collectors in
e 17. CAPSOL so
test bench f
ench for pa
r de Almería
e Spanish‐G
by both inst
llows the qu
20 m, i.e. str
desired ang
mentation and
ests on rails
ter ring. Th
tion of the p
our of these w
al losses wh
orming thes
y heating an
g and record
oom.
arabolic‐trou
systems, can
aspects of t
mbly, etc. und
o of the CA
nstalled.
olar thermal tes
for parabolic
rabolic trou
a in 2009. T
erman agre
itutes.
alification of
ructures, ref
le of inciden
d controls fo
s directly mo
e collector
platform on
wheels.
hen collecto
se tests are
nd cooling sy
ding of the
ugh collector
be tested in
he collector
der real oper
APSOL test f
st facility for sm
c trough colle
gh collector
The concept
ement betw
f all collecto
flectors, rece
nce of the
or precise, qu
ounted on to
itself is mou
the rails aro
rs are out o
e reached t
ystems. The
parameters
s and their c
n this facility.
s, such as m
rating condit
acility with
mall‐size parabo
ectors
r componen
t was develo
ween CIEMAT
r componen
eivers and f
solar radiati
uick and auto
op of the fou
unted on a
ound the ce
of focus. The
hanks to th
data acquis
measured a
components,
. Furthermor
materials dur
tions.
two prototy
olic‐trough colle
nts, KONTAS
oped by DL
T and DLR t
ts and comp
lexible joints
on. It is eq
omated mea
undation. Th
steel platfo
ntral bearing
e stationary
he inertia o
sition and co
as well as sy
, such as abs
re, the facilit
rability, stru
ypes of sma
ectors.
S, was erect
R and withi
this test fac
plete module
s. It enables
uipped with
asurements.
hese rails fo
orm with six
g is perform
state
of the
ontrol
ystem
sorber
ty also
ctural
all‐size
ted at
in the
ility is
es of a
s for a
h high
rm an
x steel
med by
29
The c
platfo
flow
meas
dissip
const
and o
mete
PROM
parab
An ex
Alme
starti
PSA t
The E
comp
90 m
in on
contr
troug
The c
config
trans
collector mo
orm. A pump
similar to th
suring princ
pates the en
tant HTF tem
outlet temp
eorological st
METEO: Test
bolic troughs
xperimental
ería. It was d
ing the test c
to be used as
East‐West o
plete collecto
m and mova
ne day thank
rols for prec
ghs 100 m‐lo
collector mo
guration usi
sfer fluid (HT
dule is conn
p circulates S
hat of comm
iple avoidin
nergy the ho
mperature (±
eratures are
tation delive
Figure 18. Sid
t facility for
s
closed loop
esigned and
campaign alo
s testing loop
oriented test
ors of a leng
able joints. It
ks to its orie
cise, quick an
ng and with
odules are c
ng the ad ho
TF) with a ma
ected to a h
Syltherm 800
mercial plant
g uncertain
ot HTF collec
1K) at the in
e highly prec
rs accurate r
de view of Kont
r checking n
p is installed
d erected by
ong the follo
p.
t loop allow
gth of up to 1
t enables sun
entation. It i
nd automate
an aperture
connected to
oc set valve.
ass flow sim
heating and c
0® thermal o
ts. Mass flow
nties of the
cted on the
nlet of the co
cise and ma
radiation and
tas test bench a
new compon
d at the No
the compan
owing year. T
ws the qualif
150 m, i.e. s
n tracking co
is equipped
ed measurem
e of 7.5 m ea
o the balanc
A pump circ
milar to that o
cooling unit,
oil as heat tr
w is measur
density. Th
way throug
ollector. Sen
ay be calibra
d wind data.
and the heating
nents and h
rth‐East are
ny Iberdrola
The pilot plan
fication of a
tructures, re
overing all so
with high p
ments. Curre
ch one insta
ce of plant
culates Sylth
of commerci
which is als
ansfer fluid
red directly
he heating
gh the modu
sors for mea
ated on site.
g cooling unit.
heat transfer
a of the Pla
Ingeniería y
nt was transf
all collector
eflectors, rec
olar radiation
precision inst
ently there a
lled in the pi
(BOP) in pa
herm 800® th
ial power pla
so situated o
(HTF) with a
using the Co
and cooling
ule and ensu
asurement o
. A high pre
r fluids for
ataforma So
y Sistemas in
ferred to CIE
component
ceivers from
n incidence a
trumentatio
are two par
ilot plant.
arallel or in
hermal oil as
ants. Mass f
on the
a mass
oriolis
g unit
ures a
f inlet
ecision
large‐
lar de
n 2010
EMAT‐
ts and
70 to
angles
n and
abolic
series
s heat
flow is
30
meas
coole
the in
preci
wind
Accel
This
powe
repla
conce
defoc
therm
platfo
receiv
trans
The t
the s
than
kWth.
These
above
track
sured directl
er unit dissip
nlet of the co
se and may
data.
2.1.1.3 P
lerated agei
installation
er and two‐a
ced by diffe
entration rec
cusing cycle
mal cycles in
orms can be
vers tests (m
sfer fluid, etc
three parabo
stretched me
the DISAL‐1
. The focal di
e concentrat
e mentioned
ing consists
ly using Vor
pates the co
ollector. Sen
be calibrated
PARABOLIC D
ng test bed a
consists of
axis sun track
erent test pla
ceivers and
s, the prob
n a short tim
used for a l
metal or cera
c.
olic dishes D
embrane tec
above desc
istance is 4.1
tors can be u
d (50 kWth m
in a two‐axis
rtex and diff
llected ener
sors for mea
d on site. A m
Fi
DISH SYSTEM
and materia
3 DISTAL‐II
king system,
atforms to p
perform acc
es placed in
me interval, a
arge variety
mic), tests o
ISTAL‐II (Figu
chnology. Th
ribed (8.5 m
1 m and the m
used for any
maximum an
s azimuth‐ele
ferential pre
rgy and ensu
asurement o
meteorologi
igure 19. View
MS
als durability
type parabo
, In the 3 di
put the mate
celerated tem
n the conce
allowing an a
of applicatio
of small‐size
ure 20) were
hese parabo
m) and the th
maximum co
y experiment
nd 16,000 su
evation syste
essure flowm
ures a consta
of inlet and o
cal station d
of the PROMET
y
olic dish uni
shes, the ini
erials or pro
mperature cy
entrator foc
accelerated
ons: materia
receivers pro
e erected at
lic dishes ha
hermal energ
oncentration
t requiring a
uns peak con
em.
meter types
ant HTF tem
outlet tempe
elivers accur
TEO test facility
ts, with 50
tial Stirling m
totypes at s
ycling. With
us stand a
ageing of th
als tests, air‐c
ototypes wit
t PSA in 1996
ave a diame
gy delivered
n is 16000 su
focus with t
ncentration a
. A controlle
mperature (±
eratures are
rate radiatio
y.
kW total th
motors have
mall scale o
fast focusin
large numb
he material.
cooled volum
th or withou
6 and 1997,
eter slightly
in the focus
ns at the foc
the characte
at the focus
ed air
1K) at
highly
on and
ermal
e been
f high
ng and
ber of
These
metric
t heat
using
larger
s is 50
cus.
eristics
). The
31
The t
Mate
docu
labor
EURO
Unde
and
comp
Stirlin
maxim
test bed fo
erials Labora
ment (secti
ratory existin
ODISH
er the Spanis
erected, di
posite‐mater
ng engines, o
mum concen
or durability
atory existing
ion 2.1.2.1)
ng at Madrid
sh‐German E
iscarding th
rial system.
or to perform
ntration of 1
Fig
Figure 20. Vi
and accele
g at PSA, w
, and with
(section 2.1
UROdish Pro
he stretched
These parab
m any other
6.000 suns a
gure 21. Front a
ew of a parabo
erated mate
which is desc
the durab
1.2.6).
oject, two ne
d‐membrane
bolic dishes
r test requiri
at the focus.
and back views
olic‐dish DISTAL
erials ageing
cribed in the
bility and a
ew dish/Stirl
e technolog
can be use
ng a focus w
The tracking
s of the EUROD
L‐ II.
g is complem
e laboratorie
accelerated
ing prototyp
y and appl
ed to test ne
with 50 kWth
g system is az
ISH
mented wit
es section o
materials a
pes were des
lying a mo
ew prototyp
h maximum
zimuth‐eleva
h the
of this
ageing
signed
oulded
pes of
and a
ation.
32
2.1.1.4 THE SOLAR FURNACES AT PSA
Solar furnaces can be defined as optical systems that concentrate solar radiation in a small
area called focus where high temperatures and thermal fluxes can be reached. They can reach
concentrations of over 10000 suns, the highest energy levels achievable in a solar
concentrating system. Their main field of application are materials testing, either at room
conditions, controlled atmosphere or vacuum, and solar chemistry experiments using chemical
reactors associated with receivers.
A solar furnace essentially consists of a continuously solar‐tracking, flat heliostat, a parabolic‐
dish concentrator, an attenuator or shutter and the test zone located in the concentrator
focus.
The flat heliostat reflects the incoming solar beams on the parabolic‐dish concentrator, which
in turn reflects them on its focus (the test area). The amount of incident light is regulated by
the attenuator located between the concentrator and the heliostat. Under the focus, a test
table movable in three directions (East‐West, North‐South, up and down) places the test
samples in the focus with great precision.
There are three solar furnaces fully operational at the PSA: Solar furnace SF60 which has been
in operation from 1991, solar furnace SF5, in operation from 2012 and solar furnace SF40
which started operating in 2014.
SF‐60 Solar Furnace
The SF60 consists basically in a 120 m2 flat heliostat that reflects the solar beam onto a 100
m2 parabolic concentrator which in turn concentrates the incoming rays on the focus of the
parabola, where the tested specimens are placed. The incoming light is regulated by a
louvered shutter placed between the heliostat and the concentrator. Finally a test table
movable on three axis is used to place the specimens in the focus.
In this furnace, the heliostat collects solar radiation and redirects it to the concentrator. The
heliostat’s reflective surface is made up of flat, non‐concentrating facets, which reflect the
sun’s rays horizontally and parallel to the optical axis of the parabolic‐dish concentrator,
continuously tracking the sun.
The only heliostat associated with the SF‐60 consists of 120 flat facets, with 1 m2 reflecting
surface each. These facets have been designed, manufactured, assembled and aligned by PSA
technicians. Every facet is composed of a 1 m2 reflecting surface and 3 mm thick Rioglass flat
mirror silvered on its back (second surface mirror). Solar Furnace Technicians are also
responsible of a new method of fixation of the facet on a frame that minimizes deformation of
the reflecting surface. Figures 22 and 23 show the new heliostat and a detail of the back side of
the facet respectively.
33
F
The p
curve
from
energ
The s
axis t
focus
The t
unde
other
The c
focus
geom
lamb
1000
Figure 22. HT12
parabolic co
ed facets dist
the focus. It
gy in the focu
shutter (atte
to control th
s is proportio
test table is a
r the focus
r and positio
combination
s which is w
metry and is
ertian target
W/m2 are:
20 heliostat wit
ncentrator is
tributed alon
t concentrate
us.
nuator, see
he amount o
onal to the ra
a mobile sup
of the conc
ons the test s
of all of the
what charact
characteriz
t. The chara
peak flux, 30
h new PSA face
s the main f
ng five radii
es the incide
Figure 24. H
Figure4) con
of sunlight in
adiation that
pport for the
entrator. It
sample with g
component
terizes a sol
ed by a CC
cteristics of
00 W/cm2, to
ets.
feature of th
with differen
ent sunlight f
HT120 heliostat
nsists of a set
ncident on t
t goes throug
e test pieces
moves on th
great precisi
ts described
lar furnace.
D camera h
the focus w
otal power, 6
Figure
his solar furn
nt curvature
from the hel
t in tracking.
t of horizont
the concentr
gh the shutte
or prototyp
hree axes (X
ion in the foc
lead to the f
This distrib
hooked up t
with 100% ap
69 kW, and f
23. Back side o
nace. It is m
s depending
iostat, multi
tal louvers w
rator. The to
er.
es to be test
X, Y, Z) perp
cal area.
flux density d
ution usuall
o an image
perture and
focal diamet
of facet.
ade of sphe
g on their dis
iplying the ra
which turn on
otal energy
ted that is lo
pendicular to
distribution
ly has a Gau
processor
solar radiat
er, 26 cm.
rically
stance
adiant
n their
in the
ocated
o each
in the
ussian
and a
ion of
34
SF‐40
The
distan
cover
back
furna
12 cm
type
parab
It bas
parab
The f
plane
focal
syste
vacuu
0 Solar Furna
new SF‐40
nce of 4.5 m
red with 0.8
by a ring s
ace reaches a
m diameter
that is para
bola.
sically consi
bolic concent
focus of the
e, the beam
area, which
m and vacu
um, so that t
Figure 25. I
ace
furnace con
m. The conce
‐mm adhesi
patial struct
a peak conce
and rim ang
bolic concen
sts of a 100
trator, slats
SF40 is arr
rays incident
h turn the be
um chambe
the specimen
nterior view of
nsists mainly
entrator surf
ve mirrors o
ture to give
entration of
gle a= 50.3°.
ntrator, focu
0 m2 reflect
attenuator,
anged on th
t in focus is r
eam to the h
er –MiniVac
ns are not ox
f the PSA SF‐60
y of an 8.5‐
face consists
on the front.
it rigidity a
5000 suns a
Its optical a
us and helios
ting surface
and test tab
he vertical p
rotated 90º,
horizontal p
2‐, which al
xidized durin
Solar Furnace
‐m‐diameter
s of 12 curve
. The parabo
and keep it
and has a po
axis is horizo
stat are align
flat heliosta
le with three
plane. In ord
using a tilte
lane. The fa
llows tests i
ng tests.
in operation
parabolic‐d
ed fiberglass
ola thus form
vertical. The
wer of 40 kW
ontal and it i
ned on the o
at, a 56.5 m
e axis movem
er to work
d, cooled mi
cility is com
n controlled
dish, with a
s petals or se
med is held a
e new SF40
W, its focus
is of the “on
optical axis o
m2 projecting
ment.
on the horiz
irror placed
mpleted with
d atmospher
focal
ectors
at the
solar
size is
n‐axis”
of the
g area
zontal
at the
a gas
re and
35
SF‐5 S
Desig
that r
It is c
its fo
temp
cham
It dif
furna
aligne
horiz
arran
placin
gravit
It bas
surfa
there
conce
conce
room
Solar Furnac
gned and bu
require high
called SF5 ‐S
ocus diamete
perature, un
mber, called S
ffers substan
aces, as it op
ed on the o
ontally align
nged in a hor
ng them dire
ty in those te
sically consis
ce facing the
e is a 100 m2
entrator. At
entrator, the
m, a louver at
Figure 26.parabolic c
ce
ilt at the PS
radiant flux,
olar Furnace
er is 2.5 cm
nder vacuum
Spherical Cha
ntially from
erates in a v
ptical axis o
ned. The ma
rizontal plane
ectly in the f
ests in which
sts of a 8.7
e floor, on a
2 flat heliost
the top of
ere is a test
ttenuator is p
Interior of tconcentrator.
SA, this syste
, strong grad
e 5, by its 5 k
, and is ma
m and contr
amber, prov
that existing
vertical axis, i
of the parab
ain advantag
e, so that the
focus, witho
h the treatme
m2 concent
18 m high m
at, whose ce
the tower,
table. Final
placed.
the SF‐40 sola
em is in ope
dients and ve
kW power‐,
inly devoted
rolled atmos
vided with a
g PSA Solar
i.e., paraboli
oloid, while
ge of vertica
e samples m
out a holder,
ent requires
trator mirror
metallic tow
entre of rota
in the test
ly, under th
ar furnace, sh
eration from
ery high temp
reaches con
d to heat tr
sphere cond
gas system a
Furnace SF
ic concentrat
that in mos
al axis solar
may be treate
avoiding pr
surface mel
r, placed ups
wer; in the ce
ation is aligne
room, and 2
e test table
howing the
2012 and is
peratures.
ncentrations
eatment of
ditions, for
are used.
60 and mos
tor and helio
st existing so
furnaces is
ed on a horiz
roblems of lo
ting of the s
side‐down w
entre of the b
ed with the
2 m below t
and at floor
s focused to
above 7000
materials at
which a va
st operating
ostat are ver
olar furnace
that the fo
zontal surfac
oss of mater
pecimens.
with the refle
base of the
optical axis
the vertex o
r level of th
o tests
0 suns,
t high
acuum
solar
rtically
es, are
ocus is
e, just
rial by
ecting
tower
of the
of the
e test
36
MOSA
This ma two
Twsa
A 29
A pa
Twflo
2.1.1.5 T
A: Molten Sa
molten salt to‐tank config
wo tanks, onalts. thermal oil l90oC. CO2‐moltenarabolic trouwo flanged sow meters, h
THERMAL STO
alt Test Loop
test loop is aguration. Wit
ne vertical, fo
loop that can
n salt heat exugh collectorsections, wheheat trace, p
Figure 27. Con
ORAGE FACIL
p for Therma
Figure 2
a replica of a th 40t of mo
or hot molten
n be used fo
xchanger for rs. ere differentumps…) can
centrator of th
LITIES
al Energy Sys
8. Molten salt t
thermal enelten salts pla
n salts, and a
r heating the
heating the
t component be tested.
e SF‐5 Furnace
stems
test loop.
ergy storageant, this facil
another hori
e salt up to 3
salt up to 50
ts for this typ
.
system withity consists b
zontal, for co
380oC and co
00oC with CO
pe of loops (e
h molten saltbasically in:
old molten
ooling it to
O2 supplied
e.g. valves,
ts and
by
37
Being a set up which is a reduced scale of a commercial two‐tank molten salt storage system, everything related to this type of systems can be tested in this facility.
For more information see: M. M. Rodríguez‐García, and E. Zarza, “Design and Construction of an Experimental Molten Salt Test Loop”, Proceedings of the 17th International SolarPACES Conference, Granada, 2011.
Applications
Checking of components (pumps, valves, flowmeters, etc.) for their use in a molten salt medium.
Optimization of procedures in normal operation for a two‐tank system configuration. Optimization of procedures in risk situations for a two‐tank system configuration.
Designing recovery procedures. Validation of models and simulation approaches for molten salt thermal systems. Characterization of heat exchangers for molten salt/oil. Characterization of heat exchangers for molten salt/gas. Characterization of thermocline tanks.
2.1.2 EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATIONS FOR SOLAR DESALINATION UNIT
Solar Multi‐Effect Distillation Facility
This facility is composed of the following subsystems:
● A 14‐stage multi‐effect distillation (MED) plant
● A field of stationary large‐size flat plate solar collectors
● A water solar thermal storage system
● A double effect (LiBr‐H2O) absorption heat pump
● A fire‐tube gas boiler
The multi‐effect distillation unit is made up of 14 stages or effects, arranged vertically with
direct seawater supply to the first effect (forward feed configuration). At a nominal 8 m3/h
feedwater flow rate, the distillate production is 3 m3/h, and the thermal consumption of the
plant is 190 kWth, with a performance ratio (number of kg of distillate produced per 2326 kJ of
thermal energy consumed) over 9. The saline concentration of the distillate is around 5 ppm.
The nominal temperature gradient between the first cell and the last one is 40 ºC with a
maximum operating temperature of 70 ºC in the first cell. The system heat transfer fluid is
water, which is heated as it flows through the solar collectors and energy collected is then
transferred to the storage system. The hot water from this storage system provides the MED
plant with the thermal energy required for its operation.
The solar field (AQUASOL‐II) is composed of 60 stationary flat plate solar collectors (Wagner
LBM 10HTF) with a total aperture area of 606 m2 and is connected with a thermal storage
system (40 m3) through a heat exchanger (More details about the solar field are supplied
within its specific subsection).
The double effect (LiBr‐H2O) absorption heat pump is connected to the last effect of the MED
plant. The low‐pressure saturated steam (35 ºC, 56 mbar abs) produced in this last effect
supplies the heat pump evaporator with the thermal energy required at low temperature,
which would otherwise be discharged to the environment, cutting in half the thermal energy
38
consu
syste
(satu
solar
Figure
Test‐
The p
and i
levels
The c
by W
of 60
of 59
of 4 l
loop
conne
filling
pump
the c
(abov
flow
umption req
m is a prop
rated steam
radiation.
e 29. The PSA S
Bed for Sola
purpose of th
its behavior
s.
collector mod
Wagner & Co.
06 m2 and a t
9% for 900 W
loops with 1
with 7 colle
ected in pa
g/emptying s
ped to the co
ollectors is s
ve 100 ºC). T
rate withou
quired by a
pane water‐
m at 180 ºC, 1
SOL‐14 MED Pla
ar Thermal D
his facility is
in the coup
del installed
. The static s
total therma
W/m2 global i
14 large‐aper
ectors in par
arallel, all o
system consi
ollectors at t
spilt either at
The solar fiel
t further reg
conventiona
‐tube boiler
10 bar abs),
ant (left), doubl
flat plate solar
Desalination
the study of
pling with th
is an LBM 1
solar field is
al power out
rradiance an
rture flat pla
rallel per row
of them titl
isting in two
the beginnin
t the end of
d has flow c
gulation. Als
al multi‐effe
r that ensur
as well as o
e‐effect LiBr‐H2
r collector field
Applications
f the efficien
hermal desal
0HTF with a
composed o
tput of 323 k
nd 75 ºC as a
ate collector
w), and one
led 35º sou
o water depo
ng of the ope
the operatio
ontrol valve
o, the facilit
ect distillatio
res the heat
perating the
2O absorption h
(bottom right)
s
ncy of large‐a
ination syste
n aperture a
of 60 collecto
kWth under n
average colle
rs each (two
additional s
uth orientat
osits, from w
eration and w
on or when a
s that permi
ty has an air
on process. T
t pump ope
e MED plant
heat pump (upp
aperture stat
ems at 60‐9
area of 10.1 m
ors with a to
nominal con
ector temper
rows conne
smaller loop
tion. Each r
which the hea
where all the
a temperatu
t to have an
cooler that
The fossil b
erating cond
in the absen
per right) and 6
tic solar colle
90 ºC temper
m2, manufac
otal aperture
nditions (effic
rature). It co
ected in serie
p with 4 colle
row has its
at transfer f
e water volu
re limit is re
n equal distri
allows the
ackup
ditions
nce of
606‐m2
ectors
rature
ctured
e area
ciency
onsists
es per
ectors
s own
fluid is
ume in
ached
buted
entire
39
energ
temp
The f
excha
for a
for th
The f
own
offers
testin
CSP+
This
(CSP)
gene
able
syste
steam
gy dissipatio
perature leve
five loops o
anger. The t
total storag
he fossil back
flexibility of t
valves and p
s the possib
ng purposes.
Fig
D Test Bed:
facility is de
) plants and
rators (250 k
to deliver th
m that raise
m at differe
on from the
els.
of collectors
hermal stora
ge capacity o
kup system t
the solar fiel
pumping syst
ility of coup
gure 30. The 606
Integration
evoted to th
d Desalinati
kW and 500
hermal oil w
es the temp
ent pressur
e solar field
are connec
age system c
of 40 m3. Thi
to reach nom
ld allows the
tem. Each lo
ling it with a
6‐m2 large‐aper
of MED The
he research
ion (CSP+D)
kW) fed by t
with tempera
perature if r
res, which
d, which is
cted with a
consists of t
is volume al
minal operati
e operation o
oop is conne
any low‐tem
rture flat plate
rmal Desalin
of the coup
). The testi
thermal oil c
atures up to
required. Th
allow recre
useful for
thermal sto
two water ta
lows the suf
ng condition
of each loop
ected to an in
mperature the
solar collector
nation & Sola
pling betwee
ng facility
coming from
o 400 ºC and
e steam gen
eating any
efficiency t
orage system
anks connect
fficient oper
ns in the desa
independen
ndividual he
ermal desali
field (AQUASO
ar Thermal P
en concentra
is compose
a parabolic
an auxiliary
nerators are
of the typi
tests at diff
m through a
ted to each
rational auto
alination pla
ntly, through
eat exchange
nation syste
OL‐II)
Power Plant
ating solar p
ed of two s
c trough sola
y electrical p
e able to pro
ical interme
ferent
a heat
other
onomy
nt.
h their
er that
em for
s
power
steam
r field
power
oduce
ediate
40
extra
press
differ
satur
maxim
maxim
and e
plant
steam
bar; 4
devic
conde
coolin
dry c
curre
Fig
Facili
Polyg
sever
field
drink
The p
field
polyg
collec
15.8
ctions or the
sure steam i
rent pipe sec
rated steam
mum flow
mum flow ra
entrained va
t, simulating
m ejectors ca
4 ‐ 2 bar), w
ces. The low
ensers witho
ng topics. Th
coolers proto
ently availabl
gure 31. View o
ity for Polyge
generation is
ral resources
for several s
king water su
purpose of th
of small co
generation s
ctor selected
kW per m
e exhausted
is obtained
ctions (12‐inc
at two diff
rate of 360
ate of 360 kg
apor, respect
the behavio
an work in a
which also m
w‐pressure
out passing
he flexibility
otypes for th
le at the mar
f the outside of
eneration Ap
s an integral
s. In the case
simultaneou
upply and the
his facility is
oncentration
chemes, in
d was the P
odule (0.55
steam avail
by making t
ch diameter)
ferent level
0 kg/h) and
g/h). Both, th
tively, in a t
or of a MED
a wide range
akes this tes
steam can
by the steam
of the test f
heir compari
rket.
f the CSP+D tes
interior of t
pplications
process with
e of solar en
us application
e rest for hea
the prelimin
ratio, the
particular in
Polytrough 1
5 kW/m2) un
lable at a tu
the steam fr
) equipped w
s: 0.074 ba
at 0.16 bar
he high and l
train of four
plant work
e of pressure
st bed usefu
also be co
m ejectors,
facility also a
ison with re
st bed building
he CSP+D test b
h the purpos
ergy, it mak
ns, such as g
ating sanitar
nary study o
determinati
n CSP+D req
200 prototy
nder nomin
rbine of a th
rom the gen
with control v
r/42 ºC (nom
r/58 ºC (nom
ow‐pressure
steam eject
ing with the
e conditions
ul for the ch
ondensed th
with the aim
allows the on
spect to the
with the air coo
bench (right)
se of produc
es use of the
generating e
ry water (ACS
of the behavi
on of its fe
quiring temp
ype by NEP
nal conditio
hermal powe
nerators to f
valves, which
minal flow
minal flow r
e steam can b
tors coupled
rmal vapor
for the mot
aracterizatio
hrough two
m of allowin
n‐site evalua
e convention
olers (left) and
cing two prod
e thermal en
electricity, de
S).
ior of a para
easibility as
peratures aro
Solar. It has
ns, with a
er plant. The
flow throug
h allows ach
rate of 119
rate of 195
be used as m
d to the PSA
compression
tive steam (
on of such k
convention
g research i
ation of inno
nal air conde
partial view of
ducts from o
nergy from a
esalting wat
abolic trough
a heat sou
ound 200 ºC
s a producti
a mean col
e low‐
h two
ieving
9 kg/h,
5 kg/h,
motive
A MED
n. The
40 ‐ 6
ind of
al air
n CSP
vative
ensers
the
one or
a solar
ter for
h solar
rce in
C. The
ion of
lector
41
temp
direct
The f
in ea
therm
polyg
Curre
absor
Test‐
The i
two s
collec
large
conne
stora
units
direct
moni
therm
with t
perature of 2
t normal irra
field is config
ch row. This
mal oil can b
generation ca
ently the sola
rption heat p
Bed for Sola
nstallation i
solar fields o
ctors in serie
‐aperture co
ected to wa
ge, and hav
. The test‐be
t supply of
tored (temp
mal power is
temperature
200 ºC, and e
adiance).
gured with 8
s configurat
e up to 220
an be evalua
ar field is go
pump couple
ar Membrane
s designed f
of flat‐plate
es (Solaris C
ollectors in
ater storages
ve a distribu
eds allow fo
f solar ener
peratures an
s 7 kWth in o
e up to abou
efficiency ov
8 collectors p
ion supplies
°C, so differe
ated.
oing to be us
ed to the PSA
Figure 32. NE
e Distillation
for evaluatin
collectors a
CP1 Nova, by
parallel (LB
s of 1500 litr
ution system
or a stationa
gy without
nd flows) a
ne case and
t 90 ºC.
ver 55% in th
placed in 4 p
125 kW of
ent schemes
sed to gener
A MED plant
P PolyTrough 1
n Application
ng solar the
vailable: on
y Solaris, Spa
M 10HTF, b
res acting as
m which ena
ry heat supp
buffering. T
nd allows f
d 14 kWth in
he range of 1
parallel rows
thermal ene
s for making
ate steam fo
.
1200 solar field
ns at Pilot‐Sc
rmal desalin
e of 20 m2 w
ain), and an
by Wagner S
s heat buffe
bles simulta
ply using the
The installa
for heat flow
the other, a
120‐220 ºC (
s, with two c
ergy. The te
use of the th
or supplying
cale
nation applic
with two par
other one o
Solar, Spain)
rs for therm
aneous conn
e thermal he
tion is fully
w regulation
nd hot wate
(for 1000 W/
collectors in
emperature o
hermal ener
the double‐
cations. Ther
rallel rows o
of 40 m2 with
). Both field
mal regulatio
nection of se
eat storage
y automated
n. The max
er can be sup
/m2 of
series
of the
rgy for
‐effect
re are
of five
h four
ds are
n and
everal
or for
d and
ximum
pplied
42
Figu
The in
desal
work
collec
a hea
modu
manu
1
2
3
4
5
Benc
and D
The in
evalu
of po
has a
close
spare
instal
side.
contr
feed
re 33. Internal
nstallation h
lination unit
ing in open
cted and mix
at dissipatio
ules and has
ufacturers. T
1. Plate and
area 2.8 m
2. Two plat
with tota
three sep
3. Spiral‐wo
4. Two spira
24 m2 eac
5. WTS‐40A
distillatio
membran
h‐Scale Unit
Direct Conta
nstallation c
uating direct‐
olypropylene
a condensati
d at the bo
ed to operat
llation has tw
On the hot
rolled by a th
side of the
(left) and exter
PSA lo
has a separat
ts and as a
or closed l
xed together
on system. T
s a wide ra
The list of MD
d frame air‐g
m2).
e and frame
al membrane
parate modu
ound PGMD c
al‐wound AG
ch.
A and WTS‐40
on technolog
ne area respe
t for Testing
ct Configura
onsists of a t
‐contact, air‐
and designe
ion plate on
ottom to op
te on direct‐
wo separate
t side, there
hermostat (9
module by a
nal (right) view
ow‐temperatur
te water circu
device for s
oop. In the
r to be fed a
The installat
nge of diffe
D modules th
gap (AG) MD
e permeate‐
e area 9 m2)
les connecte
commercial
GMD modul
0B units from
gy using mod
ectively).
g Membrane
ations
test‐bed with
‐gap or perm
ed so that th
the cold sid
erate on pe
‐contact mo
e hydraulic c
e is a tank o
90 ºC maximu
a centrifuga
ws of the Memb
re solar therma
uit that can b
supplying sim
latter case
again into th
tion current
erent comme
hat have bee
D commercia
‐gap (PG) M
), a compact
ed in series f
modules Ory
es from Aqu
m Aquaver,
dules fabrica
e Distillation
h a small pla
meate‐gap m
he membran
de to operat
ermeate‐gap
de. The effe
circuits, one
of 80 liters
um), and circ
l pump. On
brane Distillatio
l desalination f
be used for c
mulated seaw
, both the d
e desalinatio
tly operates
ercial and p
en evaluated
al modules f
D prototype
t one (M33)
for higher en
yx 150 from
uastill with m
based on m
ated by Mem
n application
ate and fram
membrane dis
e can be rep
te on air‐gap
keeping th
ective memb
on the hot
equipped w
culation is m
the cold sid
n experimenta
acility.
cooling (abou
water, with
distillate and
on units afte
with Mem
pre‐commerc
or are unde
from Scarab
es from Kepp
and anothe
ergy recover
Solar Spring
membranes
ulti‐effect va
msys (5.76 m
ns in Air‐Ga
e module tha
stillation. Th
placed very e
p configurat
e distillate i
brane surfac
side and ano
ith an elect
made from th
de there is a
l test bed withi
ut 3.5 kWth)
the possibi
d brine flow
er passing th
mbrane Distil
cial units fro
er evaluation
(total mem
pel Seghers
er which is s
ry (PT5).
(10 m2).
area of 7 m
acuum mem2 and 6.4 m2
ap, Permeate
at can be us
e module is
easily. The m
tion, but it c
inside the g
ce is 250 cm
other on the
tric heater (
he storage an
a chiller (800
in the
in the
lity of
ws are
rough
llation
om all
is:
brane
(both
plit in
m2 and
brane 2 total
e‐Gap
ed for
made
module
can be
gap or 2. The
e cold
3 kW)
nd the
0 W at
43
20 ºC
and t
and p
Figure
Benc
The f
funda
uniqu
1
2
3
4
5
6
C) controlled
the module.
pressure sen
34. Bench‐scal
h‐Scale Unit
facility is a
amental and
ue features t
1. Cell form
distributi
2. Adjustab
VMD, VA
3. Temperat
4. Driving fo
5. Fully aut
touch scr
6. Practical
d by tempera
The circuit
sors, connec
le unit for testin
t for Flat She
high precis
d feasibility
that are esse
mat with rep
on and regim
le MD chan
GMD).
ture precisio
orce tempera
omated con
reen PLC.
A4 format fo
ature and w
is heat insu
cted to a SCA
ng membranes
eet Membran
ion laborato
test trials o
ential for rep
presentative
me to be app
nel configur
on of 0.5 ºC.
ature differe
ntrol system
or membrane
water is circu
lated and fu
ADA system.
s on isobaric MD
ne Distillatio
ory grade re
on membran
resentative a
flow distrib
plicable to fu
ration to all
ence controll
and large
e and conde
lated betwe
ully monitore
D
on Testing
esearch equ
ne distillatio
and scalable
bution. The c
ull scale MD t
channel var
able.
range of po
enser foil mat
een a cold st
ed for tempe
uipment des
n. It posses
results:
cell size is s
technology.
riants (PGMD
ossible param
terials.
torage of 80
erature, flow
signed for t
sses the foll
sufficient for
D, AGMD, D
meter settin
0 liters
w rate
esting
owing
r flow
DCMD,
ngs by
44
Benc
The i
osmo
the d
meas
in pre
pump
up to
hydra
the d
meas
The c
has t
gauge
h‐Scale Unit
installation c
osis (FO) whi
draw solutio
surements. T
essure retar
p (3 L/min; u
o 15 bar are
aulic channe
draw solutio
sure changes
containers h
two conduct
es in each lin
Figure 35. Be
t for Tests w
consists of a
ch can be co
on and two
The hydraulic
rded osmosis
up to 17 bar)
used. The c
els in zig‐zag
on and two
s in the mass
ave an auto
tivity meters
ne and temp
ench‐scale unit
ith 2‐stage F
a test‐bed w
onnected in s
for the fee
c circuit has
s (PRO) mod
are installed
cells have ea
4 mm wide
for the fee
s flow rates o
omatic dosin
s for low sa
erature read
for testing MD
Forward Osm
with two sm
series or in p
ed solution,
been modif
de. For that
d in the draw
ach a total e
e and 2 mm
ed solutions
of the draw s
g system to
alinity and o
dings.
D with flat‐shee
mosis and Pr
mall plate an
parallel. The
, each with
fied so that t
purpose, ste
w side, and c
effective me
deep. The s
, each place
solution and
keep the sa
one for high
t membranes
essure‐Reta
d frame mo
re is, therefo
variable flo
the modules
eel pipes an
ells with ope
mbrane area
ystem uses
ed on a bal
the feed sol
alinities cons
salinity, as
rded Osmos
odules of fo
ore, one pum
ow and flow
s can be ope
d a high‐pre
erational pre
a of 100 cm
one contain
lance in ord
lution of eac
stant. The sy
well as pre
sis
rward
mp for
w‐rate
erated
essure
essure 2, and
er for
der to
ch cell.
ystem
essure
45
Pilot
The p
forwa
The f
with
3.6 m
The r
of wh
able
SWRO
Finall
The i
and i
used
can b
Plant for Stu
plant has thr
ard osmosis;
forward osm
eleven mem
m3/h.
reverse osmo
hich hosting
to work at d
O, BWRO or
ly, there is a
nstallation is
s designed i
as a pre‐tre
be used in PR
Fig
udying Comb
ree different
; (ii) reverse
mosis (FO) un
mbrane leave
osis (RO) uni
4 membran
different pre
NF membra
MF unit with
s completely
n a flexible w
eatment for
RO mode usin
gure 36. Bench‐
binations of
t units that c
osmosis; (iii)
nit uses a 4”
s of 1.5 m2 s
it has 4 vesse
nes. The nom
essures up to
nes can be u
h 3 m3/h nom
y monitored
way regardin
RO, or NF ca
ng the pump
‐scale unit for t
Forward Os
can be coup
) microfiltrat
” spiral‐wou
surface each
els that can
minal flow ra
o a maximu
used.
minal flow ra
with pressu
ng the interc
an be used i
ping system o
esting FO and P
smosis and R
led in differ
tion.
und Cellulose
, supplied by
be connecte
ate is 3 m3/h
m of 80 bar
ate.
re sensors, c
connection o
in combinati
of the RO un
PRO
Reverse Osm
ent ways be
e Triacetate
y HTI. The no
ed in series o
h, and the p
. The unit is
conductivity
of the units,
ion with FO,
it.
mosis
etween them
(CTA) mem
ominal flow r
or in parallel
pumping syst
s designed so
y and flow‐m
so that FO c
, and even t
m: (i) a
brane
rate is
, each
tem is
o that
meters,
can be
he FO
46
2.2 LA
The P
activi
includ
The e
descr
ABORATORY
PSA Solar Co
ity lines and
ded in this la
Durabilit
Develop
reflectiv
Solar ref
Receiver
Solar hyd
Radiome
Material
Material
Geomet
equipment a
ribed in the n
Figu
OF SOLAR CO
oncentrating
d provided w
aboratory are
ty and chara
ment and t
e coatings)
flectors dura
rs testing and
drogen
etry
ls and compo
l for Therma
rical charact
and capaciti
next sections
ure 37. Test bed
ONCENTRAT
Systems Un
with equipme
e the followi
cterization o
testing of a
bility analys
d characteriz
onents for m
l Storage
erization of
es of this la
s
d for FO‐RO com
TING SYSTEM
nit has a larg
ent located
ing:
of materials u
advanced o
is and optica
zation for co
molten salt ci
solar concen
aboratory re
mbination rese
M UNIT
ge distribute
in Almería a
under conce
ptical coatin
al characteriz
oncentrating
rcuits
ntrators
elated to ea
arch
ed laboratory
and Madrid.
ntrated sola
ngs (i.e., se
zation
solar therma
ch of these
y covering se
The activity
r radiation
elective and
al systems
activity line
everal
y lines
anti‐
es are
47
2.2.1 DURABILITY AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS UNDER CONCENTRATED SOLAR
RADIATION
This activity line of the laboratory is focused on the study and evaluation of how the
concentrated solar radiation affects the performance and durability of materials. This is
especially important for materials used for central receivers, thus requiring an accelerated
ageing to study the durability of the most critical components of solar thermal power plants,
not only absorbent materials, but also surface treatment and coatings that increase their
absorptance. It is therefore necessary to find out and study the mechanisms of the physical
degradation, fatigue and breakage of these materials at high temperatures under
concentrated solar radiation.
The equipment associated to this activity is composed of devices located both indoor and
outdoor. The indoor devices are devoted to the metallographic preparation and the analysis of
test pieces treated with concentrated solar radiation and eventually thermal cycling for
accelerated aging, and characterization of solar test by thermogravimetry. These devices are
inside the Solar Furnaces control building and located in four rooms, every one of them
dedicated to different kind of analyses:
- The Metallography Room
- The Microscopy Room
- The Thermogravimetry Room
- The Thermal Cycling Room
The lab’s equipment located in these rooms is listed below:
Metallography Room
- Automatic cut‐off machine: Struers Secotom
- Manual cut‐off machine: Remet TR60
- Mounting press: Struers Labopres‐3
- Vacuum impregnation unit: Struers Epovac
- Polisher: Tegrapol‐15 automatic with Tegradoser‐5 dosing system
- Metallographic polisher 2 plates: LS1/LS2 (Remet)
- Grinder: Remet SM1000
- Ultrasonic bath: Selecta Ultrasons‐H 75ºC with heater
- Fume cupboards: Flores Valles VA 120 960 M‐010‐02
- Power Source programmable: Iso‐Tech IPS 405 for electrochemical attack
- Analytical sieve shaker: Retsch AS 200 Control (Sieves: 20, 10, 5, 2.5 y 1.25 mm and
710, 630, 425, 315, 250, 160, 150, 90, 53 y 32 µm)
- Digital Camera with reproduction table
48
Micro
--
--
----
Therm
-
oscopy Room
- 3D Optica
- Leica DM
motorize
- Olympus
- Struers m
micro Vic
- Manual h
- Surface F
- Balance:
- Balance:
Figure 39
mogravimet
- The ther
range am
FC1600T)
Figure 38. V
m
al Surface M
MI 5000 opt
d table.
optical micr
micro hardne
ckers hardne
hardness test
Finish Measu
Mettler E200
Mettler Tole
9. View of a) the
ry Room
rmogravimet
mbient to 1
) and a therm
View of the Me
etrology Sys
ical microsc
roscope Unio
ess tester Du
ss tester HM
ter
ring Unit ZEI
01/MC max
edo classic m
(a)
e Microscopy R
tric Balance
1750°C) equ
mostatic line
etallography Ro
stem: Leica D
ope with Le
on MC 85647
uramin HMV
MV‐AD 3.12.
ISS Surfcom
60Kg
max 320g / m
Room, b) Therm
SETSYS Evo
uipped with
e to 200°C, w
om in the Solar
DCM 3D
eyca‐IM50 im
7.
‐2 with visua
480 with dat
in 10mg
mogravimetric b
olution18 T
a compact
with a securit
r Furnaces build
mage acquis
alization syst
ta processor
balance inside o
GA, DTA, D
recirculatin
ty box for te
ding
sition system
tem and sof
r
(b)
of its Room.
DSC (Temper
ng cooler (J
ests in presen
m and
ftware
rature
Julabo
nce of
49
H2, and adapted to connect a controlled evaporator mixer and a MicroGC
simultaneously to the equipment. This thermogravimetic Balance has different
possibilities of tests:
a) Tests under pure Hydrogen atmosphere up to 1750°C
b) Tests under pure Oxygen atmosphere
c) Tests under H2O steam with other gases simultaneously.
d) Tests under corrosive atmosphere up to 1000°C
- CEM System (Controled evaporator mixer system) for steam supply.
- Fixed Gas Detector: Dräger Polytron SE Ex, with a control system Regard 1.
Thermal Cycling Room
It includes the instrumentation necessary for thermal cycling:
- two muffle furnaces,
- a high‐temperature kilns,
- a weathering chamber,
- an air‐cooled volumetric receiver test loop and associated instrumentation;
- optical and electronic microscopes,
The indoor devices located in the four rooms described above are complemented by an
electronic microscope installed in its own room, which is shared by the AMES and SCS units,
and with the following specifications.
- Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) ‐ Hitachi, model S‐3400N II, high/low vacuum,
secondary electron image, backscattered electron image, cooling stage and
magnification 5x to 300.000x.
- Energy dispersive x‐ray spectrometer (EDS) Quantax 400
Besides, the SEM room also has environmental secondary electron detector (ESED), a critical
point dryer and sputterer.
The outdoor equipment is composed of several solar‐dish concentrators located close to the
PSA solar furnaces building. These solar dishes are used for thermal cycling under real solar
conditions, with very high solar flux (up to 1200 kW/m2) and high temperatures (from 200°C to
1200°C) and are equipped with different test benches for volumetric and tube configuration
testing.
2.2.2 ADVANCED OPTICAL COATINGS
This laboratory line is devoted to the development and complete study of new selective
coatings for absorbent materials used in solar concentrating systems at medium and high
temperature (up to 600°C), as well as for anti‐reflective treatments for glass covers used in
some receiver designs, such as receiver tubes in parabolic‐trough collectors. The equipment
devoted to this activity line is sufficient to characterize and evaluate coating developments,
and to evaluate the behaviour of other treatments available on the market or developed by
other public or private institutions. The equipment associated to this line may be also used for
50
optic
devot
A sum
al character
ted to the ac
mmary of the
Perkin Elm
Perkin‐Elm
sphere m
Portable
absorpta
substrate
integratin
semi‐cylin
QUV wea
BROOKFI
KSV CAM
Kilns. The
- 120x
- Contr
- 500x4
rization of s
ctivity line de
e equipment
mer LAMBDA
mer Frontier
manufactured
Optosol abso
nce and the
es and abso
ng sphere w
ndrical tunne
athering cham
ELD LVDV‐I+
200 goniom
ere are three
100x300 mm
rolled atmos
400x600 mm
(a)
(c)
solar reflecto
evoted to tes
t available fo
A 950 Spectr
r FTIR spectr
d by Pike (Fig
orber charac
ermal emitt
orber tubes
ith two dete
el which emi
mber, Q‐PAN
Viscometer
eter for mea
e kilns for the
m kiln with a
sphere kiln w
m forced con
ors, thus co
sting and cha
or advanced o
rophotomete
rophotomete
gure 40b)
cterization eq
tance of se
s. The devi
ectors (Figur
its infrared r
NEL, for acce
r.
asuring conta
ermal treatm
maximal tem
with a maxim
vection kiln
omplementin
aracterizatio
optical coati
er (Figure 40
er equipped
quipment: T
lective abso
ce for mea
re 40C). For
radiation at 7
lerated agei
act angles (F
ment:
mperature of
mal temperat
with a maxim
ng the equip
on of solar re
ngs is given
0a).
with a gold‐
his equipme
orbers at 70
asuring abso
measuring e
70°C (Figure
ng tests (Figu
igure 40f).
f 1200°C.
ure of 800°C
mal tempera
(
pment speci
eflectors
below:
‐coated integ
ent measures
0°C, both o
orptance ha
emissivity, it
40e).
ure 40d).
C.
ature of 550º
(b)
(d)
fically
grated
s solar
n flat
as an
has a
ºC.
51
2
The P
reflec
DLR c
mate
optic
optic
Fig. 4
.2.3 SOLAR R
PSA Solar Co
ctor durabilit
called OPAC
erials used as
al paramete
al analysis la
4 left):
Three po
measurin
and 23 m
One port
specular
3.5, 7.5, 1
Reflectom
spatial re
aperture
Perkin El
specular
Nikon D3
parasitic
Zeiss Axio
for findin
Hitachi S3
Parstat 40
General
spectroph
developm
(e)
Fig
REFLECTOR D
oncentrating
ty analysis is
. It is provid
s reflectors i
ers of solar r
ab has the f
ortable spec
ng specular r
mrad).
able specula
reflectance a
12.5 and 23 m
meter protot
esolution of
angles (mod
mer Lambda
reflectance a
3 camera an
reflections.
o microscop
g the profile
3400 electro
000 impedan
Purpose Op
hotometer w
ment of new
gure 40. Advanc
DURABILITY A
g Systems U
s the result o
ed with the
n solar conc
reflectors an
following eq
cular reflecto
reflectance a
ar reflectome
at 460, 550,
mrad).
type for mea
f 10 pixel/m
del SR2, desig
a 1050 spect
accessory wi
nd 90 cm C
e model CSM
es and rough
onic scan mic
nce system t
ptical bench
with advanc
measureme
ced optical coat
ANALYSIS AN
nit activity l
of a joint col
necessary e
centrating sy
nd their poss
uipment for
ometers, De
at 660 nm a
eter, Devices
650 and 720
asuring spec
mm, which
gned and pat
trophotomet
ith 0 to 68º i
Cubalite kit
M 700 (with
ness of high
croscope (SE
to analyse th
h as accesso
ced feature
ent instrume
tings laboratori
ND OPTICAL
line on optic
laborative in
equipment to
ystems. Thes
sible deterio
the optical
evices and S
t different a
s and Service
0 nm and at d
cular reflecta
measures
tented by DL
ter, with 15
ncidence an
for photos
magnificati
ly reflective
M) with EDX
e corrosion
ory for the
s for moun
nts.
(f
es equipment.
CHARACTER
cal characte
nitiative betw
o completely
e labs allow
ration to be
analysis of s
Services Mo
aperture ang
es model MW
different ape
ance in a 5 c
at various
LR).
0‐mm integr
gles (URA).
of specular
ons of 5, 10
surfaces.
X analysis.
of reflector m
Perkin Elm
nting optical
f)
IZATION
rization and
ween CIEMA
y characteriz
the charact
e determined
solar mirror
odel 15R‐US
gles (3.5, 7.5
WR, for meas
erture angle
cm diamete
wavelengths
rating spher
surfaces w
0, 20, 50 and
materials.
mer Lambda
l devices fo
solar
AT and
ze the
eristic
d. The
s (see
B, for
5, 12.5
suring
s (2.3,
r with
s and
re and
ithout
d 100)
1050
or the
52
Attension Theta 200 Basic tensiometer for static and dynamic contact angle
assessment, which is a key parameter to study the performance of the anti‐soiling
coatings applied to solar reflectors and receiver tubes.
The two solar reflector durability analysis labs are designed for accelerated ageing tests of
these materials with the purpose of predicting in a short time, the behaviour of these
materials during their useful lifetime (see Fig. 4 right). To do this, the environmental variables
producing degradation of solar reflectors when they are exposed to outdoor conditions are
applied in a controlled manner, both separately and in combination. The following simulation
equipment is available for these accelerated ageing tests:
ATLAS SC340MH weathering chamber for temperature (from ‐40 to+120ºC), humidity
(from 10 to 90%), solar radiation (from 280 to 3000 nm) and rainfall of 340L.
Vötsch VSC450 salt spray chamber with temperatures from 10 to 50ºC (450L).
Erichsen 608/1000L salt spray chamber with temperatures from 10 to 50ºC.
Two ATLAS UV‐Test radiation chambers where UV light (with a peak at 340 nm),
condensation and temperature can be applied. One of the chambers also includes rain
simulation.
Hönle UVA Cube Ultraviolet radiation chamber.
KÖHLER HK300M acid rain chamber, 300 L and temperatures up to 70ºC and humidity
up to 100%, to apply the Kesternich test.
SC100 heatable water bath, to perform the Machu test, according to the Qualitest
guideline.
Vöstch VCC3 0034 weathering chamber to test the material resistance against
corrosive gasses (335L, see Fig. 5).
Ineltec CKEST 300 test chamber for humidity and condensation testing with
temperatures up to 70ºC (300L).
Memmert HCP108 weathering chamber to apply humidity (20‐95 %) and temperature
(20‐90 °C with humidity and 20‐160 °C without humidity).
Two Nabertherm LT 24/12 and LT 40/12 Muffle Furnaces.
Control Técnica/ITS GmbH sandstorm chamber with wind speeds up to 30ºm/s and
dust concentrations up to 2.5 g/m³.
Erichsen 494 cleaning abrasion device to test the degradation due to the cleaning
brushes, with several cleaning accessories.
Taber 5750 linear abraser to check the materials resistance against the abrasion.
Lumakin A‐29 cross‐cut tester to analyze the possible detachment of the paint layers.
Several devices for thermal cycles specially designed at the PSA.
53
Along
outdo
accel
clean
recen
one t
cond
use,
clean
instru
Figure 4
g with these
oor weathe
erated agei
ning strategy
ntly installed
to accelerat
itions. Finall
such as pre
ning, tools f
umentation f
41. OPAC solar r
e labs, there
r conditions
ng tests, to
y and to ana
d, one to tes
te the reflec
y, the labor
ecision scale
for reflector
for measurin
Fig
reflector optica
e are a serie
s and comp
o study the
lyse the soili
st the influen
ctors degrad
atories are e
es, thermo
r samples p
ng pH, condu
gure 42. Climat
al characterizati
es of outdoo
paring their
effectivene
ing rate. In a
nce of block
dation due t
equipped wi
magnetic st
preparation
uctivity, oxyg
te chamber wit
ion lab (left) an
or test bench
r degradatio
ess of speci
addition, two
king on the c
to UV radia
ith accessori
tirrer, drier,
(cutting and
gen, etc.
h corrosive gas
d durability ana
hes for expo
on with tho
al coatings,
o heliostat t
coatings lifet
tion under
ies necessary
, ultrasonic
d polishing),
es.
alysis lab (right
osing materi
ose found i
to optimiz
test benches
time and an
outdoor we
y for their p
bath for sa
, safety cab
t)
ials to
n the
e the
s were
nother
eather
proper
ample
binets,
54
2
T
This
assoc
HEAT
labor
meas
meas
tube,
the h
levels
of the
done
receiv
null. T
in on
and t
HEAT
than
temp
aroun
parab
Besid
and d
Figure 43
The l
site w
comp
config
.2.4 RECEIV
HERMAL SYS
activity line
ciated to lin
TREC (see fig
ratory condi
suring optica
surements ca
, thus obtain
heat loss by
s in the spac
e selective c
by evaluat
ver tube vs t
The optical e
e measurem
transmittanc
TREC device
62 mm and
perature rang
nd 10‐2 mba
bolic troughs
des HEATREC
devices for p
3. View of the H
ab equipme
with the aim
ponent is a t
gurations an
VERS TESTI
STEMS
comprises
near receiver
gure 43, left
itions and a
al efficiency
an be done
ning a more
radiation. In
ce between t
oating can b
ting the slop
the time dur
efficiency is
ment the rece
ce of the rece
lets to chara
tube length
ging from 10
ar. RESOL is
s, i.e. tubes 4
C and RESOL,
roper manip
HEATREC test ch
ent devoted
m of studying
test bench s
nd its ageing.
NG AND C
both linear
rs is located
t) for measu
an outdoor
of single re
under vacu
uniform tem
n addition, is
the metallic
e then inferr
pe of the te
ing an interv
calculated fr
eiver optical
eiver tube.
acterize heat
lower than
00°C to 500°
s currently c
4060 mm‐lon
the activity
pulation and
hamber to measmeasure recei
to volumetr
g in depth a
specially des
. This test be
CHARACTERI
receivers a
d at PSA an
uring heat lo
test bench
ceiver tubes
um conditio
mperature a
s possible to
absorber tu
red from the
emperature
val of steady
rom a energy
efficiency, i.
t losses of re
4.5 m. Meas
°C. The vacu
configured t
ng and with a
line devoted
monitoring
sure heat losseiver’s optical ef
ric receivers
at lab scale t
signed for th
ench has the
ZATION FO
nd volumet
nd main dev
oss of single
called RESO
s under natu
ons to avoid
along the rec
determine
be and the g
ese measure
of a fluid (
state solar r
y balance of
.e. the comb
eceiver tube
surements ca
uum in the te
to measure
absorber tub
d to linear re
of receiver t
es in solar receivfficiency (right).
is installed
the solar vo
he test of n
flexibility to
OR CONCEN
ric receivers
vices are a t
receiver tu
OL (see figu
ural solar ra
convection
ceiver sectio
heat loss at
glass envelop
s. The optica
(water) circu
radiation wh
the system.
ined value o
s with inner
an be perfor
est chamber
standard re
be diameter
eceivers is eq
ubes.
ver tubes (left) .
at CIEMAT‐M
lumetric tec
ew volumet
study:
NTRATING S
s. The equip
test bench
bes under i
ure 43, righ
diation. Hea
outside the
on and lookin
different va
pe. The emis
al efficiency
ulating insid
en heat loss
The test pro
of the absorp
r diameter g
rmed for abs
r can be set
eceiver tube
of 70 mm.
quipped with
and RESOL tes
Moncloa (M
chnology. Its
tric absorber
SOLAR
pment
called
ndoor
ht) for
at loss
e glass
ng for
acuum
ssivity
test is
de the
es are
ovides
ptance
reater
sorber
up to
es for
h tools
t bench to
adrid)
main
rs and
55
-
-
The m
-
-
-
-
T
is
te
th
4
c
- The press
fluid vel
Forchheim
inertial p
the previ
- The extin
approxim
law.
main equipm
- Receiver
infrared c
- Helicoida
flow‐rate
- Extraction
measurem
- A 4‐kW s
parabolic
The lab‐equip
s compleme
emperature
hermocline
46) and dyn
haracterizat
sure differen
ocity, for t
mer extensio
permeability
ously describ
nction coeff
mate radiatio
ment installed
sub‐system:
camera,
al Air‐Water
e measureme
n system: w
ment, and an
solar simulat
c concentrato
pment descr
nted by an
using hot
storage test
namic (¡Erro
ion of porou
F
nce across th
the determi
on to Darcy
coefficient.
bed installati
ficient of dif
on analysis i
d in this test
: with 24 K‐t
Heat Exchan
ent, a water
ith 1 k‐type
n air blower.
or, installed
or (Figure 45
ibed above t
indoor smal
air as heat
t bench (of a
or! No se e
us beds.
igure 44. Test b
he volumetr
ination of t
y’s law: the
A differentia
ion, for the p
fferent med
n semi‐tran
bench (Figu
type thermo
nger sub‐sys
pump and 2
thermocoup
.
in CIEMAT‐
5) that can re
to study volu
ll facility to
transfer flu
about 0.1 m
encuentra e
bench for volum
ic absorber f
the main p
viscous perm
al pressure
properties de
diums, whic
sparent med
re 44) is:
ocouples, 2 s
tem: with 4
surface ther
ple, 1 PT100
Moncloa ma
each fluxes o
umetric rece
study therm
uid. This sm
m3) as experim
el origen d
metric receiver
for different
properties d
meability co
drop system
etermination
h can be u
diums follow
urface therm
PT100 senso
rmocouples,
sensor, an a
ade up of a X
of up to 1400
eivers at atm
mal storage m
all facility is
mental loop
de la refere
testing
t fluid densit
described b
oefficient and
m is installed
n
used as a to
wing the Bo
mocouples a
ors, a water
,
air mass flow
Xenon lamp
0 kW/m2.
mospheric pre
materials fo
s composed
p for static (F
encia.47) th
ty and
y the
d, the
, with
ool to
uger’s
nd an
r mass
w‐rate
and a
essure
r high
d of a
Figure
ermal
56
D
c
c
The s
energ
resist
therm
levels
phase
the e
offers
The t
-
Figureregenearrang
Figure
Dynamic conf
haracterizat
harges and d
system cons
gy. They hea
tor is 1000
mocouples u
s with 5 mea
e electrical m
external surf
s a complete
two possible
Static co
character
conductiv
46. Front erative storagement.
e 45. Xenon lam
figuration: In
ion of the gl
discharges st
ists of six po
at the air up
0°C) by me
units of 400
asurement e
measuremen
face temper
e image of th
configuratio
onfiguration
rization of ef
vity, thermal
view of thege system
mp used in the v
n this configu
obal storage
trategies, etc
ower heating
p to a target
ans of a t
mm long ar
ach level. Th
nt, to match
rature mapp
he external c
ons of this te
: In this c
ffective ther
l losses, stor
e lab‐scale in static
Fd
volumetric rece
uration, the
e at different
c.
g resistors w
t temperatur
temperature
re used. The
he total pow
the energy
ping is regis
hassis of the
est bench are
configuratio
rmo‐physical
ed energy, e
Figure 47. Frondynamic arrang
eiver test bench
experimenta
t working tem
with a total p
re (maximum
e controller.
e behaviour
er consumpt
balances an
stered by a
e tank.
e:
n, the exp
l parameters
etc. for differ
nt view of the lgement.
h at CIEMAT (M
al loop allow
mperatures,
power of 150
m temperatu
An amou
of the tank
tion is record
nd the heat
thermograp
perimental
s of the bed;
rent filler ma
lab‐scale regen
Madrid)
ws an agile
filler materi
000 watts e
ure limited b
nt of 35 K
is measured
ded, with a t
losses. More
ph camera,
loop allows
; material th
aterials,
nerative storage
als,
lectric
by the
K‐type
d at 7
three‐
eover,
which
s the
ermal
e system in
57
2
Appli
of en
gene
demo
Some
are b
well a
Some
at lab
follow
Deve
In the
‐Mate
impro
therm
assay
Furth
dama
subje
therm
asses
For m
Hydro
.2.5 SOLAR H
cation of so
normous im
ration thro
onstrated, su
e high tempe
een investig
as hybrid sys
e specific act
b scale the
wing topics:
lopment of i
e first catego
erials charac
ove kinetic
mochemical
yed for the th
hermore, in
age induced
ected to cyc
mal, mechan
ssing the infl
material cha
ogen Labora
Figure 48
HYDROGEN
lar concentr
mportance in
ough therm
uch as produ
erature endo
gated by CIEM
stems involvi
tivities are st
PSA R+D a
(1) Exploring
innovative so
ory, some sp
cterization –
s and red
cycles. These
hermochemi
order to qu
by therma
cling heating
ical, and che
uence of tre
racterization
tory in Monc
. Indoor Solar S
ating techno
n PSA. The
modynamic
ction of hyd
othermic rea
MAT‐PSA thr
ing solar‐driv
tudied at the
ctivities rela
g new mate
olar reactors
ecific activiti
–Our researc
duce workin
e materials a
ical cycles un
ualify these
l shock on
g under wel
emical prope
atments ont
n, a versatile
cloa (Madrid
Simulation Loop
ologies to hig
best know
cycles, but
rogen and so
actions for co
rough a rang
ven fossil fue
e laboratory o
ated to sola
rials as cand
s as fluidised
ies are fores
ch efforts a
ng tempera
are synthesiz
nder differen
materials, it
consecutive
ll‐controlled
erties of the
to a solid sub
e electric fur
d) shown in F
p for evaluation
gh‐temperat
wn applicatio
t other ap
olar fuels.
onverting so
e of indirect
els transform
of the Solar
r hydrogen.
didates for th
bed reactor
een, regardi
re driven to
atures of
zed in the la
nt reaction co
t is of upmo
e cycles. For
conditions.
relevant ma
bstrate
rnace loop i
Figure 48.
n of materials fo
ture processe
on so far i
pplications h
lar energy in
water‐splitt
mation to hyd
Concentratin
These activ
hermochemi
rs.
ng:
o search new
current ma
boratory (or
onditions.
ost importan
r this purpo
Several im
terials can b
s available a
or thermochem
es is anothe
s bulk elec
have also
nto chemica
ting techniqu
drogen.
ng Unit to su
vities includ
ical cycles a
w materials
aterials use
r commercia
nce to asses
ose, materia
portant phy
be identified
at CIEMAT’s
mical cycles
r field
ctricity
been
l fuels
ues, as
upport
de the
nd (2)
s, that
ed in
al) and
ss the
ls are
ysical–
when
Solar
58
The l
proce
maxim
applic
sieve
For s
of th
analy
(1600
for cy
of mo
contr
For o
facilit
posit
(appr
radia
axis w
rays,
solar
devel
react
press
aboratory is
esses for hy
mum operat
cations; cou
column and
pecial purpo
ese materia
ysis. This equ
0°C) and wat
ycling candid
olybdenum d
rol, also in th
F
outdoor test
ties. This so
ion of the
rox.15 x 12 c
tion. There
with the refl
concentrati
disc (Fig.
lopment of i
tors present
sure drops, a
s equipped w
ydrogen prod
ting temper
pled with a
d a TCD detec
oses, some o
als: A Therm
uipment has
ter vapour k
dates materi
disilicide pro
he lower tem
Figure 49. Ther
ts a researc
olar concent
focus allow
cm) in nine c
are two sets
lected rays n
ng them on
50) pursuin
innovative so
several adv
and uniform t
with the ins
duction. Hor
rature of 16
gas chroma
ctor, etc.
other equipm
mogravimetri
two exchan
kiln up to 12
ials is availab
viding temp
mperature ran
mogravimetry a
h bench has
trating tech
wing to test
oncentric rin
s of mirrors.
normal to it,
the focus. T
ng to adva
olar reactors
vantages tha
temperature
strumentatio
rizontal tub
600°C suitab
atograph (Va
ment’s are a
c Equipmen
ngeable furn
200°C. Finally
ble. This fur
eratures of a
nge (Fig. 12)
analyser and an
s been desi
nology calle
a fluidized
ngs on a circ
. The first se
, and a seco
Tests are pe
nce in nov
s as fluidized
t include a
e distribution
on necessary
ular furnace
ble for a va
arian CP4900
vailable to c
t STA 449 F
aces: a SiC f
y, a tempera
naces has sp
about 1650 º
.„
n a 1650 º C ele
gned and a
ed “Double
bed.The o
ular (Ø = 3.5
et is fixed at
nd set of pa
rformed at t
vel solar rea
d bed reacto
high rate of
n.
y for evaluat
e: high‐temp
riety of labo
0) equipped
complete the
F1 for simult
for high tem
ature furnac
pecial heatin
ºC with a pre
ectric furnace
ssembled ou
Reflection d
ptics consis
5 m) plane no
a 45º angle
arabolic mirr
the focus of
actor conce
rs. Fluidized
f heat and m
tion of inno
perature kiln
oratory and
with a mole
e characteriz
taneous TGA
mperature rea
ce perfectly s
ng elements
ecise temper
utside the i
disc” has a
st of 864 m
ormal to the
e from the o
rors reflects
f this small 2
epts through
beds as che
mass transfe
vative
n with
d pilot
ecular
zation
A‐DSC
action
suited
made
rature
ndoor
fixed
mirrors
e solar
optical
these
200 W
h the
emical
r, low
59
The
hydro
on th
fluidi
This f
fluidi
impo
their
have
react
This
auton
princ
react
const
the o
general go
odynamics b
he minimum
zation veloc
F
facility is also
zed beds of
rtant intere
relatively hi
been cond
tor condition
concept is b
nomous pilo
ipal goal of
tor for the ex
tituent of lun
obtained wat
Figure
al for thes
by completin
fluidization
ity.etc.
Figure 50. Outdo
o applied to
f CaO/Ca(OH
st because o
gh temperat
ucted in thi
ns.
being applie
ot plant calle
this study is
xtraction of
nar soil, ilme
ter (Fig. 51).
51. Testing of a
se tests is
ng the follow
velocity, com
oor Solar Doubl
study novel
H)2 for hydra
of the inhere
ture operatio
is new pilot
ed for some
ed “Oresol”
s the develo
oxygen from
enite (FeTiO3
a ORESOL plant
to improv
wing objectiv
mpare the ef
le Reflection dis
thermochem
ation/dehyd
ent advanta
on windows
t plant desig
other chem
that can be
opment and
m lunar rego
3), with hyd
t in a solar furn
e the unde
ves: Determ
ffects of mat
sc and a fluidise
mical energy
ration react
ges of the l
(450 °C–550
gned to test
mical reactio
operated in
testing of a
olith. This is
rogen, and t
ace to produce
erstanding
mine the effe
terial density
ed bed reactor
y storage sys
ions. These
ow cost of t
0 °C). Some p
t the conce
ons by the c
n a solar fur
a solar powe
done by the
the subseque
e oxygen form r
of fluidized
ects of bed h
y on the min
on the focus
stems that em
systems ha
the material
preliminary
pt under re
construction
rnace at PSA
ered fluidize
e reduction o
ent electroly
regolite.
d bed
height
imum
mploy
ve an
ls and
works
ealistic
, of a
A. The
d bed
of one
ysis of
60
2.2.6 RADIOMETRY
The activity line devoted to Radiometry came up of the need to verify measurement of highly
important radiometric magnitudes associated with solar concentration. These magnitudes are
solar irradiance (“flux” in the jargon of solar concentration) and surface temperature of
materials (detection by IR). At the PSA different systems are used to measure high solar
irradiances on large surfaces. The basic element in these systems is the radiometer, whose
measurement of the power of solar radiation incident on the solar receiver aperture depends
on its proper use. The measurement of this magnitude is fundamental for determining the
efficiency of receiver prototypes evaluated at the PSA and for defining the design of future
central receiver solar power plants. Calibration of radiometers is performed in a specific
furnace for this purpose. The calibration of the reference radiometer is radiant calibration
referenced to blackbody simulators as source standards. The calibration of the reference
radiometer is transferred to the commercial sensors by comparison in a calibration furnace
that uses a graphite plate that radiates homogenously and symmetrically when an electrical
current passes through it. The calibration constant obtained with this method translates
voltage to irradiance on the front face of the sensor. The accuracy of gages calibrated in this
way is within ±3% with repeatability of ±1%. A black body can be used as a source of thermal
radiation for reference and calibration of IR devices (infrared cameras and pyrometers) that
use thermal radiation as the means of determining the temperature of a certain surface.
The equipment associated to this activity also includes three black bodies used as references
for calibrating IR sensors devoted to temperature measurement with guaranteed traceability
between 0 and 1700°C:
‐ The MIKRON 330 black body is a cylindrical cavity which can provide any temperature from
300 to 1700°C accurate to ±0.25% and a resolution of 1°C. Its emissivity is 0.99 in a 25‐mm‐
diameter aperture.
‐ The MIKRON M305 black body is a spherical cavity that can supply any temperature
between 100 and 1000ºC accurate to ±0.25% and with a resolution of 1ºC. Its emissivity is
0.995 in a 25‐mm‐dia. aperture.
‐ The MIKRON M340 black body is a flat cavity and can provide any temperature from 0 to
150ºC accurate to ±0.2°C and a resolution of 0.1°C. Its emissivity is 0.99 in a 51‐mm‐
aperture.
These black bodies have a built‐in PID control system and the temperature is checked by a
high‐precision platinum thermocouple:
61
2
Molte
fluid
durab
circui
Conc
instal
espec
molte
with
.2.7 MATERI
en salts are
for central
bility of com
its. Keeping
entrating So
lled indoor a
cially design
en salts com
a nominal di
Fig
ALS AND CO
becoming n
receiver sola
mponents an
this in min
olar System U
at PSA and
ed and man
mponents und
iameter from
Figure 5
ure 52. View of
OMPONENTS
not only a st
ar plants. Ho
nd materials
d, a specific
Unit for this
it is compos
nufactured fo
der real wor
m 2” up to 6”
53. IR sensor ca
f the PSA Radio
FOR MOLTE
tandard ther
owever, the
s currently
c activity lin
purpose. Th
sed of two t
or testing of
rking conditi
” can be eval
alibration using
ometry equipm
EN SALT CIRC
rmal storage
ere are still o
available at
e was imple
he equipmen
test benches
f valves, pre
ons up to 60
uated in the
a black body.
ent.
CUITS
e medium, b
open questio
the market
emented in
nt associated
s, BES‐I and
essure transm
00ºC and 40
ese test benc
but also a wo
ons regardin
t for molte
the laborato
d to this acti
BES‐II (Figur
mitters and
bar. Compo
ches.
orking
ng the
n salt
ory of
vity is
re 54)
other
onents
62
Figur
2.2.8
The p
differ
check
medi
wher
in ine
re 54. Test bencsa
MATERIALS
performance
rential scann
k their beha
a. For this
re the PCM is
ert atmosphe
Figure
ch BES‐I for evalt components.
FOR THERM
e of phase ch
ning calorime
viour under
purpose, the
s tested in at
eres.
e 55. The HDR d
aluation of molt.
MAL STORAGE
hange mater
etry (DSC) or
service con
e Concentra
tmospheric a
device
ten
E
rials (PCM) fo
r T‐history te
nditions in o
ating System
air, and SUB
or latent sto
echniques. N
rder to assu
m Unit has t
MA (see Fig.
Figure
rage is usua
Nevertheless
ure their fea
hree set up
56), where
56. The SUBMA
lly evaluated
s it is importa
asibility as st
ps: HDR and
the PCM is t
A device
d with
ant to
torage
AgH,
tested
63
The main features of these devices are the following:
HDR:
• Small furnace under ambient air atmosphere
• Accurate control of heating/cooling rates
• Sample temperature monitoring
• Allows melting/freezing cycles up to 500ºC
• Subsequent cycles or cycles with stand‐by periods
• Sample size: 2‐5 g
SUBMA:
• Small closed device inside a furnace
• Allows tests under inert atmosphere (N2, Ar)
• Furnace temperature and gas flow control
• Sample temperature monitoring
• Allows melting/freezing cycles up to 500ºC
• Subsequent cycles or cycles with stand‐by periods
• Sample size: 30‐40 g
AgH:
• Furnace under ambient air atmosphere
• Accurate control of heating and cooling
• Allows melting/freezing cycles up to 350ºC
• Subsequent cycles or cycles with stand‐by periods
• Sample size: 10‐20g
2.2.9 GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
The concentrators used in solar thermal systems (heliostats, parabolic‐trough collectors,
parabolic dishes, Fresnel lenses, etc.) require high precision concentration of the solar
radiation for it to be suitable and most of it incident on the receiver component (receiver
tubes in parabolic‐trough collectors, receivers in tower systems, parabolic dishes, Fresnel
lenses, etc.). The laboratory of the Concentrating Solar Systems Unit has a specific activity line
for the geometric characterization of these concentrators. Photogrammetry is used to quantify
the optical quality of:
Parabolic‐trough collector facets
Parabolic‐trough collector modules
Heliostat facets
Heliostats
Fresnel lenses and reflectors
Parabolic dishes
Structural frames
Etc.
64
Photo
captu
coord
Photo
parab
The e
Addit
2D an
Figurephoto
Amon
ogrammetry
ure it from
dinates (x, y,
ogrammetry
bolic‐trough
equipment a
CANON E
CANON E
Photomo
tionally, a so
nd 3D geome
e 57. Angular ogrammetry
ng the param
Deviation
Gravity d
Angular d
normal ve
Deviation
theoretic
Intercept
(Calculati
y consists of t
different
, z) can be ca
y modelling i
collector fac
llocated to t
EOS5D MarkI
EF 20mm f/2
odeler Scann
oftware pack
etries in the
deviations (le
meters that c
ns of real fro
eformation
deviation fro
ector.
n of reflecte
cal concentra
t factor.
ion of other
three‐dimen
angles. Bas
alculated for
is precise up
cets and 0.6‐
his activity a
I 22‐Mpixel
.8 USM and
er 2012 phot
kage for mod
MatLab envi
eft) and interc
can be calcul
m theoretica
between diff
om the norm
d rays on th
ator focus.
relevant par
nsional mode
sed on the
r the points
p to 1:50000
‐0.7 mm for
at PSA is com
Camera.
CANON EF 2
togrammetr
del analysis a
ironment ha
cept factor (ri
ated from th
al surface on
ferent conce
mal vector to
he reflective
rameters by
elling of any
se photogra
of interest o
0 (precisions
12‐m‐long p
mposed of:
24mm f/2.8 U
ry software.
and calculati
s been deve
ght) of a par
he model bu
n coordinates
entrator orie
o the surface
surface of
request).
object from
aphs, the t
on the objec
s on the ord
arabolic‐trou
USM lenses.
on of releva
loped in hou
abolic‐trough
ilt by photog
s x, y, z.
ntations.
e compared
the module
photograph
three‐dimen
ct being mod
der of 0.1 m
ugh modules
nt paramete
use.
collector mod
grammetry a
to the theor
compared t
hs that
sional
delled.
mm for
s).
ers for
ule analysed
are:
retical
to the
by
65
2.3 EXPERIMENTAL INSTALLATION FOR SOLAR DECONTAMINATION AND DISINFECTION OF WATER
The Research Unit of Solar Treatment of Water has different facilities and instrumentation
related with the application of technologies for water purification (decontamination and
disinfection). Since 2010, and as one of the activities co‐funded by the Ministry of Science and
Innovation under the Special State Fund for Dynamization of Economy and Employment
(Fondo Especial del Estado para la Dinamización de la Economía y el Empleo – Plan E) and
FEDER EC funding, the facilities were updated and new scientific instrumentation and facilities
were acquired for Solar Treatment of Water activities (SolarNova Project).
2.3.1. SOLAR TREATMENT OF WATER UNIT FACILITIES
The main facilities related with solar water purification are listed and described below:
Solar CPC (compound parabolic collector) pilot plants.
Solar simulators
Pilot plants for biological treatment.
Ozonation pilot plant.
Nanofiltration pilot plant.
UVC‐pilot plant.
Test facility for photocatalytic production of hydrogen based on solar energy.
Wet Air oxidation pilot plant.
Experimental culture camera.
Solar CPC pilot plants
Since 1994 several CPC pilot plants have been installed at PSA facilities (Figure 58). Basically,
the solar pilot plants are built by modules which can be connected in series. Each module
consists of a number of photo‐reactors placed on the focus of an anodized aluminum mirror
with Compound Parabollic Collector (CPC) shape to optimize solar photons collection in the
photo‐reactor tube. The modules are place on a platform titled at 37º from the horizontal to
maximize the global solar collection of photons through the year. In addition, the pilot plants
may be equipped with added systems for different purposes, for example: sedimentation
tanks (for catalyst recovery), heating and cooling systems for temperature control during the
experiments, coupling with other treatment technologies like bio‐treatment, ozonation, etc. A
summarize of the already installed solar CPC reactors is shown in Table 1.
66
Table 1. Summarize of CPC pilot plants at PSA facilities.
Year CPC (m
2) Total/illumi
nated volume (L)
Flow or static
Tube diameter (mm)
Added systems/Characteristics
1994 3x3 250/108 Flow 50 2002 15 300 Flow 32 2004
(CADOX) 4 75/40 Flow 50 ‐50L ozonation system
‐Biological water treatment system ‐Monitoring (pH, T, ORP, O2, flow rate, H2O2, O3), control (pH, T, flow rate)
2007 (SOLEX)
3.08(x2) 40/22 Flow 32 ‐Twin prototypes ‐ Plexiglass screen ‐ Monitoring dissolved O2 and temperature ‐Specially developed for photo‐Fenton applications
2008 (FIT)
4.5 60/45 Flow 50 ‐Monitoring (pH, T, O2, flow rate) and control (T (20‐55ºC), flow rate). ‐100 L sedimentation tank for catalyst separation
2010 (FIT‐2)
4.5 60/45 Flow 50 ‐Monitoring (pH, T, O2, flow rate) and control (T (20‐55ºC), O2, flow rate) ‐Sedimentation tank
2011 (HIDRO‐CPC)
2.1 25/14.24 Flow 32 ‐Coupled with H2 generation pilot plant
2011 (CPC25)
1 25/11.25 Flow 50
2013 (ELECTROX)
2 40/25 Flow 50 ‐Coupled with electro‐photo‐Fenton plant
2013 (NOVO75)
2 74/68.2 Flow 75 ‐Monitoring (pH, T, O2, flow rate) and control (T, O2, flow rate)
2013 (CPC25)
1 25/11.25 Flow or static
50 ‐Variable volume, versatile for different volume of water
2013 (SODIS‐CPC)
0.58(x2) 25/25 static 200 ‐Low cost, no recirculation system
2016 (NOVO 75 V1.0)
2.03 (x2)
34 or 53 Flow or static
75 ‐Two module of collectors: CPC versus U‐mirror type alternatively used ‐ Tubes installed in vertical position ‐ Air injection in tubes ‐ Monitoring (pH, T, O2, flow rate) and control (T, O2, flow rate) ‐ Automatic control system for filling the system accordingly to incident energy ‐ Solar panel for water heating
67
a)
b)
Figure
As m
an oz
H2O2,
react
tank
170
Pall®R
from
A 2m
25 L
resea
58. View of sev
entioned in
zone product
, O3) and con
tor, there is a
for wastewa
L flat‐bottom
Ring polypro
a MWWTP.
m2 CPC collec
and a total
arch on elect
veral CPC photo
table 1, CAD
tion of up to
ntrolled (pH,
a biological w
ater conditio
m fixed‐bed
opylene supp
tor with 10
volume of
tro‐photo‐Fe
Figure 59. Elec
o‐reactors for p
DOX photore
o 15 g O3/h.
, T, flow rate
water treatm
oning before
aerobic bio
ports that ta
borosilicate
40 L (Fig. 59
enton proces
ctro‐Fenton pilo
purification of w
eactor was h
It is comple
e) by comput
ment system
e treatment,
ological reac
ake up 90‐95
glass tubes
9) is connec
sses for deco
ot plant coupled
water. a) CPC fa
ooked up to
tely monitor
ter. Besides,
m consisting o
, a 100 L co
ctor. The fix
5 L and can
(50 mm diam
cted to four
ntamination
d with a 2 m2 C
acilities I, b) CPC
o a 50L‐ozona
red (pH, T, O
and connec
of three tank
nical recircu
xed‐bed reac
be colonized
meter), illum
electrocells
n and disinfec
PC (ELECTROX)
C facilities II.
ation system
ORP, O2, flow
cted to this p
ks: a 165 L c
ulation tank
ctor is filled
d by active s
minated volu
for experim
ction of wate
).
m with
w rate,
photo‐
onical
and a
d with
sludge
me of
mental
er.
68
In 20
(CPC
polyp
gravit
with
autom
solar
disch
Solar
Along
lamp
the r
conta
radia
syste
016, a new p
and U mirr
propylene ta
ty to the CP
a recomme
matically con
water heat
arge it in the
r simulators
g with these
s for small‐s
radiation int
ains a UV fil
tion. Tempe
m (SUNCOO
pilot plant w
ror type) ha
ank of 192 L
PC and U typ
ended opera
ntrolled by a
ting panel w
e photoreact
Figure 60. Vie
e pilot‐plant
scale water
tensity can
ter (Suprax)
erature can
OL) (Fig. 61).
with two mo
as been inst
of total vol
pe photoreac
ating volum
a UVA solar s
which perm
tors.
ew of new CPC
t facilities, t
decontamin
be modified
with wavel
be also mo
Figure 61. Sol
odules of 2 m
talled at PSA
ume and a
ctors. The la
e of 53 L.
sensor. In ad
mits to incre
and U‐type pho
here are tw
ation and d
d and moni
ength limita
odified and
lar simulator SU
m2‐collectors
A (Fig. 60).
preparation
ast presents
The whole
ddition, the
ease the tem
otoreactors (NO
wo solar sim
isinfection e
itored. One
ation to 290
controlled i
UNTEST XLS+.
s with differ
It is compo
tank of 92.5
1.98 m2 of
pilot plant
pilot plant is
mperature o
OVA 75 V 1.0).
mulators prov
experiments.
of the sola
nm simulat
n both syste
rent mirror
osed by a fe
5 L, connect
irradiated su
is equipped
s equipped w
of water pr
vided with x
. In both sys
ar simulator
ting external
ems by a co
shape
eeding
ted by
urface
d and
with a
ior to
xenon
stems,
r XLS+
l solar
ooling
69
Ozon
The o
opera
equip
instru
elimi
62.b)
allow
plant
FigureDissolv
Nano
The n
syste
surfa
temp
wher
total
the se
pump
(Fig. 6
and
temp
empl
nation pilot p
ozonation s
ation volume
pped with p
umentation
nation in th
; (iii) dissolv
wing its comb
t.
a)
62. a) Equipmved ozone sens
ofiltration pi
nanofiltratio
m consisted
ce area of 5
perature of 4
reas operatio
surface area
eparation of
p is also inclu
63.a). In 201
automatic a
perature, etc
oyed, Fig. 63
plant
ystem has a
e of 8L), rea
pH and red
has been a
he ozone ga
ved ozone s
bination with
ment for humidsor.
ilot plant
on (NF) syste
d of two FILM
5.2 m2. These
45ºC, a maxi
on pH range
a was increa
f different co
uded for stu
16 the nanof
acquisition o
c.) with the
3.b) the gene
a contact co
gents dosing
dox sensors,
dded to the
s outlet (Fig
sensor (Fig.
h other tech
dity elimination
em has two
MTEC NF90‐
e polyamide
imum pressu
is 2‐11. A th
ased to 7.8 m
ompounds in
dying the ef
filtration syst
of the signa
final aim o
eration of pe
olumn react
g system and
, inserted i
e ozonation
g. 62.a); (ii)
62.c). This
hnologies suc
b)
n in ozone gas
working mo
2540 memb
thin‐film co
ure of 41 ba
hird membra
m2. pH cont
n the membr
ffect of bioci
tem has bee
als from the
of controlling
ermeate and
tor with tot
d pH autom
n the recir
pilot plant
Thermo‐cat
ozonation s
ch as CPC ph
s outlet; b) The
odes, in ser
branes, conn
mposite me
r and a max
ne was insta
rol permits t
anes depend
de addition.
en automatiz
e different
g by a comp
concentrate
tal volume o
atic control.
culation lin
: (i) equipm
talytic ozone
system work
hotoreactors
ermo‐catalytic
ies and in p
ected in par
mbranes wo
ximum flow
alled later an
the cleaning
ding on the p
It has a feed
ed by includ
instruments
puter (softw
e flow rates.
of 20L (min
The pilot p
e. In 2016,
ment for hum
e destructo
ks in batch
s and the UV
c)
ozone destruc
parallel. The
rallel, with a
ork at a max
rate of 1.4 m
nd so the filt
gs and to eva
pH value. A d
ding tank of
ding electro‐v
s (flow, pre
ware Labview
imum
lant is
, new
midity
r (Fig.
mode
V pilot
ctor; (c)
basic
a total
ximum
m3 h‐1,
ration
aluate
dosing
400 L
valves
ssure,
w was
70
Figurepilot p
UVC‐
Ultra
and c
rate
flexib
conti
the w
and h
volum
senso
both
63. a) Nanofiltplant.
‐H2O2 pilot pl
violet (UV) p
comparison w
25 m3h‐1, 25
ble configura
nuous flow m
water. Furthe
hydrogen pe
me of 5.5 L
ors in‐line an
parameters
a)
tration pilot pla
lant
pilot plant wa
with the sola
54 nm peak
ations for si
mode. Lamp
ermore, the
roxide). The
per lamp m
nd connecte
(Fig. 64)
Fig
ant photo; b) N
as designed t
ar technolog
wavelength,
ingle lamp,
ps power and
plant is equ
total volum
module. The
ed to a PRO
ure 64. UVC pil
New lavbiew in
to treat and
ies. This plan
, 400 Jm‐2 m
two or thre
d flow rate c
uipped with
e per batch
e system is
MINENT con
lot plant installe
terface for con
disinfect wa
nt consists o
max. power)
ee lamps in
an be regula
a dosage sy
of this plant
equipped w
ntroller for a
ed at PSA facilit
b)
ntrol and autom
ater for purp
f three UV‐C
connected in
recirculating
ated accordin
ystem of rea
is 200‐250 L
ith pH and
automatic d
ties.
matic operation
oses and res
C lamps (max
n series, wit
g batch mo
ng to the nee
actants (acid,
L, with illumi
dissolved o
ata acquisit
n of the
search
x. flow
th the
ode or
eds of
, base
nated
xygen
ion of
71
Biolo
A bio
Biom
Sequ
recep
equip
batch
MULT
param
Figu
Photo
This
conta
consi
outle
N2 ga
with t
Wet A
A pilo
of ind
allow
nitrog
syste
consi
break
temp
jacke
syste
reage
ogical pilot p
ological pilo
ass Reactor
encing Batch
ption tank (2
pment. In ad
h operation,
TIMETERS (M
meters are m
ure 65. a) Biolo
ocatalytic ge
plant is con
aminants co
sts on a stai
et and a sam
as flow into t
this system w
Air Oxidatio
ot plant desi
dustrial efflu
ws different c
gen, oxidant
m, and the
sts of a sta
kup disk, liq
perature of 3
et , all made
m of contro
ents dosses a
lant
t plant with
(IBR) system
h Reactor (SB
200L) as wel
ddition, this
two conica
M44 CRISON
monitored by
a)
ogical pilot plan
eneration of
nnected to
ontained in
nless steel ta
pling port. T
the reactor
was describe
n pilot plant
gned and ins
uents and re
combinations
ts as peroxid
use of diffe
inless steel
quid reagent
300 °C, ther
e of stainless
ol and data a
and mixture.
h a double
m with a tota
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l as the pH
plant can b
al decantatio
N) is done
y a SCADA sy
t installed at PS
f hydrogen p
a CPC phot
aqueous so
ank with a to
Two parallel
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s of tempera
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rent metalli
reactor wit
s injector p
mo‐probe, p
s steel. The
acquisition o
depuration
al volume of
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and oxygen
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by means
ystem
SA facilities. b) hydrogen
pilot plant
to‐reactor fo
olutions and
otal volume o
mass flow c
during the fil
table 1 (Fig. 6
16 as a hars
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Wet Air Ox
of diverse pa
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f 60‐L: three
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dissolved co
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ontrollers ar
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65 b).
h pre‐treatm
uent solar A
essure, vario
ate before he
atalyst. The
olume of 10
operate und
nsor (until 25
idation pilot
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IBRs of 20‐L
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ontrol system
us or in bat
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000 mL, a m
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50 bar) and
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ms and elec
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ys and the
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magnetic stir
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ure, temper
bilized
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same
tronic
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three
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on of
rganic
plant
et and
esired
oupled
plexity
ration
en and
ed the
plant
rrer, a
ximum
eating
omatic
ature,
72
Solar
UV a
pyran
and Z
UVA
max.
to m
(AVA
1100
Figu
r UVA monito
nd global so
nometers (Fi
Zonen CMP‐
radiation in
value: 100 W
onitor the s
NTES) has U
nm.
ure 67. CUV‐5 r
oring equipm
olar radiatio
ig. 67), inclu
6 with sensi
the range 30
W m‐2). Besid
solar spectra
UVA sensors
adiometer (left
Figure 66. W
ment
n data mon
ding global
itivity 5 – 20
00 – 400 nm
des this, a sp
al irradiance
s and filters
t). View of all soSolar Wate
Wet Air Oxidatio
itoring and
solar radiat
0 V W‐1 m‐2,
(Kipp and Z
pectral photo
e at the loc
s to measur
olar UV radiomer Treatment U
n Pilot plant.
storage syst
tion in the r
max. value:
onen CUV‐5
ometer with
ation of the
e in the wh
eters (inclined Unit (right).
tem is comp
ange of 310
2000 W m‐
with sensitiv
double cha
e solar tests
hole spectra
and horizontal
posed by diff
0 – 2800 nm‐2), and the g
vity 1 mV W
nnel was ins
s. This equip
al range of
setup) used in
ferent
(Kipp
global
W‐1 m‐2,
stalled
pment
200 –
the
73
Cultiv
The c
2014
ultrav
with
equip
came
So, t
autom
Finall
close
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temp
and
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withi
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room
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vation cham
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violet radiat
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pped with te
era is equipp
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matically fol
ly, the roof
d to favour
rol. The m
perature con
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fortable tem
Figure
.3.2 PSA WA
in the scope
n the Specia
stado para l
in 2009. Sin
Nova Projec
ms: two room
nized on num
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archers can a
nical rooms a
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chamber o
This controlle
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ATER TECHNO
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OLOGIES LAB
arNova Proje
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BORATORY
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ilities.
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tion, 4
74
Gene
The m
extra
spect
cond
syste
etc.).
toxici
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Chrom
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and c
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matography
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utomatic Sol
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tion, an AB S
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er, and prec
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ement devic
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and COD. Jar
Figure 69.
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HPLC‐DAD an
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two ion chro
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70º C and to
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and for im
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General view o
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and biologica
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nerated (tra
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Fig. 70(c)).
large work
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separation o
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om multiple
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ed. In
ted or
during
d APCI
cludes
ts and
75
cFigure
Micro
A 47
micro
fluore
attac
with
quan
spect
was a
need
Come
way w
c) e 70. a) Genera
A
obiology lab
7‐m2 microb
obiological
escence an
hment. Besi
three posi
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trophotomet
also acquire
ed for furt
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a)
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iology labor
laminar flo
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ides, automa
tions are a
CR (Polyme
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ther analyse
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biosafety l
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mbination o
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Reaction)
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ilities. b) MetroEX TripleTOF 56
evel 2 (Fig.
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optical micro
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mogenizer fo
samples. H
ples, stirring
n samples.
ohm Ion chroma00+ equipment
. 71) is equ
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ue filler and
ed with ult
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Homogenizer
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atograph Systet
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r stomache
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m. C)
h four
ors, a
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l‐time
and
ep 24’
mples,
r 400
ucible
76
Micro
The m
in thi
SEM,
locate
micro
(Fluo
probe
popu
docu
prote
and p
oscopy lab
microscopy la
s room. For
the system
ed two opti
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rescent in s
es in live c
lation (Fig.
mentation,
eins. It also i
proteins.
Figure 72
Figure 71.
ab is 11 m2 r
the preparat
is completed
ical microsco
ii) FISH mic
itu hybridat
cells used fo
72(b)). In ad
consisted in
ncludes a do
2. a) SEM (Scan
General view o
room (Fig. 72
tion of micro
d with a met
opes: i) A fl
croscope (Le
ion) techniq
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ddition, the
n UV‐trans‐i
ocumentatio
ning Electron M
of the microbio
2(a)). A Scan
obiological sa
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luorescence
eyca) with fl
que for visua
ng of key m
system is c
illuminator
on station w
a)
Microscope). b)
ology lab at PSA
ning Electro
amples and c
d critical poi
and phase
uorescence
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microorganis
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to detect a
ith a camera
) Optical micros
A facilities.
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catalysts to b
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contrast com
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DNA hibryda
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scope for FISH t
pe (SEM) is lo
be analyzed
this room it
mbination o
develop the
ation with sp
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for photogr
e DNA, RNA
ages of DNA
b)
technique
ocated
in the
is also
optical
e FISH
pecific
neous
raphic
A and
A, RNA
77
2.4 EX
The B
Solar
CIEM
integ
reduc
on: 1
Build
They
1
Figur
2
XPERIMENTA
Building Com
de Almería
MAT Energy
ral energy a
ce the heatin
1.‐ Energy A
ings and Bu
integrate se
1) Test cells
insulation
exchange
any conv
re 73. (a) CIEMA
PA
2) PASLINK
Shell (PA
means of
surface in
avoid th
compone
different
AL INSTALLA
mponent Ene
a” (PSA), is p
Department
analysis of b
ng and coolin
Analysis in
ilding Comp
everal device
s: The LECE
n test room
ed for a new
entional or n
(a)
(c)
AT’s PASLINK te
AS system, (c) D
Test cell: Th
AS) Concept.
f a thermopi
n the test ro
hermal bridg
ents to be t
orientations
TIONS FOR T
rgy Test Lab
part of the
t’s Renewab
uildings, inte
ng demand.
Urban Envir
ponents. The
s with differ
has five te
and an auxil
w wall to be
new building
est cell carrying
Detail of the rot
he Spanish
This system
ile system an
oom consist
ging. It also
tested. The
s.
THE ENERGY
oratory (LEC
Energy Effic
ble Energies
egrating pas
This unit is o
ronments, a
e test facilitie
rent capabilit
est cells, eac
liary room. T
tested. This
g envelope po
g out a thermal
tating device, (d
PASLINK tes
m detects he
nd compens
ts of an alum
o has a re
cell is insta
ORIGINAL
1cm
40c
EX
TE
RIO
R
ORIGINAL
1cm
40c
EX
TE
RIO
R
EFFICIENCY
CE), one of th
ciency in Bu
s Division. T
ssive and act
organised in
and 2.‐ Expe
es described
ties as summ
ch of them
The test room
s makes exp
ossible.
test of a PV mo
d) Exterior of th
st cell incorp
at flux throu
sates it by a
minium shee
emovable ro
alled on a r
L ENVELOPE
m plywood
cm PS30
L ENVELOPE
m plywood
cm PS30
IN BUILDING
he facilities a
ilding R�D U
The UiE3 ca
tive solar th
two lines of
erimental En
d are under
marised below
made up o
m’s original
perimental ch
(b)
(d)
odule, (b) Schem
he CETeB Test c
porates the
ugh the test
heating foil
et which ma
oof that en
rotating dev
2mm alu
Heating foil
1cm PS30
10cm PS
PAS SYSTE
2mm alu
Heating foil
1cm PS30
10cm PS
PAS SYSTE
GS R&D AT P
at the “Plataf
Unit (UiE3) i
arries out R
hermal syste
research foc
nergy Analy
the last of t
w:
of a high‐the
south wall c
haracterisat
matic drawing o
cell
Pseudo‐Adi
t cell envelo
device. The
akes it unifo
nables horiz
vice for test
uminium
1.2cm plywood
S30
EM
INT
ER
IOR
uminium
1.2cm plywood
S30
EM
INT
ER
IOR
PSA
forma
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�D in
ms to
cusing
ysis of
these.
ermal‐
can be
ion of
of the
abatic
ope by
inner
rm to
zontal
ing in
INT
ER
IOR
INT
ER
IOR
78
3
4
5
6
3) CETeB Te
practical
An under
4) Solar Ch
validating
thick, wit
the chimn
plywood
laminated
5) Monozon
built in an
for a twi
exhaustiv
analysis f
experime
(a)
Figure 74.
6) The PSE A
Building P
system.
Investiga
under th
1000 m2
represent
consump
levels. Th
and cons
demand
low dem
resources
These p
monitorin
evaluatio
est cell: This
aspects rela
rground test
himney: This
g theoretical
th a 0.3‐m‐de
ney air outle
box to avoid
d array so th
ne building: T
n area free o
in building l
ve monitorin
for in‐depth
ental building
(a) Solar Chim
ARFRISOL C‐
Prototypes w
The CIEMA
ción, C‐DdIs
e ARFRISOL
built area. O
tative of Sp
ption by hea
hey therefor
struction des
(already low
mand that ca
s, such as bio
rototypes w
ng to supp
on and both a
is a new test
ted to roof t
room allowi
s was cons
l models. Its
eep air chan
et protects it
d high turbu
hat the speed
This is a sma
of other build
ocated 2 m
ng and settin
developmen
gs.
(b)
ney, (b) Refere
DdIs are full
which are in
AT owns 3
s” (Research
Project. Ea
One of them
panish climat
ating and a
e include pa
sign, have a
w), and final
annot be su
omass insofa
were built
port researc
active and pa
t cell for roo
testing, such
ing easy acce
structed for
s absorber w
nel and 0.00
from roden
lences from
d componen
all 31.83 m2
dings or obst
from its ea
ng specific ai
nt and impro
)
nce monozone
y instrumen
use and mo
of 5 of th
h Energy De
ch of them
is also at the
tes. These C
ir‐conditioni
assive energy
active solar
ly, conventio
upplied with
ar as possible
for high‐q
ch activities
assive system
ofs. The desig
h as accessib
ess to the tes
r empirical
wall is 4.5 m
04‐m‐thick gl
ts and birds.
wind. The in
t is in the x‐d
by 3.65 m hi
tacles aroun
ast wall. Its
ir conditioni
oving energy
building, (c) AR
ted Energy R
nitored cont
hese “Conte
emonstrator
is an office
e PSA and th
C‐DdIs are d
ing, whilst
y saving stra
systems tha
onal auxiliar
h solar ener
e.
quality mea
on therma
ms integrate
gn of this tes
ility and stru
st componen
modelling
high, 1.0 m
ass cover. A
The air inlet
nlet air flow
direction onl
igh simple m
d it that cou
simplicity fa
ng sequence
evaluation m
RFRISOL Buildin
Research De
tinuously by
enedores De
rs Building P
building wi
e others in d
designed to
maintaining
ategies based
at supply mo
ry systems to
rgy, using r
surements
al comfort,
d in the build
st cell solves
uctural resist
nt is used for
experiments
wide and 0
louvered pa
t is protecte
is collimated
ly.
monozone bu
uld shade it e
acilitates det
es that simp
methodologi
(c)
ng Prototype in
monstrator
a data acqu
emostradore
Prototypes),
ith approxim
different loc
minimize e
optimal co
d on archite
ost of the e
o supply the
renewable e
recorded d
building e
dings.
some
tance.
r this.
s and
.15 m
anel in
d by a
d by a
uilding
except
tailed,
lify its
ies for
use
Office
isition
es de
built
mately
ations
energy
omfort
ectural
energy
e very
energy
during
energy
79
3.SOLARCONCENTRATINGSYSTEMUNITS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Activities performed by the Solar Concentrating Systems Unit (USCS) are aimed at promoting and developing concentrating solar thermal (CST) systems, both for power generation and for industrial processes requiring solar concentration, whether for medium/high temperatures or high photon fluxes. This PSA Unit is composed of four R&D Groups:
Medium Concentration Group,
High Concentration Group,
Solar Fuels / Solarization of Industrial Processes Group, and
Thermal Storage Group
We have been working in many projects in 2017: STAGE‐STE, SFERA‐II, CAPTURE, DETECSOL, ALCCONES, NEXTOWER, PRESOL, SITEF, SIMON, REELCOOP, DNICast, WASCOP, RAISELIFE, REPASCE and HYDROSOL‐4. These R+D activities devoted to national and international R+D projects have been complemented with services rendered to clients requesting our technical&scientific support, for characterization of mainly new components. If the size of the staff of this PSA Unit (32 people) and the number of projects mentioned above are considered, it becomes evident the significant work load met in 2017. A great effort has been devoted also to dissemination activities, and we have thus participated in many national and international conferences, workshops, seminars and Master courses to explain the benefits and applications of concentrating solar thermal systems. The effort devoted to standardization activities in former years has also continued in 2017 within the framework of the committees AEN/CTN206 and IEC/TC117. Despite the rigid and very often senseless administrative rules imposed by the Spanish Administration to PSA since 2016, the USCS Unit has been at the forefront of the R+D sector devoted to CST technologies also in 2017. However, the continuous obstacles raised by these administrative rules and their incompatibility with the type of R+D activity that the USCS Unit must perform, led to a deep re‐organization of this PSA Unit at the end of 2017. The new organization will be officially implemented in 2018. Activities and results achieved in 2017 by the four R&D Groups of the PSA USCS Unit are
summarized in the sections below.
3.2 PROJECTS
ESTCI. Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy for Iberoamerica
Participants: CIEMAT (Spain), CENIDET (Mexico), DICTUC (Chile), EPM (Colombia), Grupo
Ibereólica (Spain), PUCC (Chile), SOLINOVA (Brazil), UAEMex (Mexico), UFPE (brazil), UNAM
(Mexico), UNINORTE (Colombia), UNLP (Argentina)
Contact: Eduardo Zarza Moya ([email protected]), www.redcytedestci.org
Funding agency: Programa CYTED. Red Temática Ref.714RT0487
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81
Contact: Eduardo Zarza Moya ([email protected])
Funding agency: CIEMAT (80%) and European Commission via FP7 ENERGY‐2013‐IRP Grant
Agreement 609.837 (20%)
Background: Since Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST) systems are a relatively young
technology, the CST sector is still experiencing a lack of standards. This lack of standards is a
barrier for the development of the technology and the evaluation and qualification of
components.
Objectives: The scope of the international committee IEC/TC‐117 implemented within the
umbrella of the International Electrotechnical Commission and the committee AEN/CTN‐206
within the Spanish AENOR is the development of standards for the STE sector by putting
together the experience of R+D centres, Industries, Engineering companies, components
manufacturers and promoters.
Results in 2017: PSA has participated in all the working groups of the international and national standardization committees IEC/TC‐117 and AEN/CTN206/SC117. PSA has also coordinated the working Groups WG1 and WG3 of AEN/CTN206, which have issued two new standards in 2017 (UNE206012 “Caracterización general de los sistemas the almacenamiento térmico para centrales termosolares con captadores cilindroparabólicos” and UNE206014 “Ensayos para la determinación del rendimiento del campo solar de las centrales termosolares con tecnología de captadores cilindroparabólicos”.
PSA has also contributed in the WG2 of AEN/CTN‐206 to the development of several standards
related to qualification of components for CST systems. Especially important has been the PSA
contribution to the standard UNE206016 “Paneles reflectantes para tecnologías de
concentración solar”, which has been finished in 2017 and it will be issued in 2018. This
standard includes the testing protocol established to characterize this component, both
optically and geometrically, as well as the testing procedures to prove its durability.
In IEC/TC‐117, PSA has coordinated the team developing the IEC‐62862‐1‐1 standard on
“Terminology” for concentrating solar thermal systems, which was finished in 2017 and it will
be issued in 2018. PSA has also participated in the following IEC/TC117 standardization groups:
‐ Project Team 62862‐2‐1: Thermal energy storage systems ‐ General characterization ‐ Project Team 62862‐3‐2: General requirements and test methods for parabolic‐trough
collectors ‐ Project Team 62862‐3‐3: General requirements and test methods for solar receivers ‐ Project Team 62862‐3‐1: “Guidelines for design of parabolic trough solar thermal electric
plants”
It is also worth mentioning here the coordination of the sub‐group of “Reflectance
Measurements” of the SolarPACES Task‐III by CIEMAT‐PSA. This sub‐group has been very active
during 2017 and its main result was the publication of the updated version of the SolarPACES
Reflectance Guideline “Parameters and method to evaluate the reflectance properties of
reflector materials for concentrating solar power tehcnology. V3”
82
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O2 AR
84
RAISELIFE. Raising the Lifetime of Functional Materials for Concentrated Solar Power
Technology
Participants: DLR, Brightsource, Fraunhofer, CIEMAT‐PSA, MASCIR, Dechema, CNRS,
Universidad Complutense de Madrid, INTA, Corning, Laterizi Gambetolla (Soltigua), Vallourec.
Contacts: Aránzazu Fernández García, [email protected]
Funding agency: EU‐H2020‐ NMP‐16‐2015.
Background: The materials of concentrating solar thermal technologies are exposed to harsh
outdoor conditions and are targeted to maintain their initial properties. Therefore, one crucial
aspect is to improve the practical understanding of long‐term in‐service degradation on the
performance of the functional material and its impact on the overall performance of the
technology components and systems.
Objectives: It focuses on extending the in‐service lifetime of five key materials for
concentrating solar power technologies: 1) protective and anti‐soiling coatings of primary
reflectors, 2) high‐reflective surfaces for heliostats, 3) high‐temperature secondary reflectors,
4) receiver coatings for solar towers and line‐focus collectors, 5) corrosion resistant high‐
temperature metals and coatings for steam and molten salts.
Achievements in 2017:
During the second year of the project, CIEMAT‐PSA’s activities related to the durability analysis
of primary reflector coatings (front anti‐soiling coatings and back‐side paints) were continued.
In particular, 8 reflector types were tested outdoor in 9 testing sites including Spain, Morocco,
France, Israel and Chile (see Figure 78) and 2 anti‐soiling coatings were deeply evaluated under
outdoor conditions at the PSA during the whole year. Another activity already accomplished
was the design, manufacturing and installation of an outdoor test bench to study the influence
of concentrated solar radiation on the durability of the reflectors. Concerning the activities
about the durability of high‐temperature mirrors for secondary concentrators, the accelerated
aging test campaign of the state‐of‐the‐art reflectors sent by the developer (Fraunhofer) was
accomplished. Additionally, the solar test bench for the experiments under real concentrated
solar radiation at the PSA solar furnace was finished. Within Task 3.5, optical properties of two
CIEMAT‐PSA’s selective absorber have been improved, adding an infrared reflector on the
stainless steel substrate. This layer is electroplated chromium that presents higher infrared
reflectance and good thermal stability. Solar absorptance is 0.955 in both absorbers and
thermal emittance is reduced from 0.13 on stainless steel substrate to 0.09 in chromium
coated stainless steel. Thermal durability of both materials was studied and after six months at
400°C there was no degradation in optical properties. Also, the antireflective coatings
developed by CIEMAT‐PSA for glass covers of solar receivers has been optimized and solar
transmittance was increased up to 0.97 and mechanical properties of the coating have been
improved too, resulting in a higher resistance to abrasion‐erosion degradation. Finally, in
relation to the dissemination acitivities (coordinated by CIEMAT‐PSA), a workshop was held on
17th of May 2017 at Universidad Complutense de Madrid with the participation of 65
attendees.
85
3.3 M
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ting method
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86
Objectives: This collaborative project between CIEMAT‐PSA and DLR is devoted to establish
appropriate optical qualification and durability test methods of solar reflectors. The
degradation processes of solar reflectors are investigated under accelerated aging conditions
and in several outdoor exposure sites with the goal of establishing lifetime prediction models.
Achievements in 2017: One of the OPAC priority research lines is to study the effect of sand erosion on the durability of solar reflectors. During 2017, work was done to help solar power
plant developers to perform an advanced site assessment in arid locations where the annual
irradiance levels are high, but significant quantities of airborne sand and dust increase the risk
of optical energy losses due to extinction, soiling, erosion/abrasion damage, etc.
Meteorological and geological parameters for sandstorm occurrence and the resulting erosive
damage on glass materials by impacting windblown material were extracted from literature.
The respective parameters were measured at Zagora and Missour (Morocco). The erosion risk
was estimated to be higher in Zagora. The specular reflectance loss of exposed silvered‐glass
reflectors of 5.9% in Zagora and 0.8% in Missour after 25 months of exposure verified this
estimation. A checklist with seven items was prepared to help solar plant developers to
evaluate the risk of component aging due to sand storm erosion.
Other research activities have been conducted in the framework of different research projects
funded by the Spanish goberment, as DETECSOL, or the European Commission, as STAGE‐STE,
WASCOP or RAISELIFE. Therefore, details of the achievements in those projects are reported in
the corresponding sections included in this annual report.
Technical support and services were also performed in 2017 for several industries, through
specific agreements with several companies to evaluate the optical quality and the durability
of their products under several accelerated aging conditions in order to assess and improve
their performance.
DNICast. Direct Normal Irradiance Nowcasting Methods for Optimized Operation of
Concentrating Solar Technologies
Participants: OME, CENER, UniPatras, METEOTEST, ARMINES, RIUUK, SMHI, DLR, TROPOS,
CIEMAT, MeteoSwiss, Cyl
Contacts: Lourdes González Martínez ([email protected])
Funding agency: UE, Seventh Framework Programme. EU‐7FP‐ ENERGY.2013.2.9.2. Grant
agreement no: 608623. (Oct. 2013 – Sept 2017).
Background: The efficient operation of concentrating solar technologies (CSTs) requires
reliable forecasts of the incident irradiance for two main reasons: (i) for better management of
the thermodynamic cycle, as it becomes possible to dynamically fine tune some of its
parameters (flow rate of HTF or the defocusing mirrors), (ii) because electricity production can
be optimally connected to the grid.
Objectives: The main objective is to establish a portfolio of innovative methods for the
nowcast of DNI and to combine these methods, validate the nowcasts and assess the influence
87
of improvement in DNI nowcasting on nowcasting of concentrating solar power (CSP) and
concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) power plants output. The PSA has been participating in the
work packages 2 and 4, the first devoted to define prerequisites for nowcasting method
development and the second dedicated to perform validation of the nowcasting methods and
analyse plan output nowcasting.
Achievements of the project: The work of PSA‐Ciemat in this project has been in two work
packages. In the WP2 a comprehensive report on the requirements of nowcasting systems for
Concentrating Solar Technologies (CST) has been compiled by DLR and CIEMAT. The report
(D2.1) was completed in March 2014 and presented at the First End User Workshop held in
Madrid on May 7th, 2014 and at the DNICast project meeting held in Paris on July 10th and
11th, 2014. The result of this work was also presented by Tobias Hirsch from DLR in the
SolarPaces 2015 conference that took place in Cape Town, South Africa (13‐16 October).
Since the solar plant outputs are in relation with the incoming solar energy, the nowcasted DNI
will be combined with plant performance models to allow the nowcasting of the plant output.
In the WP4 a 35 MWel parabolic trough simulation plant model with Eurotrough 100 parabolic‐
trough collectors, water as heat transfer fluid and without storage has been developed. The
optimization of the CSP production depends on the solar irradiation, and the operation
strategy has to be focused on the solar field control that is more sensitive to differences in
solar radiation along the field area. The results of this work package were compiled by DLR and
CIEMAT in the report D4.4: “Nowcasting of CST plant output WP 4.3 CST plant simulation and
yield production nowcast” in June 8th. The main conclutions were presented in the Third end‐
user workshop held on June 1st, 2017 at the occasion of the Intersolar Europe Exhibition in
Munich and in the 2017 EMS Annual Meeting ‐ European Conference for Applied
Meteorology and Climatology that was organized from 4 to 8 September 2017 at the Helix,
Dublin City University, Ireland.
SITEF. Silicone Fluid Test Facility
Participants: DLR (coordinator), CIEMAT, Wacker Chemie AG, TSK Flagsol Engineering GmbH,
Senior Flexonics GmbH, TÜV NORD SysTec GmbH & Co. KG
Contacts: Loreto Valenzuela ([email protected]); Christoph Hilgert
Funding agencies: Solar‐ERA.NET Transnational Call CSP 2 2014; MINECO – Retos 2014
Acciones de programación Conjunta Internacional (Ref. PCIN‐2014‐083) (Jan 2015‐Dec 2016);
German Federal Ministry of Economy and Energy and German Federal Ministry of Innovations,
Science and Research (Jan 2016‐Dec 2017)
Background: Silicone based heat transfer fluids (SHTF) have been used in the past as heat
transfer fluids in medium scale installations such as PTC test loops e.g. at PSA (Spain), NREL
(USA) and elsewhere (DOW, Syltherm 800®). SHTFs are pumpable below 0°C, environmental‐
friendly, low in hydrogen formation, almost odourless and very low in acute toxicity. Until now,
such fluids are not used in large‐scale commercial CSP power plants because available SHTFs
88
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90
3.4.2 PROJECTS
NEXTOWER. Advanced materials solutions for next generation high efficiency concentrated
solar power (CSP) tower systems.
Participants: ENEA (coordinator), KTH, POLITO, CIEMAT, ICCRAM, UOXF, URM1, SANDVIK MT,
BEWARRANT, CERTIMAC, R2M SOLUTIONS, LIQTECH, CALEF, SILTRONIX, GREEN CSP, ENGICER,
UNE.
Contacts: Jesús Fernández‐Reche ([email protected]); Antonio Ávila‐Marín
Funding agency: European Commission. H2020‐NMBP‐2016‐2017. Grant Agreement number:
721045
Background: While volumetric air CSP towers are socially and technically appealing, for their
great environmental sustainability and the potential for electrical and thermal power
generation, their industrial exploitation has been significantly slowed down by the materials
used for the core component (i.e. the high temperature solar receiver) which is affected by
limitations in maximum working temperatures and in‐service overall durability, mainly due to
failure by thermal cycling.
Objectives: NEXTOWER project aims at demonstrating high‐performance durable materials for
the next generation of concentrated solar power (CSP) air‐based tower systems, making them
commercially competitive in the energy market beyond 2020. While CSP towers are socially
and technically appealing for their great environmental sustainability and the potential for
electrical and thermal power generation, their industrial exploitation has been significantly
slowed down by the materials used for the core component (i.e. the high temperature solar
receiver) which is affected by limitations in the maximum working temperatures and in‐service
overall durability, mainly due to failure by thermal cycling.
NEXTOWER responds by taking a comprehensive conceptual and manufacturing approach that
starts by optimizing for durability the ceramic materials to achieve 20‐25 years of
maintenance‐free service receiver components, while increasing their operating temperature
for thermodynamic efficiency at the system level and possible unprecedented applications
downstream, such as the direct interfacing with a Brayton cycle or the supply of zero‐emission
heat for industrial/chemical processing. The actual exploitation of the hotter air (up to 800°C)
is then crucially tied to the development of a high‐temperature thermal storage, here inspired
by nuclear fission GEN‐IV technology and based on liquid lead by means of new corrosion
resistant steels.
Results in 2017: The activities carried out this year have focused on the design of a small
power prototype (200kWth) consisting of an atmospheric volumetric receiver coupled to a
liquid lead storage tank. This device is planned to be installed in the Plataforma Solar de
Almería during 2018 in order to test the concept and its operation at temperatures of up to
700OC.
91
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mal fluids to
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93
with
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Resu
CIEM
the p
For t
(HTC)
the se
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Conc
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Figure 84. Iso
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exhaustive st
merical comp
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results. Figu
s studied com
at transfer coeffco
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tudy of grad
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94
PRES
Partic
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Solar
OL. Forecast
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acts: Jesús B
ing agency:
e PRESOL pro
ground: Pow
riencing a r
llations is th
levels reachi
market.
ctives: The p
ver. To this e
niques to de
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lts in 2017: A
gnized as an
ng the design
mal irradiance
hod for this q
wing this loca
adays, digita
ert available
l to noise ra
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bertian targe
measure sola
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de Almería.
t of Solar Ra
MAT‐PSA, Al
allestrín (jes
This researc
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wer generatio
apid growth
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end, we prop
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important c
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in the band
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ure 85. Digital c
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funded by t
54‐C3‐3‐R) w
ar Power Tow
e. The great
is end, it is c
affects not
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of solar radi
ergy loss in
be desirable
ality is that th
these plants
many scien
s. Their broa
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The first ex
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FIGURE
cameras take im
of a Solar Po
a University.
he Spanish g
with ERDF fu
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er challenge
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are designe
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level based
xperimental
1000 nm wit
ly running o
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ower Tower
government
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where DNI is
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the heliostat
on attenuat
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maps similar
ently no relia
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ations due t
ange, high re
nction meas
on two digit
results show
th an accura
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on but the e
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t field and de
tion on its pa
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olar tower p
to those of
able measure
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to their abil
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95
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•
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3.5.2
HYDRconst Partic
CIEM
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Figure 86. Hi
OLAR FUELS
.5.1 IN
Thermal Ele
cation so fa
cations hav
perature sola
ines of activi
Developm
low quali
Pre‐comm
splitting
concentra
Technolo
temperat
PROJECTS
ROSOL. Thertruction and
cipants: APT
MAT‐PSA (Spa
acts: Atha
so.vidal@cie
ing: 2.5 M€;
STAFF PHOT
gh Concentrati
/ SOLARISAT
NTRODUCTIO
ectricity (STE
ar is bulk e
ve also bee
ar heat produ
ity are conce
ment of hyb
ty carbonace
mercial scale
for hydroge
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ogical feasibil
ture industri
S
rmochemicad operation o
TL (Greece),
ain).
anasios G
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FCH‐JU‐201
TO
on Group Staff
TION OF IND
ON
) is a very pr
lectricity ge
n demonstr
uction.
entrated in th
rid solar/fos
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e demonstrat
en productio
nergy.
lity of the us
al processes
l HYDROgenof a 1MW PL
DLR (Germ
. Konstan
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f working at the
Madrid (rig
DUSTRIAL PRO
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rated, such
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tion of the te
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n productionLANT
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ndopoulos
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OCESSES GRO
ewable sour
rough therm
as produc
fields:
ermic proces
echnical and
the use of
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in a SOLar m
ear (Netherla
[agk@cper
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OUP
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modynamic
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ses with spe
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thermochem
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ands), HELPR
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(left) and CIEM
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cycles, but
drogen and
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feasibility of
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ergy supply in
eactor:
RES (Greece
Alfonso
MAT‐
known
other
high
ion to
water
s with
n high
e) and
Vidal,
96
Durat
Backg
demo
wate
Objec
propo
demo
therm
stora
detai
Achie
is co
perip
place
stage
After
provi
and o
A pre
on th
gradi
local
tion: January
ground: Th
onstration o
r in a 750 kW
ctives: Base
osed within
onstration p
mochemical
ge on site
led techno‐e
evements in
mpleted and
pheral compo
ed on 1st floo
es on the pro
r completion
des the basi
operational i
eliminary the
he tempera
ents, and on
hot spots an
Fig. 87.a. Pho
y 1, 2014 ‐ A
he principal
operation of
W scale on a
d on the ab
HYDROSOL‐
plant in the
H2O splitting
(at levels >
economic stu
2017: Duri
d ready for
onents, inclu
or. The 2nd fl
ocess (PSA, ta
n of the pla
is for the dev
nvestigation
ermal testing
ture level a
n the active v
nd conseque
otograph of the
April 30, 2018
objective
f a plant fo
solar tower,
bove, the spe
‐PLANT are t
750 kW ra
g. Operate t
3 kg/week)
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ng 2017, the
operation.
uding steam g
oor will acco
anks, etc.).
nt, a hazard
velopment o
ns.
g campaign is
achieved, on
volume of th
ently failure
e reactor array
8
of HYDRO
r solar ther
based on th
ecific Scient
the followin
ange to veri
the plant an
) [1]. Finally
commercial e
e pilot plant
The receive
generators,
ommodate e
d and opera
of system co
s ready to be
n the dynam
he absorbers
of the recei
OSOL‐PLANT
rmo‐chemica
he HYDROSO
ific and Tech
g: construct
fy the deve
d demonstr
y, the propo
exploitation o
was commis
r‐reactor co
preheaters,
equipment fo
ability study
ontrol schem
e performed
mic behavio
s. High temp
iver. The tem
Fig. 87.b. Fi
is the d
al hydrogen
L technology
hnical Objec
a solar hyd
eloped techn
ate hydroge
osal is direct
of the solar p
ssioned. The
ombined wit
reactor array
or separatio
(HAZOP) w
es, allowing
. Special em
or, on poten
erature grad
mperature d
nal plant config
evelopment
production
y.
ctives of the
drogen produ
nologies for
en productio
ted to perfo
process.
e HYDROSOL
h the rest o
ys, etc. have
n and purific
was prepared
for further
mphasis will b
ntial temper
dients may le
istribution c
guration
t and
from
work
uction
solar
n and
orm a
L‐Plant
of the
e been
cation
d that
safety
be put
rature
ead to
can be
97
controlled by defining several aiming points on the receiver surface and adjusting the
heliostats accordingly.
Having established all necessary conditions and adjustments for temperature uniformity, the
hydrogen production step will be initiated. The temperature levels, mass flows, duration of
reaction steps will be applied together with the special solar coupling providing alternating
solar flux and the process control system.
The core of this evaluation will be the quantitative assessment of the campaigns vs. the
objectives set and current state‐of‐the‐art figures according to the proposal goals: reactor
efficiency (thermal and chemical), hydrogen Production Rate 1400ºC: ≥ 3 kg/week, etc.
HITERSOL. Clean technologies for solar hydrogen production based on mixed‐ferrites
thermochemical cycle.
Participants: ABENGOA Hydrogen (company subsidiary of the ABENGOA group) and CIEMAT
Contacts: M. Maynar, [email protected];
Aurelio Gonzalez, [email protected]
Funding: 150 k€; CTA‐IDEA.
Duration: June 1, 2014 – December 31, 2015
Background: Some high temperature endothermic reactions for converting solar energy to
chemical fuels have been investigated around the world. Many of the activities to this point
dealt with identifying, developing, and assessing improved receiver/reactors for efficient
running of thermochemical processes for the production of H2. A challenging approach is
investigated at the Hitersol project where the reactor used to drive the ferrites cycle is a cavity
receiver using tubular reactors.
Objectives: HITERSOL is cooperation between CIEMAT‐PSA, and the company Abengoa
Hydrogen, established within the framework of CTA‐IDEA Initiative funded by the Andalusia
Community.
Hitersol pursued to develop clean technologies for solar hydrogen production based on water
splitting by mixed‐ferrites thermochemical cycle. To achieve this aim, an installation was
designed, constructed and commissioning within a previous project named SolH2. Present
collaboration pursued to complete the evaluation of a 200 kW pilot plant erected in PSA.
Achievements in 2017: During the first part of the INNPACTO project, the pilot plant was
commissioned and tested. The multi‐tubular solar reactor was tested during the SolH2 project
period and confirms that the proposed technology meets the hydrogen production targets.
Chemical tests were carried out and some results are obtained regarding H2 production at
different operating conditions with different temperatures (800 to 1200 ºC) and N2/steam
mass flow ratios.
Along 2016 some additional tests were addressed to operation of a plant with solar transients.
Then a comparison of the experimental tests and CFD results for this multi‐tubular solar
reactor for hydrogen production was performed in collaboration with the University of Seville.
98
CFD s
calcu
temp
F
An op
the re
The C
cavity
camp
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perature for t
Figure 88. (a) T
peration stra
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CFD model is
y and receiv
paign. In add
yze how hom
ONNES. Stora
cipants: IMD
nish enginee
NGOA group
ble exploitat
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99
Within objective 2, CIEMAT is exploring new solar receivers and reactors for the efficient
operation at high temperatures and with high penetration of photons for high incident flux.
Furthermore, within objective 3, “Develop new storage and dispatching thermal energy
systems”. CIEMAT will be focused on new perovskite materials as candidates for
thermochemical cycles.
Achievements in 2017:
Some work in 2017 was focused to study the technical feasibility of chemical reactors concepts
based on direct heated fluidised bed reactors Commercial Ni ferrite were selected as a model
material for solar experiments.
CIEMAT has continued working in optimizing the operating conditions while IMDEA has
designed and assembled a laboratory test bed using a "beam‐down" type chemical reactor for
the analysis of the reducing step of non‐volatile metal oxides. Tests were performed using N2
as fluidization gas. For CIEMAT, the goal of this study is to improve the understanding of
fluidized bed hydrodynamics by determining the effects of bed height and minimum
fluidization velocity, this value is found 2.3 cm/s for air and 1.9 cm/s for argon.
Within objective 3, our research efforts were directed towards preparation and synthesis of
the perovskites materials in the laboratory, improving the kinetics and reducing the working
temperatures.
Fig. 89. Oxygen released on the regeneration step from NiFe2O4 and LSC samples.
First hydrolysis test carried out with these materials in a thermogravimetric analyser indicated
with La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 and LaxSr1‐xFeyAl1‐yO3 that they are good candidates for further tests (Fig. 3).
First hydrolysis test carried out with this material indicated both (a) oxygen release in
perovskite materials is higher than Nickel ferrites (fig. 88) (b) hydrogen production is lower
than the expected one according to the oxygen released in the reduction step. Furthermore,
the oxygen released in the reduction step was decreased in each consecutive cycle showing
that cobalt perovskite is not a stable material.
0
0,5
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100
RESPACE. Subproject 3. Methodology and characterization of materials and components for
receivers for solar applications under extreme conditions
Participants: IMDEA Energia (Coordinator), Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y
Nanotecnología (CINN) and CIEMAT.
Contacts: Manuel Romero, [email protected];
Alfonso Vidal, [email protected]
Funding: 180 k€ (Subproject 3); Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación
Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad, en el marco del Plan estatal de Investigación Científica y
Técnica y de Innovación 2013‐2016. Ref. ENE2015‐71254‐C3‐2‐R.
Duration: January 1, 2016 – December 31, 2018.
Background: The research program ARROPAR‐CEX proposes a multidisciplinary analysis on
novel concepts of indirectly heated receivers/particle reactors for solar applications under
extreme conditions. Extreme operating conditions are understood to be those which involve
the combination of high irradiance, in excess of 1000 kW/m2, and very high temperatures,
typically above 800 °C.
ARROPAR‐CEX is divided into three sub‐projects in order to achieve significant advancements
in several scientific and technological knowledge areas, which together will lead to the
development and subsequent commercial deployment of new devices, materials and
methodologies in concentrating solar thermal energy, responding to the "Safe, Efficient and
Clean Energy" challenge of the Spanish Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation:
Within objective 2, CIEMAT will study new multifunctional ceramic materials for solar
applications under extreme conditions, focusing on the development of ceramic components
that are adapted to operating conditions beyond the current state‐of‐the‐art.
For this, the development of novel multifunctional composite materials is envisaged, which will
enhance the stability of the component under pressure/vacuum at high temperatures and
reduce its losses by thermal emission. Thermochemical processes require thermally and
chemically stable reactor wall materials, which can withstand severe operating conditions
suitable for specific solar fuels production. Reactor materials of construction comprising walls,
the cavity lining, insulation, and shell need to fulfill the thermal and chemical requirements of
severe operating conditions at high temperatures and under high‐flux solar radiation.
Achievements in 2017:
For such purpose, we focus on AlN, SiC, and Al2O3. These materials were subjected to thermal
treatment in air, steam, and ageing tests to determine the optimal material for each specific
application.
A set of tests has to be defined and carried out in order to depict some degradation of selected
materials to be used as reactor walls under specified conditions similar to those foreseen in
actual solar chemical reactors.
101
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EMAT perfo
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Fig. 91. O
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to learn to k
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he temperat
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e tests when
ne the oper
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re of 800°C.
ous particles
d.
nd the tem
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e was to dem
information
e.
eration param
particle feed
hieved. The
ydrogen into
ng the tests t
he minerals,
f the Solar Furn
know in dept
ing of most
m, to confirm
ure, and fina
mperature p
e this is whe
n argon is us
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the ability o
. Additional
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103
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HERMAL STO
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STAFF PHOT
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ERGY.2013.2.
as conceived
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ESA for a pay
ater than 20
EMIST aims t
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newable Ene
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25. Thanks t
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CIEMAT, ENI
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Africa and Asi
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g lunar regol
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ing the feas
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T, IRESEN, YU
evelop rene
een EU and
the world p
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pace Agency
ith reduction
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and technol
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sibility of st
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104
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to bu
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otype#1: buil
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lts in 2017:
nted, own de
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ts2 obtained
mising as expe
behaviour o
arPACEs2017
kh, R.; Ferch
missioning a
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lding integra
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brid concentr
s made to tra
The main c
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s. In spite of
was the onl
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7, SolarPAC
hichi, S.; Jm
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HC 2017, Rod
piral Latent S
Fig. 9
es for renew
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rating solar/b
ansfer and di
contribution
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f its relative
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nufacturing a
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CEs2017, W
ili, A.; Baba
a Mini CSP Pl
driguez‐Garc
Storage Mod
3. REELCOOP st
wables are g
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ro‐cogenerat
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e for latent h
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of the 9 PCM
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ave showed
lack of appro
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Willwerth, L.;
, A.; Soares
lant.
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torage prototyp
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nthalpy, the
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proposed so
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García, M.M
F.; Weinzie
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al data
constructed
ies.
ent of an, al
conductivity
chosen PCM
under cycling
proposed fo
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for validatin
M., Rojas, E.
erl, B., Krüge
and Perform
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lready
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g. Due
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., Ben
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mance
105
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4.1 IN
The S
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Main
●
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Durinof soSocieLikewproceoffici
.6.3 GROUP
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NTRODUCTIO
Solar Desalin
technologica
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● Large‐cap
MED, TVC
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and forw
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retarded
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water tre
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desalinat
ng 2017, the lar thermal dety (EDS), of wise, this yeaess optimizaally incorpor
STAFF PHOT
ALINATION
ON
nation Unit (
al knowledge
ed by solar e
earch lines a
pacity therm
C‐MED, ABS‐
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osmosis (PR
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modeling,
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PSA Solar Dedesalinationa yearly couar has led toation and adrating three
TO
Figure 94. T
NUNIT
(UDeS in its
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re the follow
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‐MED)
al processes
(FO)
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esalination U. The joint ourse about soo the consodvanced connew researc
Thermal Storage
Spanish acro
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wing:
s with specia
s with specia
desalinated w
ation: rever
esses for b
timization a
Unit has contorganization,olar desalinaolidation of tntrol strategchers (two P
e Group staff
onym) has t
ld of desalin
al emphasis
al emphasis i
water (CSP+D
se electrod
rine concen
nd advance
tinued with i together wiation is a prothe researchgies in solarPhD & one p
he objective
nation and th
in multi‐effe
n membrane
D)
ialysis (RED
ntration and
d control st
ts relevant aith the Europoof of this reh activity “Dyr desalinatiore‐doctoral)
e of new scie
hermal sepa
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e distillation
D) and pre
d industrial
trategies in
activity in thepean Desalineference posynamic modon processesto the unit
entific
ration
on (LT‐
n (MD)
ssure‐
waste
solar
e field nation sition. deling, s”, by team.
106
New developments in MED (metal‐doped plastic heat exchangers) and MD (new generation of spiral‐wound air‐gap modules) have been tested at PSA experimental facilities showing a promising future for these thermal‐powered desalination technologies.
The international relevance of the developed activities is clearly supported by the following positions currently held by the unit:
● Member of the European Desalination Society (EDS) Board of Directors (2016‐2018)
● Coordination of the Renewable Energy and Desalination Working Group of the
European Water Platform (WssTP)
● Coordination of the Renewable Energy Desalination Action Group of the European
Innovation Partnership on Water of the European Commission.
● Operating Agent of SolarPACES (Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems) Task VI
(Solar Energy and Water Processes and Applications).
During 2017 research activities were developed within the framework of projects covering both national and international activities with academic and industrial involvement.
4.2 PROJECTS
ZCR2. Zero Carbon Resorts towards Sustainable Development of the Tourism Sector in the
Philippines and Thailand
Participants: Gruppe Angepaste Technologie GrAT (AT) (coordinator), Palawan Council for
Sustainable Development PCSD (PH), Green Leaf Foundation GLF (TH), Health Public Policy
Foundation HPPF (TH), CIEMAT‐PSA (ES)
Contact: Dr. Guillermo Zaragoza, [email protected]
Funding agency: European Commission, SWITCH‐Asia Programme.
Background: This project builds upon the success and achievements of the ZCR in the
Philippines (2009‐2014) for replication and upscaling. Regional approach will be implemented
through ZCR intervention in Thailand and Green Certification in the Philippines, while
increasing the access to green finance and improving policy exchanges on SCP in tourism in
both countries.
Objectives: The overall objective of this project is to contribute to sustainable development of
the tourism sector and its value chain in the Philippines and Thailand with a focus on reduction
of resource consumption and CO2 emissions.
Achievements in 2017: During this year, CIEMAT‐PSA supported the development of a Green
Certification Scheme for tourist resorts. Our main work, however, was on the publication of
results from the evaluation of commercial modules of membrane distillation for decentralized,
solar‐powered seawater desalination, and also its combination with solar oxidation techniques
for wastewater decontamination. Also, a solar water disinfection system for a stand‐alone
application was designed, with the intention of replicating in Palawan’s ZCR demonstrator.
107
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act: Dr. Guill
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ground: The
rse Electrod
ty gradient i
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ricity from l
The specific
neration pro
ormance.
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results of si
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built at PSA
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Figure 95. Pi
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s regenerate
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n 2017: CI
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EMAT‐PSA
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STAGE‐STE. Scientific and Technological Alliance for Guaranteeing the European Excellence in
Concentrating Solar Thermal Energy – WP10: Solar Thermal Electricity + Desalination
Participants: CIEMAT‐PSA (WP10 coordinator) (ES), FISE (DE), ENEA (IT), CEA (FR), CYI (CY),
LNEG (PT), CENER (ES), UEVORA (PT), UNIPA (IT), SENER (ES), HITTITE (TR), FBK (IT)
Contact: Dr. Diego‐César Alarcón‐Padilla ([email protected])
Funding agency: European Commission, IRP 7th FP
Background: Combined electricity and fresh water production by means of solar thermal
concentrating technologies can be proposed as a solution in many locations of the world
where water scarcity usually coincides with the availability of high solar irradiation levels.
Objectives: The main objective of STAGE‐STE WP10 (STE+Desalination) is to answer the basic
question about under which conditions a solar thermal cogeneration scheme can be more
feasible than the separate production of power by a STE plant and the use of such power to
run a desalination process.
Achievements in 2017: During this year techno‐economic analysis of the different CSP+D
thermal cogeneration schemes have been completed and the results have been compared
with the independent generation of electricity and fresh water using reverse osmosis. The
results have shown that, except in geographic locations with extreme conditions for the use of
membranes, thermal desalination technologies need to increase their energy efficiency and
reduce their investment costs in order to be competitive.
EFFERDESAL. Subproject title: Efficient energy control and management of solar thermal
desalination systems
Participants: UAL (ES) (ENERPRO) , CIEMAT‐PSA (EFFERDESAL)
Contacts: Dr. Diego‐César Alarcón‐Padilla, [email protected]
Funding agency: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Plan Estatal. I+D+i 2013‐2016
orientada a los retos de la sociedad.
Background: Due to increasing demand ‐for energy and water, most countries are promoting
the efficient use of these resources to reduce costs and increase sustainability. Generally,
energy efficiency is not only associated with technological improvements, but also with the
improvement of control and energy management. This is the main framework of this research
project ENERPRO, which is a natural evolution of a previous project, POWER, where both UAL
and CIEMAT‐PSA subprojects focused on heat/cooling and water management.
Objectives: The main objectives of the subproject are:
1. Dynamic modeling of solar‐gas hybrid desalination plants.
2. Analysis of energy storage systems and auxiliary systems for energy cost reduction.
109
3. Design of simplified models for control purposes.
4. Development of MPC strategies for desalination plants.
5. Coupling of solar desalination plants to supply water to greenhouses and buildings.
6. Testing of control algorithms both in simulation and in the real installations.
Achievements in 2017: During this year, the following relevant results have been obtained:
1. A hierarchical controller has been tested at the solar membrane distillation (SMD)
facility based on a model predictive controller (MPC) that optimizes the operation
under different criteria (distillate, specific thermal consumption and electrical costs).
2. An MPC hierarchical controller has been proposed in a SMD system to reduce the
specific thermal consumption assuring a distillate volume for greenhouse irrigation.
3. Experimental characterization of the MED unit (performance ratio and distillate
production) at different operating points.
4. Analysis of the optimal operating conditions of a MED unit and a double‐effect
absorption heat pump under energetic and exergetic criteria.
5. An experimental campaign at the SMD facility has been carried out to train a neural
network and characterize SolarSpring’s membrane distillation modules.
6. Development of a dynamic model of a parabolic trough solar field of small
concentration ratio.
7. Characterization of the apparent delay in a field of stationary flat plate collectors.
8. Development of dynamic models for heat storage systems.
REWACEM. Resource recovery from industrial waste water by cutting edge membrane
technologies
Participants: FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE (coordinator) (DE), AEE INTEC (AT), BFI (DE), UNIPA (IT),
CIEMAT‐PSA (ES), DEUTSCHE EDELSTAHLWERKE (DE), SOLARSPRING (DE), AT&S (AT),
ELECTRONIQUEL (ES), DEUKUM (DE), AIZ (AT), USTUTT (DE), TECNOZINCO (IT), PSE (DE)
Contact: Dr. Guillermo Zaragoza ([email protected])
Funding agency: European Commission, H2020 Program
Background: Production of metal goods brings, along with the generation of a multitude of
different wastewater streams as the ones from cooling circuits and gas cleaning, rinsing water
and diluted pickling acids from electroplating as well as washing water from casting of tools
and automotive components. The high demand of water, often needed in demineralized
quality for rinsing or washing purposes, is already a problem for production sites in the semi‐
arid regions of Southern Europe. Additionally, metal processing consumes plenty of different
process fluids like acids, bases, and salts leading to contaminated wastewater streams, which
need disposal causing high costs and significant environmental impact in general.
Objectives: The main objective of REWACEM Project is the application and demonstration of
innovative and efficient water treatment technologies with the effect of a significant reduction
110
of water use, waste water production, chemical consumption and energy use for the metal
production, processing and coating industries. The proposed approach is an integrated system
comprising between one and two cutting edge membrane technologies (Diffusion Dialysis (DD)
and Membrane Distillation (MD)) which is highly suitable for adaptation to the manifold metal
processing branches using low grade waste heat and concentration gradients to provide
energy efficient waste water treatment and liquid stream recovery.
Achievements in 2017: During this year, the pilot plant for its application in the production process of the project partner ELECTRONIQUEL was designed. It will recover copper and sulphuric acid from their copper electroplating line, using a combination of membrane distillation and diffusion dialysis. The components of the plant were defined and agreed with all partners in order to use similar elements in the four pilot plants to be constructed.
NESTER. Network for Excellence in Solar Thermal Energy Research
Participants: CYI (coordinator) (CY), CIEMAT‐PSA (ES), ENEA‐UTRINN (IT), CNRS‐PROMES (FR),
RWTH‐AACHEN (DE)
Contact: Dr. Diego Alarcón ([email protected])
Funding agency: European Commission, H2020 Program
Background: The geopolitical placement of Cyprus offers excellent opportunities for
cultivating a research and innovation niche in solar technologies. At the same time the
remoteness of the corresponding centres of Excellence of EU is a major impediment. The
NESTER Project strives to enhance the advantages and ameliorate the disadvantages of this
geographical placement.
Objectives: The NESTER Project aims in upgrading the scientific and innovation performance
of the Cyprus Institute (CyI) in the field of Solar‐Thermal Energy. The upgrade will be achieved
by embedding the Institute’s activities in a network of excellence, which will provide access to
the latest know‐how and facilities, train CyI’s scientific and technical personnel and link it with
the European Industry. The substantial investments made/planned by CyI in infrastructure and
personnel will thus become more efficient and competitive allowing claim to international
excellence.
Achievements in 2017: During this second year of the project the most remarkable activities
have been the collaboration in the organization of winter schools, specific workshops,
secondments and mentoring visits.
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112
Solar photochemical processes for the remediation of industrial wastewaters containing
biorecalcitrant compounds (pharmaceuticals, pesticides, landfill leachates, textile and
wine industry), related with TRICERATOPS project.
Integration of Advanced Oxidation Processes with other water treatment technologies
(NF/UF; Ozone, Bioprocesses, etc.) for improving efficiency and reducing costs, related
with TRICERATOPS project and AQUALITY Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Action.
Evaluating photocatalytic efficiency of new materials under solar light in pilot reactors,
related with FOTOFUEL network and HIDROPILSOL project.
Photocatalytic and photochemical processes for water disinfection in different scenarios
(different wastewaters and drinking water including resistant pathogens), related with
WATERSPOUTT project and ALICE Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Action.
Pilot solar photo‐reactors for production of hydrogen and other photo‐fuels, related with
FOTOFUEL network and HIDROPILSOL project.
5.2 PROJECTS
FOTOFUEL. New Challenges in Solar Fuels production
Participants: IMDEA Energía (Coord.), CIEMAT‐PSA, ICP‐CSIC, UPV‐CSIC (ITQ), IMDEA
Materiales, Institut Catala de Investigacio Quimica, Laboratorio de Luz de Sincrotrón (ALBA‐
CELLS), UB, UJI, Instituto de Investigación en Energía de Cataluña (IREC)
Contacts: Dr. S. Malato Rodriguez; [email protected]
Funding agency: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Network of Excellence
(Reference ENE2016‐82025‐REDT)
Background: According to the IEA report from the COP21 meeting, it will be necessary to
reduce emissions by 40‐70 % in order to limit the global temperature increase to 2ºC with
respect to preindustrial values. This will imply an investment of 13.5 trillion $ in energy
efficiency and low carbon technologies. In this frame, solar fuels, produced from abundant
feedstocks (CO2, H2O) and using sunlight as renewable source, represent one of the most
promising alternatives to fossil ones.
Objectives: The goal of FOTOFUEL is to significantly advance the development of materials and
devices for efficient solar fuels production. With that purpose, synergies and network
collaboration will be promoted among the main research groups in this field, providing them,
at the same time, with a platform for international exposure.
Results in 2017: Network of excellence. The scientific program involves four research lines: (i)
Design and synthesis of advanced multifunctional materials, (ii) Development of theoretical
and experimental characterisation tools, (iii) Design and set‐up of efficient photoreactors and
devices and (iv) Process viability and standardisation. Former FOTOFUEL network (2015‐16)
meant the ideal frame in order to exploit existing links and promote new ones. The present
network intends to settle and reinforce such cooperation and to place the Network in the
international scene, creating the seed for a future European network on solar fuels. See:
http://fotofuel.org/
113
FOTOCAT. New photocatalytic materials and reactors for removal of micropollutants and
pathogens
Participants: Universitat Rovira i Virgili–URV (Coord.), PSA‐CIEMAT, UEX, URL, UAL/CIESOL, ICRA, UPV, URJC
Contacts: Dr. M. Ignacio Maldonado; [email protected]
Funding agency: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Network of Excellence (Reference CTM2015‐71054‐REDT)
Background: To achieve a sustainable use of water resources, it is necessary to increase the volume of reclaimed water. To obtain an effluent of suitable quality for the different uses permitted for reclaimed water it is necessary to reduce the content of pathogens and persistent organic pollutants. This could be achieved through the proper development of photocatalytic processes.
Objectives: The aim of the FOTOCAT network is to achieve a significant progress in the development of materials and photocatalytic reaction systems for the treatment and reuse of wastewater. The research groups that comprise the FOTOCAT network have altogether a wide experience in the synthesis of new catalytic materials, photocatalytic reactor design and implementation of these processes for the treatment and reuse of wastewater, allowing them to face the challenges identified for their industrial application. The various actions planned to be undertaken will contribute to the training of new researchers in the application of photocatalytic processes for water treatment and reuse and the need for its sustainable use.
Results in 2017: Network of excellence. The work is based on scientific collaboration and joint implementation of a work program based on cutting‐edge research, information, dissemination and communication and technology transfer. Along 2017 two short stays within the funding of FOTOCAT have been carried out. First, Dra. Inmaculada Polo from the Solar Water Treatment of Unit at CIEMAT‐PSA spent two weeks (from the 11th to the 22nd of September 2017) in the Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, collaborating with Dr. Javier Marugán in the analysis and discussion of previously obtained results in other scientific and technical activities carried out within other common projects. Secondly, the researcher Sandra Yurani Toledo, from the Universiad Rovira I Virgili, came from the 9th to the 27th of October 2017 to the PSA for training activities in the operation and control of the hydrogen generation pilot plant available at the facilities of the Solar Treatment of Water Unit. See: http://fotocat.es/
NEREUS. New and emerging challenges and opportunities in wastewater reuse
Participants: 336 participants from 40 countries (EU and associated countries). NIREAS‐International Water Research Center (Cyprus), coord. CIEMAT‐PSA is member of managing committee and co‐coordinates Working Group 4.
Contacts: Dr. S. Malato Rodriguez; [email protected]
Funding agency: European Cooperation in Science and Technology, H2020‐ Cost Action (ES1403)
Background: Treated urban wastewater is currently widely reused to compensate for dwindling water supplies, as it is considered to be a reliable alternative water source. Several
114
knowledge gaps associated with wastewater reuse still exist, including: (a) accumulation of metals/elements in the soil and their subsequent uptake by plants and crops, (b) fate of organic microcontaminants in downstream environments, and (c) epidemiological potential of antibiotic resistant bacteria and/or resistance genes (ARB&ARG) discharged from treated effluent. Contamination of the environment, the food chain, drinking water, etc with ARB&ARG is presently considered to be a serious public health problem.
Objectives: The Action intends to (i) deliver best‐practice recommendations to wastewater reuse in irrigation, (ii) develop uniform means for assessing wastewater quality with respect to contaminants of emerging concern and also ARB&ARG, (iii) establish specifications for technologies able to produce wastewater with minimal levels of such contaminants, and (iv) compile valid and reliable information to be used in regulatory frameworks.
Results in 2017: The work is based on scientific collaboration and joint implementation of a work program. Two meetings (in Patras and Vienne) have been organised. WG 4 (coordinated by PSA) has organised a Summer School in Porto and has recently finished all the deliverables related with its activity. From such deliverables as reference, two different review papers are in progress to be published in high IF journals. See http://www.nereus‐cost.eu/
WATER4CROP. Reducing the water cycle demand in vegetables process industry by novel water treatment: reuse for vegetables washing and agricultural reuse
Participants: CIEMAT‐PSA; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (coordinator).
Contacts: Dr. M. Inmaculada Polo López, [email protected]
Funding agency: Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Reference CTQ2014‐54563‐C3‐3‐R).
Background: To explore different ways to save fresh water, like the reuse of industrial wastewater effluents for agriculture but they should be previously treated. Advanced Oxidation Processes have demonstrated to be a promising treatment to enhance the wastewater effluents quality, reducing the presence of emerging pollutants (chemical and biological) to regulated limits (RD 1620/2007).
Objectives: The main objective is the assessment of several Advanced Oxidation Processes (O3/H2O2, solar photo‐Fenton, H2O2/solar radiation) for the treatment of fresh‐cut industry wastewater (FCWW) contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella and a cocktail of pesticides in pilot reactors and further reuse for raw‐eaten crops irrigation in an experimental greenhouse.
Results in 2017: i) Study of the optical and energy limitations between solar photons and H2O2 over the inactivation of E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis under controlled conditions in a solar simulator and using synthetic fresh‐cut WW. The influence of UVA irradiance (10–50 W/m2) on the inactivation of both pathogens at several H2O2 concentrations was investigated (Figure 95.a). ii) The capability of a commercial iron fertilizer commonly employed to remediate the iron chlorosis in agriculture has been investigated as alternative source of iron for photo‐Fenton processes. Inactivation rates were compared with other solar processes; iii) Assessment of the simultaneous degradation of pesticides and inactivation of both bacteria at pilot scale by several Advanced Oxidation Processes: ozonation and solar process (H2O2/Solar and photo‐Fenton) within a flow 60L‐CPC solar reactor (Figure 95.b). iv) Finally, the assessment
115
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6.HORIZONTALR&DACTIVITIES
6.1 STAGE‐STE
Work Package 8: Materials for Solar Receivers and STE Components
Participants: CIEMAT, DLR, CNRS, FISE, ENEA, CEA, LNEG, CNR, CENER, TECN, CRAN, TKN, IST‐
ID, SENER, HITIT, SCHOTT, ASE, ASNT, COBRA.
Contacts: Gema San Vicente ([email protected], Task 8.2.4); Aránzazu Fernández
García ([email protected], Tasks 8.1 and 8.3); Antonio Avila ([email protected],
Task 8.2.6)
Funding agency: EU‐7FP‐ENERGY‐2013.
Background: Research has been conducted towards developing a durability testing guideline
for solar reflectors to predict material failure in advance. By and large, the study of new solar
receiver designs is a required investigation due to the need to improve their thermal
performance at high temperatures. In addition, it has appeared several methods for the
measurement of parameters in linear receivers and it is necessary to validate them.
Objectives: CIEMAT’s participation is focused on: i) developing methods of accelerated ageing
for reflectors that provide estimations of degradation over lifetime; ii) comparing the
procedures used to perform optical measurements of absorptance, emittance and
transmittance on tubular samples of line focusing receivers; iii) analysing the suitability of
enhanced materials for high temperature applications; iv) investigating the occurrence of
abrasion under desert conditions and simulate it under laboratory conditions.
Results in 2017: Concerning the topic related to the development of a guideline for durability
testing of typical silvered‐glass solar reflectors (Task 8.1), a round robin test to compare the
accelerated aging tests according to the new UNE standard among the participating partners
(CEA, CENER, CIEMAT/DLR, LNEG and TECNALIA) was totally accomplished. According to the
results obtained, the average standard deviation among the five laboratories regarding the
hemispherical and specular reflectance losses is in the order of 0.2% and 0.3%, respectively.
The average standard deviation of the maximum non‐protected edge corrosion penetration,
the number of corrosion spots per dm² (>200µm) and the number of bubbles per dm² in the
paint layer was 0.19 cm, 5 corrosion spots and 11 bubbles, respectively. These deviation values
are in the same order of the average value, and therefore the methodology used should be
improved. Also, several reflectors that have been exposed outdoors in commercial plants
were analysed by CIEMAT/DLR to identify the reflectance decay and the degradation
mechanisms appearing during operation.
Regarding to task 8.2.4, a Round Robin Test which compares the procedures used to perform
optical measurements of absorptance, emittance and transmittance on tubular samples of line
focusing receivers has been performed. The participating laboratories were CENER, DLR,
CIEMAT, LNEG and CEA. The results have shown that the equipment and procedures used by
the 5 labs to obtain the optical measurements performed in solar wavelength range (solar
123
trans
Differ
were
are a
the m
neces
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Fig. 1
In WP
using
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of th
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optic
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obtained by
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parable data
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P 8.2.6, the
g a low‐cost
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e project, fo
d in three d
mark 2500 a
cles.
99 shows th
al condition
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concluded th
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lues equal o
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the value o
nts, no com
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.
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material and
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our optimal c
different opt
and, 3) Coa
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hat the differ
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or lower than
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obtained for
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comparison
r, Fig. 100 p
rent configur
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based coating
mark coating
n curve sam
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ittance value
other lab. E
sults were
rocedures us
optical measurend robin test of
sign and tes
manufacturin
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ns were the
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of the diffe
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mples, gave
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obtained. T
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(b)
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ting of a hig
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ptance was d
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developed b
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umina pebbl
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btained simila
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aboratories i
.2.4.2) (a) and ers (Task 8.1) (b)
h‐temperatu
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, 2) Coated
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ar values bu
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ure solar abs
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results
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umina
ferent
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worthy
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124
Fig
With
with t
Work
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Fig. 103. Com
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respect to t
the adequat
k Package 11
cipants: CIE
alia, Univer
gía, Archime
acts: Loreto
parison of the 4
rison of the hemdifferent positio
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te methodolo
1: Line‐focus
MAT (WP11
sity of Evo
de Solar Ene
Valenzuela (
4 different conf
mispherical reflons before and
the erosion o
ogy to condu
ing STE Tech
1 coordinato
ra, Cranfield
ergy, Abengo
(loreto.valen
figurations with
lectance of the d after the tests
of reflectors
uct accelerat
hnologies
or), CNRS, Fr
d University
oa, COBRA.
hout coating an
pebbles coateds for the configu
under dese
ted aging tes
raunhofer‐IS
y, Tekniker,
es)
nd with two diff
d with Pyromaruration 3x13mm
rt conditions
ts was devel
SE, ENEA, CE
SENER, SU
ferent coatings
rk 2500 locatedm
s (8.3), a guid
loped.
EA, LNEG, C
UNCNIM, Ac
d at
deline
ENER,
cciona
125
Funding agency: EU‐7FP‐ENERGY‐2013 (G.A. no: 609837).
Background: A big deployment of large commercial solar fields for electricity generation,
specially using parabolic troughs has appeared in the last 10 ten years. In addition, it has been
identified by different stakeholders the big potential for the application of line‐focusing solar
collectors’ technology for distributed power and process heat generation, and solar heating
and cooling applications.
Objectives: CIEMAT’s participation is focused on: i) explore and develop new concepts of
medium temperature line‐focusing collectors; ii) work in the modelling and simulation of
parabolic troughs fields using water‐steam as heat transfer fluids; iii) define and validate
dynamic solar field testing procedures; iv) define and analyse new methodologies for on‐site
characterization of line‐focus collectors and their components in large commercial solar fields.
Achievements in 2017: In the context of Task 11.1.1 CIEMAT, in collaboration with Tecnalia,
Cener and University of Evora, completed the preparation of the medium temperature solar
collector’s database that is available at the following link http://www.stage‐
ste.eu/keydocuments/solarthermalcollectors.php (see Fig. 103). At the time of preparing this
summary, the database includes information of 74 collectors available in the market. It is
planned to maintain it during the coming years in the framework of new projects and common
activities between the partners involved in its preparation.
In the context of Task 11.2, CIEMAT has coordinated the working groups of thermal inspection
of receivers, inspection of reflectance/soiling of reflectors, and inspection of other
components (structures, tracking mechanisms, etc.) in large solar fields (Task 11.2.2). In
addition CIEMAT has participated in task 11.2.1 to evaluate the performance of collectors
installed in solar power plants. Main activities completed this last year of project are:
Evaluation of solar field data from parabolic trough power plants owned by ACCIONA
and SENER. Thermal performance of collector loops and sectors of the solar fields
have been analysed following an steady‐state method applied by CIEMAT in other
qualifications and the quasi‐dynamic testing methodology proposed in ISO 9806:2017,
recently updated.
CIEMAT completed an outdoor test campaign at the HTF test loop to quantify vacuum
status level of solar receiver tubes for PTCs by mean of infrared thermography.
CIEMAT also has participated in the inter‐comparison of portable reflectometers in
solar power plants owned by ACCIONA and SENER. During this last year of project
there have been evaluated data measured in ACCIONA and SENER power plants in
2016. Differences found in the measurements of specular reflectance taken with three
instruments used during the test campaigns (15R by Devices&Services, Condor by
Abengoa, and PFlex by Fraunhofer‐ISE) are mainly explained by their different
acceptance angles.
126
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128
is to enhance CYI capabilities and, as a consequence, to positively impact on developing the knowledge economy of Cyprus. The substantial investments made/planned by CYI in infrastructure and personnel will thus become more efficient and competitive allowing claim to international excellence. Objectives: The NESTER project aims in upgrading the scientific and innovation performance of the Cyprus Institute (CYI) in the field of Solar‐Thermal Energy (STE). The upgrade will be achieved by embedding the Institute’s activities in a network of excellence, which will provide access to the latest know‐how and facilities, train CYI’s scientific and technical personnel and link it with the European Industry. A number of activities are proposed in a detailed program which includes training and know‐how transfer, seminars and networking events with European, Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East partners, autumn school activities, public outreach and awareness and networking events. Achievements in 2017: Main contribution of CIEMAT to this project during 2017 was in the topic of Thermal Energy Storage. Since in 2017 the second week of the 2nd Annual Autumn School on Concentrated Solar Technologies (CST) was focused on Storage, the PSA Thermal Storage unit actively participated giving around 50% of the lectures that week, sharing its experience on thermocline modelling to look for the potential synergies on modelling issue with CYI. Also, the Solar Concentrating Systems unit collaborated with a visit of one engineer to CYI to, firstly, perform a complete training about the correct use of portable reflectometers, including practical lessons using a 15R‐USB model); secondly, three test campaigns were performed for optically characterize the performance of the small heliostat field of the PROTEAS facility, the linear Fresnel system installed on the KEPA school, and two demo CYI heliostat units. All these actions were designed to ensure the sustainability of CYI, as well as the continuation of cooperation activities, well beyond NESTER project finalization. 6.4 INSHIP
INTEGRATING NATIONAL RESEARCH AGENDAS ON SOLAR HEAT FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Participants: FRAUNHOFER (Germany), AEE‐INTEC (Austria), CIEMAT (Spain), DLR (Germany), CNRS (France), ENEA (Italy), ETHZ (Switzerland), CEA (France), CYI (Cyprus), LNEG (Portugal), CTAER (Spain), CNR (Italy), CENER (Spain), TECNALIA (Spain), UEVORA (Portugal), IMDEA (Spain), CRANFIELD (UK), IK4‐TEKNIKER (Spain), UNIPA (Italy), IST‐ID (Portugal), FBK (Italy), CRES (Greece), METU (Turkey), EERA AISBL (Belgium), UNINA (Italy), UNIFI (Italy), US (Spain), CIC Energigune (Spain). Contacts: Julian Blanco, [email protected]
Diego Martínez, [email protected] Funding agency: European Commission, H2020‐LCE‐2016‐ERA Background: Process heat is recognized as the application with highest potential among solar heating and cooling applications. Solar Heat for Industrial Processes (SHIP) still presents a modest share of about 0.3% of total installed solar thermal capacity. As of today’s technology development stage is quite restricted to low temperature applications, so INSHIP is focusing on CSP/STE technologies to widen the scope of industrial applications to a temperature range between 80 – 1500 ᵒC. INSHIP project correspond to a new funding scheme (European Common Research and Innovation Agenda‐ECRIA) designed by the European Commission as the next step beyond the current Integrated Research Agendas (IRP) and specifically targeting EERA JPs.
129
Objectives: INSHIP is a framework engaging major European research institutes with recognized activities on SHIP, into an integrated to achieve the coordination objectives of: more effective and intense cooperation between EU research institutions; alignment of different SHIP related national research and funding programs, avoiding overlaps and duplications and identifying gaps; acceleration of knowledge transfer to the European industry, while developing coordinated R&D TRLs 2‐5 activities with the ambition of progressing SHIP beyond the state‐of‐the‐art. Results in 2017: In addition to the PSA‐CIEMAT contribution to a large number of technical activities (WPs 2 to 5), main role in this project is the coordination of WP6 (Integrated SHIP research infrastructures) and WP8 (Advanced Networking Activities). In the context of WP6, the mapping of RTD SHIP infrastructures & resources was initiated to check if the current existing facilities fulfil all present and future needs of the scientific community and industrial sector. Also, mobility scheme addressing staff personnel, as well as the program to access to Research Infrastructures, were defined and started. In the context of WP8, the first questionnaire dealing with the “Analysis of needed national and regional innovation strategies on SHIP”, was prepared being ready for its distribution.
6.5 WASCOP
WATER SAVING FOR SOLAR CONCENTRATING POWER
Participants: CEA, DLR, CIEMAT‐PSA, Cranfield University, Fundación Tekniker, MASEN,
Rioglass Solar, Archimede Solar Energy, OMT Solutions, Hamon D´Hondt, AMIRES.
Contacts: Aránzazu Fernández García, [email protected]
Funding agency: EU‐H2020‐LCE‐02‐2015.
Background: CSP plants use significant amounts of water to function properly. Water is a restricted resource in the parts of the world where the majority of CSP plants are installed. Water saving is therefore one of the major issues to ensure a financially competitive position of CSP plants and their sustainable implementation.
Objectives: To develop a revolutionary innovation in water management of CSP plants,
a flexible integrated solution (or toolbox) comprising different innovative technologies
and optimized strategies for the cooling of the power block and the cleaning of the
solar field, with the aim of a significant reduction in water consumption (up to 90%).
Achievements in 2017: CIEMAT‐PSA is involved in this project through its Solar
Concentrating Technologies and Desalination Units. During the second year of the
project, the application of anti‐soiling coatings on reflectors and absorber tubes has
been evaluated to decrease water consumption in cleaning. Samples of both
components were submitted to a deep accelerated aging test campaign to select the
most appropriate coating among different options in the case of the absorber tubes
and to check the durability of the already selected coating in the case of the reflectors.
Also, the testing facilities to assess several cleaning tools (dust barriers, anti‐soiling
coating for reflectors and absorber tubes, low‐cost soiling sensor and ultrasonic
130
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133
20/02/2017 Technical visit Prof. Marcelo Serrano, public official from the Ministry of Energy of Chile in training stage at Ciemat, visited the PSA installations to know about CSP technologies in relation with the development and implementation of RE.
02/03/2017 Workshop E. Zarza participated in the Workshop “Oportunidades de la Energía Solar Termoeléctrica”
organized by PROTERMOSLLAR and CIEMAT at the international event GENERA‐2017 held at
Madrid to present the main R+D lines selected by the STE sector to speed up cost reduction.
07‐08/03/2017 Institutional Meeting The PSA hosted the visit of the Delegation from Lebanon in the frame of the TAIEX Study Visit on Small Concentrated Solar Power Plants, with the aim of improve the experience of specialists on renewable energy technologies and applications. 13/03/2017 Technical Visit and Meeting Visit to PSA of researchers of the Engineering School of Seville to check potential R+D collaboration with PSA. 17/03/2017 Lecture Invited lecture on “Thermal Energy Storage Introduction" of Esther Rojas at ENEA´s premises in Rome, Italy. 21/03/2017 Technical Visit and Meeting Visit to PSA of TEWER Ingeniería with representatives from Brazilian companies (CSEP, EUDORA Energia, RTB Holding Energia, P&D Aneel and Institutos Lactec) to know our experimental facilities.
21/03/2017 Technical visit A group of engineers and officers from TEWER Co. visited PSA as part of the training activities in Spain related to solar thermal power plants. 4‐6/04/2016 Official Meeting Participation of E. Zarza in the 92nd meeting of the Executive Committee of SolarPACES held at Thessaloniki, Greece.
5‐7/04/2016 Official Meeting Participation of Rocio Bayón in the Kick‐off meeting of the IEA SHC/ECES Task 58‐33. Material and Component Development for Thermal Energy Storage, held at Lyon, France.
134
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135
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136
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9. PUBLICATIONS
PhD Thesis
1. Serrano‐Aguilera, J.J. (2017). Thermal hydraulic and optical modeling of solar direct
steam generation systems based on parabolic‐trough collectors. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Universidad de Málaga, Málaga.
2. Evaluación de sistemas comerciales en espiral de destilación por membranas y su
aplicación al tratamiento de aguas. Author: Alba Ruiz Aguirre.Supervisors: G. Zaragoza,
José M. Fernández Sevilla. 4 July 2017.
3. Kinetic modelling of the Escherichia coli inactivation in water by solar radiation:
applications to SODIS. Author: María Castro Alférez Supervisors: Pilar Fernández Ibáñez,
María Inmaculada Polo López, Javier Marugán. 6 July 2017
SOLAR CONCENTRATING SYSTEMS UNIT
SCI PUBLICATIONS
1. Alonso, E., Gallo, A., Roldán, M.I., Pérez‐Rábago, C.A., Fuentealba, E.. Use of rotary kilns
for solar thermal applications: Review of developed studies and analysis of their
potential. Solar Energy 144 (2017) Pages 90–104. Doi: http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.004
2. Alonso‐Montesinos, J., Barbero, J., Polo, J., López, G., Ballestrín, J., Batlles, F.J. Impact of
a Saharan dust intrusion over southern Spain on DNI estimation with sky cameras.
Atmospheric Environment. Vol. 170 (2017), pp. 279‐289. ISSN: 1352‐2310.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.09.040
3. Avila‐Marín, A., Fernández‐Reche, J., Casanova, M., Caliot, C, Flamant, G. Numerical
simulation of convective heat transfer for inline and stagger stacked plain‐weave wire
mesh screens and comparison with a local thermal non‐equilibrium model. SolarPACES
2016. AIP Conf. Proceedings 1850 (2017), 030003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984346
4. Ballestrín, J., Roldán, M.I. Measuring High Surface Temperature in Concentrated Solar
Radiation Environments. Applied Engineering. Vol. 1, No. 2, 2017, pp. 8‐18. doi:
10.11648/j.ae.20170102.11
5. Ballestrín, J., Roldán, M.I. Contact sensors for measuring high surface temperature in
concentrated solar radiation environments. Measurement 109 (2017) 65‐73. ISSN: 0263‐
2241
6. Ballestrín, J., Roldán, M.I. Measuring High Surface Temperature in Concentrated Solar
Radiation Environments. American Journal of Engineering and Technology
Management. Vol. 2, No. 3, 2017, pp. 25‐35. doi: 10.11648/j.ajetm.20170203.12. ISSN:
2575‐1948 (Print); ISSN: 2575‐1441 (Online).
7. Bayón, R.; Rojas, E., 2017, Feasibility study of D‐mannitol as phase change material for thermal storage. AIMS Energy,2017, 5(3), 404‐424. http://www.aimspress.com/article/10.3934/energy.2017.3.404
8. Biencinto, M., Montes, M.J., Valenzuela, L., González, L. Simulation and comparison
between fixed and sliding‐pressure strategies in parabolic‐trough solar power plants
144
with direct steam generation. Applied Thermal Engineering 125 (2017), 735‐745.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.059.
9. Bonilla, J., de la Calle, A., Rodríguez‐García, M.M., Roca, L., Valenzuela, L. Study on shell‐
and‐tube heat exchanger models with diferente degree of complexity for process
simulation and control design. Applied Thermal Engineering 124 (2017), 1425‐1440.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.129
10. Bonilla J, Rodríguez‐García M‐M, Roca L, de la Calle A, Valenzuela L, Design and
experimental validation of a computational effective dynamic thermal energy storage
tank model, Energy (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.017.
11. Bouaddi, S., Ihlal, A., Fernández‐García, A. Comparative analysis of soiling of CSP mirrors
materials in arid zones. Renewable Energy 101 (2017), 437‐449.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.08.067.
12. Cundapí, R., Moya, S.L., Valenzuela, L. Approaches to modeling a solar field for direct
generation of industrial steam. Renewable Energy 103 (2017), 666‐681.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.10.081.
13. Fernández‐García, A., Sutter, F., Martínez‐Arcos, L., Sansom, C., Wolferstetter, F., Delord,
C. Equipment and methods for measuring reflectance of concentrating solar reflector
materials. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 167 (2017), 28‐52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.03.036.
14. Giglio, A., Lanzini, A., Leone, P., Rodríguez, M.M., Zarza, E. Direct steam generation in
parabolic‐trough collectors: A review about the technology and a thermo‐economic
analysis of a hybrid system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74 (2017), 452‐
473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.176
15. Hirsch, T., Bachelier, C., Eck, M., Dersch, J., Fluri, T., Giuliano, S., Goebel, O., González,
L.,.... The first version of the SolarPACES guideline for bankable STE Yield assessment.
SolarPACES 2016. AIP Conf. Proceedings 1850 (2017), 160014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984548
16. Kováčik, J., Emmer, S., Rodríguez, J., Cañadas, I. Sintering of HDH Ti poder in a solar
furnace at Plataforma Solar de Almería. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 695 (2017),
52‐59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.147
17. Monterreal, R., Enrique, R., Fernández‐Reche, J. An improved methodology for heliostat
testing and evaluation at the Plataforma Solar de Almería. SolarPACES 2016. AIP Conf.
Proceedings 1850 (2017), 030036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984379
18. Pernpeintner, J., Schiricke, B., Sallaberry, F., de Jalón, A., Lopez Martín, R., Valenzuela, L.,
de Luca, A. Results of the parabolic trough receiver heat loss round robin test
2015/2016. SolarPACES 2016. AIP Conf. Proceedings 1850 (2017), 020012.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984337
19. Polo, J., Ballestrin, J., Alonso‐Montesinos, J., López‐Rodríguez, G., Barbero, J., Carra, E.,
Fernández‐Reche, J., Bosch, J.L., Batlles, J. Analysis of solar tower plant performance
influenced by atmospheric attenuation at different temporal resolutions related to
aerosol optical depth. Solar Energy 157 (2017), 803‐810.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.09.003
20. Sallaberry, F., Valenzuela, L., Gomez, L., León, J., Fischer,S., Bohren, A.. Harmonization
of Standard for Parabolic Trough Collector Testing in Solar Thermal Power Plants.
145
SolarPACES 2016. AIP Conf. Proceedings 1850 (2017), 020014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984339
21. Sallaberry, F., Fernández‐García, A., Lüpfert, E., Morales, A., San Vicente, G., Sutter, F.
Towards standardized testing methodologies for optical properties of components in
concentrating solar thermal power plants. SolarPACES 2016. AIP Conf. Proceedings 1850
(2017), 150004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984533
22. Sallaberry, F., Valenzuela, L., Palacin, L.G. On‐site parabolic trough collector testing in
solar termal power plants: experimental validation of a new approach developed for the
IEC 62862‐3‐2 standard. Solar Energy 155 (2017), 398‐409.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.06.045
23. Sansom, C., Fernández‐García, A., King, P., Sutter, F., García‐Segura, A. Reflectomer
comparison for assessment of back‐silvered glass solar mirrors. Solar Energy 155 (2017),
496‐505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.06.053
24. Serrano‐Aguilera, J.J., Valenzuela, L., Parras, L. Thermal hydraulic RELAP5 model for a
solar direct steam generation system based on parabolic troughs collectors operating in
once‐through mode. Energy 133 (2017), 796‐807.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.156
25. Setien, E., Fernández‐Reche, J., Ariza, M.J., Álvarez‐de‐Lara, M. Study of cyclic thermal
aging of tube type receivers as a function of the duration of the cycle. SolarPACES 2016.
AIP Conf. Proceedings 1850 (2017), 130012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984506
26. Ubieta, E., del Hoyo, I., Valenzuela, L., López‐Martín, R., de la Peña, V., López, S. Object‐
oriented parabolic trough solar collector model: Static and Dynamic validation.
SolarPACES 2016. AIP Conf. Proceedings 2017; 1850 (2017), 020015‐1‐020015‐11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984340
27. Wiesinger, F., Sutter, F., Wolfertstetter, F., Hanrieder, N., Wetter, J., Fernández‐García,
A., Pitz‐Paal, R. Sandstorm erosion simulation on solar mirrors and comparison with field
data. SolarPACES 2016. AIP Conf. Proceedings 2017; 1850 (2017), 130014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4984508
BOOK CHAPTERS
1. Fernández‐García, A., Sutter, F., Fernández‐Reche, J., Lüpfert, E. The Performance of
Concentrated Soalr Power (CSP) Systems. Analysis, Measurement and Assessment. Part
One: CSP Component Performance. Cap. 3: Mirrors. Woodhead Publishing Series in
Energy (edited by Peter Heller). Elsevier. Cambridge, 2017.
ISBN: 978‐0‐08‐100448
PRESENTATIONS AT CONGRESSES
Oral presentations
1. Bayón, R., Biencinto, M, Rojas, E., Uranga, N. Study of Dry Cooling Systems for STE Plants
Based on Latent Storage. Enerstock 2018, 25‐28 April, 2018, Adana (Turkey)
2. Burisch, M., Sanchez, M., Olano, X., Olarra, A., Villasante, C., Olasolo, D., Monterreal, R.,
Enrique, R., Fernández‐Reche, J. Scalable HeliOstat CalibRation SysTem (SHORT). How to
146
calibrate your whole heliostat field in a single night. 23rd SolarPACES Conference,
September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
3. Denk, T., Gonzalez‐Pardo, A., Cañadas, I., Vidal, A. Design and Test of a Concentrated
Solar Powered Fluidized Bed Reactor for Ilmenite Reduction. 23rd SolarPACES
Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
4. Denk, T., Gonzalez‐Pardo, A. Solar thermal reactor for hydrogen reduction of lunar
Ilmenite. 5th European Lunar Symposium (ELS). 2‐3 de mayo de 2017. Münster
(Alemania).
5. Esence, T., Bayón, R., Bruch, A., Rojas, E. Study of Thermocline Development Inside a
Dual‐media Storage Tank at the Beginning of Dynamic Processes; AIP Conference
Proceedings 1850 (2017) 080009‐1–080009‐8; doi: 10.1063/1.4984430
6. García‐Segura, A., Fernández‐García, A., Valenzuela, L., Sutter, F., Rabal‐Escarbajal, J.A.
Durability studies of solar reflectors for cooled secondary concentrators used in solar
applications. EUROMAT 2017 – European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced
Materials and Processes. 17‐22 September, 2017. Thessaloniki, Greece.
7. García‐Segura, A., Fernández‐García, A., Ariza, M.J., Sutter, F., Valenzuela, L.
Investigations on primary reflectors for solar thermal applications exposed to corrosive
atmospheres. EUROMAT 2017 – European Congress and Exhibition on Advanced
Materials and Processes. 17‐22 September, 2017. Thessaloniki, Greece.
8. López, G., Bosch, J.L., Gueymard, C.A., Alonso‐Montesinos, J., Barbero, J., Polo, J.,
Ballestrín, J., Rapp‐Arrarás, I., Pulido‐Calvo, I., Sorribas, M., Adame, J.A., Martínez‐
Durbán, M., Batlles, F.J. Towards clean electricity: the PRESOL project”. Congreso
Internacional Cambio Climático SOCC 2017, 10‐12 de mayo, 2017. Huelva (Spain)
9. Rodriguez‐Garcia, M. M; Rojas, E. Test Campaing and Performance Evaluation of a Spiral
Latent Storage Module with Hitec® as PCM. Solar Worls Congress 2017 / Solar Heating
and Cooling 2017, 29 October – 2 November, 2017. Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
10. Rodriguez-Garcia, M. M; Rojas, E. Operational Experience in an Experimental Molten Salt Thermal Storage. The MOSA Facility. 23rd SolarPACES Conference,
September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
11. Sallaberry, F., Valenzuela, L., López‐Martín, R., García de Jalón, A., Perez, D. Receiver
tube heat losses model for standardized testing. 23rd SolarPACES Conference,
September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
12. Setien, E., Fernández‐Reche, J., Ariza‐Camacho, M.J., Álvarez‐de‐Lara, M. Solar aging of
receivers make of nickel super alloys. 23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐29,
2017. Santiago, Chile.
13. Setien, E., Fernández‐Reche, J., Ariza‐Camacho, M.J., Álvarez‐de‐Lara, M. Spacial
distribution of microstructure of solar receivers exposed to high solar fluxes. 23rd
SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
14. Soares, J., Oliveira, A., Valenzuela, L. Numerical simulation and assessment of 5 MWel
hybrid system with a parabolic trough once‐through steam generator coupled to
biomass gasification. 23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago,
Chile.
15. Zaversky, F., Sánchez, M., Roldán, M.I., Ávila‐Marín, A.L., Füssel, A., Adler, J., Knoch, A.,
Dreitz, A. Experimental Evaluation of Volumetric Solar Absorbers –Ceramic Foam vs. an
147
Innovative Rotary Disc Absorber Concept. 23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐
29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
16. Willwerth, L.; Rodriguez‐García, M.M., Rojas, E., Ben Cheikh, R.; Ferchichi, S.; Jmili, A.;
Baba, A.; Soares, J.; Parise, F.; Weinzierl, B., Krüger, D.; Commissioning and Tests of a
Mini CSP Plant. . 23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
Posters
1. Alonso‐Montesinos, J., Fernández‐Reche, J., Barbero, F.J., Monterreal, R., López, G.,
Enrique, R., Polo, J., Ballestrín, J., Marzo, A., Bosch, J.L., Carra, M.E., Batlles, F.J. A First
Approach of the Direct Normal Irradiance Forecasting in the Receiver of a Central Tower
Combining Remote Sensing Techniques and Solar Power Plant Models. 23rd SolarPACES
Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
2. Ballestrín, J., Carra, M.E., Enrique, R., Monterreal, R., Fernández‐Reche, J., Polo, J.,
Casanova, M., Barbero, F.J., Marzo, A. Characterization of a Lambertian Target for
Measurement Techniques on Solar Concentration. 23rd SolarPACES Conference,
September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
3. Ballestrín, J., Monterreal, R., Carra, M.E., Fernández‐Reche, J., Polo, J., Enrique, R.,
Rodríguez, J., Casanova, M., Barbero, F.J., Alonso‐Montesinos, J., López, G., Bosch, J.L.,
Batlles, F.J., Marzo, A. Novel Measurement System for Solar Extinction. 23rd SolarPACES
Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
4. Barbero, F.J., Alonso‐Montesinos, J., Batlles, F.J., Polo, J., López‐Rodriguez, G., Bosch,
J.L., Ballestrín, J., Carra, M.E., Fernández‐Reche, J. Evolution of the Aerosol Extinction
Coefficient at 100 m Above Ground During an Episode of Saharan Dust Intrusion as
Derived from Data Registered by a Ceilometer in Almería (SE Spain). 23rd SolarPACES
Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
5. Bayón, R; Rojas, E., Analysis of Packed‐Bed Thermocline Storage Tank Performance by
Means of a New Analytical Function. 23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐29,
2017. Santiago, Chile.
6. León, J., Clavero, J., Valenzuela, L., Zarza, E., Hilgert, C., Reinhalter, W. Test loop for
inter‐connections of parabolic trough collectors. 23rd SolarPACES Conference,
September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
7. López, G., Gueymard, C., Bosch, J.L., Alonso‐Montesinos, J., Rapp‐Arrarás, I., Polo, J.,
Ballestrín, J., Barbero, F.J., Caro‐Parrado, M.J., Batlles, F.J. Estimation of Visibility from
Spectral Irradiance Using Artificial Neural Networks. 23rd SolarPACES Conference,
September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
8. Marzo, A., Polo, J., Wilbert, S., Jessen, W., Gueymard, c., Ferrada, P., Alonso‐Montesinos,
J., Ballestrín, j. Sunbelt Spectra comparison with Standard ASTM G173: the Chilean case.
23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
9. Monterreal, R., Enrique, R., Fernández‐Reche, J. Indirect procedure for correcting tilt
errors in heliostats tracking mechanisms. 23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐
29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
10. Rodriguez-Garcia, M. M, Giovanni Giansiracusa, G; Leone, P.; Lanzini, A.; Zarza, E. Inverse Heat Transfer Analysis of Porous Materials for Isolating the Foundation of Solar Thermal Storage Systems. 23rd SolarPACES Conference,
September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
148
11. San Vicente, G., German, N., Farchado, M., Morales, A. Antireflective coatings on quartz
glass for high temperature solar receivers. 23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐
29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
12. Polo, J., Alonso‐Montesinos, J., López‐Rodríguez, G., Ballestrín, J., Bosch, J.L., Barbero,
F.J., Carra, M.E., Fernández‐Reche, J., Batlles, F.J. Modelling Atmospheric Attenuation at
Different AOD Time‐scales in Yield Performance of Solar Tower Plants. 23rd SolarPACES
Conference, September 26‐29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
13. Setien, E., López‐Martín, R., Valenzuela, L. Quantitative vacuum status of parabolic
trough receivers by infrared radiometry. 23rd SolarPACES Conference, September 26‐
29, 2017. Santiago, Chile.
SOLAR DESALINATION UNIT
SCI PUBLICATIONS
1. Altaee, A., G.J. Millar, G. Zaragoza, A. Sharif. Energy Efficiency of RO and FO‐RO system
for High Salinity Seawater Treatment. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 19
(1), 77‐91, 2017.
2. Ruiz‐Aguirre, A., J.A. Andres‐Mañas, J.M. Fernández‐Sevilla, G. Zaragoza. Comparative
characterization of three commercial spiral‐wound membrane distillation modules.
Desalination and Water Treatment 61, 152‐159, 2017.
3. Andrés‐Mañas, J.A., P. Palenzuela, L. Cornejo, D.C. Alarcón‐Padilla, G. Acién, G. Zaragoza.
Preliminary evaluation of the use of vacuum membrane distillation for the production of
drinking water in Arica (Chile). Desalination and Water Treatment 61, 160‐169, 2017.
4. Altaee, A., P. Palenzuela, G. Zaragoza, A.A. Al Anezi. Single and Dual Stage Closed‐Loop
Pressure Retarded Osmosis for Power Generation: Feasibility and Performance. Applied
Energy 191, 328‐345, 2017.
5. Ruiz‐Aguirre, A., M.I. Polo‐López, P. Fernández‐Ibáñez, G. Zaragoza. Integration of
Membrane Distillation with solar photo‐Fenton for purification of water contaminated
with Bacillus sp and Clostridium sp spores. Science of the Total Environment 595, 110‐
118, 2017.
6. Altaee, A., G. Zaragoza, E. Drioli, J. Zhou. Evaluation the Potential and Energy Efficiency
of Dual Stage Pressure Retarded Osmosis Process. Applied Energy 199, 359‐369, 2017.
7. Papapetrou, M., A. Cipollina, U. La Commare, G. Micale, G. Zaragoza, G. Kosmadakis.
Assessment of methodologies and data used to calculate desalination costs.
Desalination 419, 8‐19, 2017.
8. Ruiz‐Aguirre, A., J.A. Andres‐Mañas, J.M. Fernández‐Sevilla, G. Zaragoza. Modeling and
optimization of a commercial permeate gap spiral wound membrane distillation module
for seawater desalination. Desalination 419, 160‐168, 2017.
9. Chorak, A., P. Palenzuela, D. C. Alarcón‐Padilla, A. Ben Abdellah. Experimental
characterization of a multi‐effect distillation system coupled to a flat plate solar collector
field: Empirical correlations. Applied Thermal Engineering 120 (2017) 298‐313.
149
10. Carballo, J.A., Javier Bonilla, Lidia Roca, Alberto de la Calle, Patricia Palenzuela, Manuel
Berenguel. Optimal operating conditions analysis of a multi‐effect distillation plant.
Desalination and Water Treatment 69 (2017) 229‐235.
11. Bonilla, J., de la Calle, A., Rodríguez‐García, M. M., Roca, L., & Valenzuela, L. (2017).
Study on shell‐and‐tube heat exchanger models with different degree of complexity for
process simulation and control design. Applied Thermal Engineering, 124, 1425‐1440.
12. Bonilla, J., Roca, L., de la Calle, A., & Dormido, S. (2017). Modelo Dinámico de un
Recuperador de Gases ‐ Sales Fundidas para una Planta Termosolar Híbrida de Energías
Renovables (Dynamic Model of a Molten Salt ‐ Gas Heat Recovery System for a Hybrid
Renewable Solar Thermal Power Plant). Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e
Informática Industrial, 14, 70‐81.
13. Ortega‐Delgado, B., Cornali, M., Palenzuela, P., Alarcón‐Padilla, D.C. Operational analysis
of the coupling between a multi‐effect distillation unit with thermal vapor compression
and a Rankine cycle power block using variable nozzle thermocompressors. Applied
Energy, 204, pp. 690‐701, 2017.
14. Cornejo, L., Martín‐Pomares, L., Alarcon, D., Blanco, J., Polo, J. A thorough analysis of
solar irradiation measurements in the region of Arica Parinacota, Chile (2017)
Renewable Energy, 112, pp. 197‐208.
15. Altaee, A., J. Zhou, A.A. Alanezi, G. Zaragoza. Pressure retarded osmosis process for
power generation: Feasibility, energy balance and controlling parameters. Applied
Energy 206, 303‐311, 2017.
16. Cipollina, A., Agnello, M., Piacentino, A., Tamburini, A., Ortega, B., Palenzuela, P.,
Alarcón, D., Micale, G. A dynamic model for MED‐TVC transient operation. Desalination
413 (2017) 234‐257.
PRESENTATIONS AT CONGRESSES
1. G. Zaragoza, A. Ruiz‐Aguirre, J.A. Andrés‐Mañas, P.A. Davies. Modeling spiral‐wound
commercial modules for applications of membrane distillation. Oral presentation. 3rd
International Conference on Desalination using Membrane Technology. Gran Canaria
(Spain), 2‐5 April 2017.
2. J.A. Andrés‐Mañas, P. Palenzuela, D.C. Alarcón‐Padilla, F.G. Acién, G. Zaragoza.
Membrane distillation for the treatment of high‐salinity aqueous solutions in the
regeneration of salinity gradient resources. Oral presentation. Euromed 2017:
Desalination for Clean Water and Energy: Cooperation around the World. Tel Aviv
(Israel), 9‐12 May 2017.
3. P. Palenzuela, D.C. Alarcón‐Padilla, G. Zaragoza. Multi‐effect distillation for regeneration
of saline solutions used in a RED close‐loop process. Oral presentation. Euromed 2017:
Desalination for Clean Water and Energy: Cooperation around the World. Tel Aviv
(Israel), 9‐12 May 2017.
4. G. Zaragoza, J.A. Andrés‐Mañas, A. Ruiz‐Aguirre. Membrane distillation at industrial
scale: state of the art of current modules. Invited oral presentation. 5th International
Scientific Conference on Pervaporation, Vapor Permeation and Membrane Distillation.
Torun (Poland), 20‐23 June 2017. 1O224
150
5. Bonilla, J., Carballo, J. A., Roca, L., & Berenguel, M. (2017). Development of an open
source multi‐platform software tool for parameter estimation studies in FMI models. In
12th International Modelica conference 2017 (pp. 683‐692). 15‐17 May 2017, Prague,
Czech Republic.
6. Carballo J. A., Bonilla J., Palenzuela P., Roca L., de la Calle, A. (2017). Optimal operating
conditions analysis for a double‐effect absorption heat pump coupled to a multi effect
distillation plant. Póster en Desalina on for Clean Water and Energy: Coopera on
around the World, Euromed, 9‐12 May 2017, Tel Aviv, Israel.
7. J. D. Gil, L. Roca, A. Ruiz‐Aguirre, G. Zaragoza, J. L. Guzman, and M. Berenguel, “Using a
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control strategy for the efficient operation of a solar‐
powered membrane distillation system”. Oral presentation. 25th Mediterranean
Conference on Control and Automation, MED 2017. Valletta (Malta), 3‐6 julio 2017.
8. J. D. Gil, L. Roca, M. Berenguel, A. Ruiz‐Aguirre, and G. Zaragoza, “Control predictivo
para la operación eficiente de una planta formada por un sistema de desalación solar y
un invernadero". Poster. XXXVIII Jornadas de Automática, Gijón, 6‐8 septiembre 2017.
9. G. Zaragoza. Comparative analysis of commercial MD modules based on flat sheet
membranes. Invited oral presentation. 2nd International Symposium on Innovative
Desalination Technologies. Gyeongju (Corea del Sur), 20‐21 September 2017.
10. T. Orth, D.C. Alarcón‐Padilla, G. Zaragoza, P. Palenzuela, P. Mueller. Shaping the future
of thermal desalination with high performnace heat conducting polymer tubes. Oral
presentation. IDA World Congress 2017: Water Reuse and Desalination. Sao Paulo
(Brasil), 15‐20 October 2017.
11. G. Zaragoza, J.A. Andrés‐Mañas, A. Ruiz‐Aguirre. State of the art of membrane
distillation at industrial scale. Invited oral presentation. 2017 EU‐China Workshop on
Research and Application of Membrane ‐ Membrane Systems for Water Treatment and
Reuse. Weihai (China), 17‐18 November 2017.
12. Campos, E., Molina, F., Terrero, P., Zarzo, D., Calzada, M., Cano, J.L., Palenzuela, P.,
Alarcón‐Padilla, D.C. Development of an innovative and efficient system for solar
desalination with Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). The International Desalination Association
World Congress on Desalination and Water Reuse 2017. Sao Paulo, Brazil, October, 15‐
20, 2017. IDAWC REF: 17WC‐58231.
13. Ortega‐Delgado, B., Palenzuela, P., Alarcón‐Padilla, D.C. Yearly simulations of the
electricty and fresh water productions in PT‐CSP+MED‐TVC plants: Case study in Almería
(Spain). Oral Presentation. SolarPACES 2017.Solar Power & chemical Energy Systems.
Santiago de Chile (Chile). September, 26‐29, 2017.
14. Palenzuela, P., Cortinovis, L., Finassi, S., Alarcón‐Padilla, D.C., Franchini, G. Solar
Polygeneration for Electricty, Cooling and Freshwater Production: Integration of an
Absorption Chiller and an MED unit into a CSP plant. Poster. SolarPACES 2017.Solar
Power & chemical Energy Systems. Santiago de Chile (Chile). September, 26‐29, 2017.
15. Ibarra, M., Rovira, A., Alarcón‐Padilla, D.C. Techno‐economic assessment of a small solar
driven Organic Rankine Cycle unit for remote areas. Poster. SolarPACES 2017.Solar
Power & chemical Energy Systems. Santiago de Chile (Chile). September, 26‐29, 2017.
151
BOOK CHAPTERS
1. Palenzuela, P., G. Zaragoza, B. Peñate, V. Subiela, D.C. Alarcón‐Padilla and L. García‐
Rodríguez. The use of solar energy for small‐scale autonomous desalination. En:
“Renewable energy technologies for water desalination”; Eds: Mahmoudi, Ghaffour,
Goosen, Bundschuh; CRC Press/Balkema Taylor & Francis Group; 2017.
ISBN: 9781138029170.
2. Cabrera, F.J., J.A. Sánchez‐Molina, G. Zaragoza, M. Pérez‐García, and F. Rodríguez‐Díaz.
Renewable energies for greenhouses in semi‐arid climates. En: “Geothermal, Wind and
Solar Energy Applications in Agriculture and Aquaculture”, Eds: Bundschuh, Piechocki,
Chandrasekharam, Chen; CRC Press/Balkema Taylor & Francis Group; 2017. ISBN:
9781138029705.
3. Fernández‐Ibáñez, P., M.I. Polo‐López, S. Malato, A. Ruiz‐Aguirre, and G. Zaragoza. Solar
photocatalytic disinfection of water for reuse in irrigation. En: “Geothermal, Wind and
Solar Energy Applications in Agriculture and Aquaculture”, Eds: Bundschuh, Piechocki,
Chandrasekharam, Chen; CRC Press/Balkema Taylor & Francis Group; 2017. ISBN:
9781138029705.
4. Book: Evaluación de sistemas comerciales en espiral de destilación por membranas y su
aplicación al tratamiento de aguas. A. Ruiz‐Aguirre, G. Zaragoza, J.M. Fernández‐Sevilla.
Colección Documentos CIEMAT. ISBN: 978‐84‐7834‐781‐0. DL: M‐31485‐2017.
5. Book: Theoretical Analysis of High Efficient Multi‐Effect Distillation Processes and Their
Integration into Concentrating Solar Power Plants. B. Ortega Delgado, P. Palenzuela
Ardila, D.C. Alarcón Padilla, L. García Rodríguez. Colección Documentos CIEMAT. ISBN:
978‐84‐7834‐789‐6. DL: M‐35056‐2017.
152
WATER SOLAR TREATMENT UNIT
DISSERTATIONS
1. Perez‐Estrada L. Fingerprinting indigenous organic pollutants and its degradation products
using UPLC‐ESI‐Ion‐Mobility (T‐wave)/TOF‐MS. Agilent Ion Mobility Spectrometry Seminar.
Manchester (UK), January 12th, 2017.
2. Perez‐Estrada L. Testing performance of the separation potential of the SelexIon (FAIMS) in
a 6600 Triple‐TOF/MS for untreated complex samples. AB Sciex, Warrington (UK), May
24th‐26th, 2017.
3. Malato S. Ponencia en “Workshop & NIS colloquium. Keywords: environment, water,
sustainable materials, circular economy. Towards 2018‐20 European proposals”. Università
di Torino – Dipartimento di Chimica, 20‐21 April 2017.
4. Malato Rodríguez, S. Treatment of CECs by solar driven AOPs. 2nd Summer School on
Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes and Training School on
Advanced Treatment Technologies and Contaminants of Emerging Concern. Biblioteca
Municipal Almeida Garrett, Porto, Portugal. July 10th ‐14th, 2017.
5. Malato Rodríguez, S. Energías renovables: claves para un nuevo impulso en la provincia de
Almería. Ponencia Curso de Verano de Univ. de Almería Roquetas de Mar (España). 3‐5
Julio 2017.
6. Malato Rodríguez, S. Taller especializado en Ingeniería Verde. IV Congreso Internacional de
Quimica e Ingeniería Verde. Monterrey (Mexico). 6‐8 Septiembre 2017.
7. Malato Rodríguez, S. Jornadas de Transferencia y Divulgación Científica 2017. Grupo de
Tratamiento de Aguas de la Universidad de Extremadura. Ponencia en Ámbito Cultural de
El Corte Inglés de Badajoz. 19 de Octubre 2017.
SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS LISTED IN SCI
1. Ponce‐Robles L., Miralles‐Cuevas S., Oller I., Agüera A., Trinidad‐Lozano M.J., Yuste F.J.,
Malato S. Cork boiling wastewater treatment and reuse through combination of advanced
oxidation technologies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24 (2017) 6317‐
6328.
2. Miralles‐Cuevas S., Oller I., Agüera A., Sánchez Pérez J.A., Malato S. Strategies for reducing
cost by using solar photo‐Fenton treatment combined with nanofiltration to remove
microcontaminants in real municipal effluents: Toxicity and economic assessment.
Chemical Engineering Journal, 318 (2017) 161‐170.
3. Prieto‐Rodríguez L., Oller I., Agüera A., Malato S. Elimination of organic micro‐
contaminants in municipal wastewater by a combined immobilized biomass reactor and
solar photo‐Fenton tertiary treatment. Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, 20
(2017) 20160192.
4. Poblete R., Oller I., Maldonado M.I., Luna Y., Cortes E. Cost estimation of COD and color
removal from landfill leachate using combined coffee‐waste based activated carbon with
advanced oxidation processes. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5 (2017)
114‐121.
5. Miralles‐Cuevas S., Oller I., Agüera A., Llorca M., Sánchez‐Pérez J.A., Malato S. Combination
of nanofiltration and ozonation for the remediation of real municipal wastewater
153
effluents: Acute and chronic toxicity assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 323
(2017) 442‐451.
6. Miralles‐Cuevas S., Darowna D., Wanag A., Mozia S., Malato S., Oller I. Comparison of
UV/H2O2, UV/S2O82−, solar/Fe(II)/H2O2 and solar/Fe(II)/S2O82− at pilot plant scale for
the elimination of micro‐contaminants in natural water: An economic assessment.
Chemical Engineering Journal, 310 (2017) 514‐524.
7. De la Obra I., Ponce‐Robles L., Miralles‐Cuevas S., Oller I., Malato S., Sánchez Pérez J.
Microcontaminant removal in secondary effluents by solar photo‐Fenton at circumneutral
pH in raceway pond reactors. Catalysis Today, 287 (2017) 10‐14.
8. Abeledo‐Lameiro M.J., Reboredo‐Fernández A., Polo‐López M.I., Fernández‐Ibáñez P.,
Ares‐Mazás E., Gómez‐Couso H. Photocatalytic inactivation of the waterborne protozoan
parasite Cryptosporidium parvum using TiO2/H2O2 under simulated and natural solar
conditions. Catalysis Today, 280 (2017) 132–138.
9. Yoosefi Booshehri A., Polo‐Lopez M.I., Castro‐Alférez M., He P., Xu R., Rong W., Malato S.,
Fernández‐Ibáñez P. Assessment of solar photocatalysis using Ag/BiVO4 at pilot solar
Compound Parabolic Collector for inactivation of pathogens in well water and secondary
effluents. Catalysis Today, 281 (2017) 124–134.
10. Castro‐Alférez M., Polo‐López M.I., Marugán J., Fernández‐Ibáñez P. Mechanistic model of
the Escherichia coli inactivation by solar disinfection based on the photo‐generation of
internal ROS and the photo‐inactivation of enzymes: CAT and SOD. Chemical Engineering
Journal, 318 (2017) 214–223.
11. Castro‐Alférez M., Polo‐López M.I., Marugán J., Fernández‐Ibáñez P. Mechanistic modelling
of UV and mild‐heat synergistic effect on solar water disinfection. Chemical Engineering
Journal, 316 (2017) 111–120.
12. Ruiz‐Aguirre A., Polo‐López M.I., Fernández‐Ibáñez P., Zaragoza G. Integration of
Membrane Distillation with solar photo‐Fenton for purification of water contaminated
with Bacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. Spores. Science of the Total Environment, 595 (2017)
110–118.
13. Bianco A., Polo‐López M.I., Fernández‐Ibáñez P., Brigante M., Mailhot G. Disinfection of
water inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis using solar/Fe(III)EDDS‐H2O2 or S2O82‐
process. Water Research, 118 (2017) 249‐260.
14. Polo‐López M.I., Castro‐Alférez M., Nahim‐Granados S., Malato S., Fernández‐Ibáñez P.
Legionella jordanis inactivation in water by solar driven processes: EMA‐qPCR versus
culture‐based analyses for new mechanistic insights. Catalysis Today, 287 (2017) 15–21.
15. Mantzavinos D., Poulios I., Fernández‐Ibañez P., Malato S. Environmental Applications of
Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAAOP4). Catalysis Today, 280 (2017).
16. Vítor J.P. Vilar, Camila C. Amorim, Gianluca Li Puma, Sixto Malato, Dionysios D. Dionysiou.
Intensification of photocatalytic processes for niche applications in the area of water,
wastewater and air treatment. Chemical Engineering Journal, 310 (2017) 329‐588.
17. Vítor J.P. Vilar, Camila C. Amorim, Enric Brillas, Gianluca Li Puma, Sixto Malato, Dionysios
D. Dionysiou. AOPs: Recent advances in overcome barriers in the treatment of water,
wastewater and air. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res, 24 (7) (2017) 5987‐5990.
18. Malato S., Zsolt P. Materials for photocatalytic degradation of contaminants of
environmental concern. Catalysis Today, 284 (2017) 1‐236.
154
19. Páramo‐Vargas J., Maldonado‐Rubio M.I., Gómez‐Castro F.I., Peralta‐Hernández J.M.
Modelling the Fenton depuration of the effluent from a slaughterhouse based on design of
experiments. MOJ Ecology & Environmental Science, 2 (2017), 00018.
20. Malato S., Fernández‐Ibañez P., Robert D., Keller N. Selected contributions of the 9th
European Meeting on Solar Chemistry and Photocatalysis: Environmental Applications
(SPEA‐9). Catalysis Today 287 (2017).
21. Keller N., Malato S. Collection of papers of the 9th European Meeting on Solar Chemistry
and Photocatalysis: Environmental Applications (SPEA9). Photochemcial and
Photobiological Sciences 16 (1) (2017).
22. Aguas Y., Hincapie M., Fernández‐Ibáñez P., Polo‐López M.I. Solar photocatalytic
disinfection of agricultural pathogenic fungi (Curvularia sp.) in real urban wastewater.
Science of the Total Environment 607–608 (2017) 1213–1224.
23. Garrido‐Cardenas J.A., Polo‐López M.I., Oller‐Alberola I. Advanced microbial analysis for
wastewater quality monitoring: metagenomics trend. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 101
(2017) 7445–7458.
24. Campos‐Mañas M.C., Plaza‐Bolaños P., Sánchez‐Pérez J.A., Malato S., Agüera A. Fast
determination of pesticides and other contaminants of emerging concern in treated
wastewater using direct injection coupled to highly sensitive ultra‐high performance liquid
chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1507 (2017), 84–94.
25. Matos J., Miralles‐Cuevas S., Ruíz‐Delgado A., Oller I., Malato S. Development of TiO2‐C
photocatalysts for solar treatment of polluted water. Carbon 122 (2017), 361‐373.
BOOKS CHAPTERS, AND NOT SCI JOURNALS
1. Pérez‐Estrada L., Malato S., Oller I., Maldonado M.I., Polo‐López I. Tecnologías Solares para
el tratamiento, reutilización de aguas residuales urbanas y valorización de residuos
extraídos. FuturEnviro (www.futurenviro.es). Jun 14, 2017.
2.
3. Malato S. Descontaminación de aguas mediante oxidación avanzada con radiación solar:
un proceso doblemente sostenible. Capitulo 2 en: Procesos de oxidación avanzada en el
ciclo integral del agua. Colección: Cátedra FACSA de Innovación en el Ciclo Integral del
Agua. Sergio Chiva Vicent, Jose Guillermo Berlanga Clavijo, Raúl Martínez Cuenca, Javier
Climent Agustina (Eds.). Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I. Servei de Comunicació i
Publicacions (Castellón, España). ISBN: 978‐84‐16546‐30‐5. 2017.
4. Castro Alferez M., Polo López M.I., Marugan J., Fernández‐Ibáñez P. Kinetic modelling of
the escherichia coli inactivation in water by solar radiation: applications to SODIS. ISBN:
978‐84‐7834‐778‐0, Pags. 1‐298 (2017) Colección Documentos CIEMAT.
5. Fernández‐Ibáñez P., Polo‐López M.I., Malato S., Ruiz‐Aguirre A., Zaragoza G. Solar
photocatalytic disinfection of water for reuse in irrigation (Chapter 9). In Series:
Sustainable Energy Developments, Volume 13, Geothermal, Wind and Solar Energy
Applications. Editor Jochen Bundschuh. CRC Press/Balkema Schipholweg, The Netherlands.
ISBN: 978‐1‐138‐02970‐5. (2017). Pp. 195‐211.
155
PRESENTATIONS AT CONGRESS: GUEST LECTURES
1. Malato S., Oller I., Miralles‐Cuevas S., Maldonado M.I., Perez‐Estrada L. Different
applications of solar photo‐Fenton process: economical approach and comparison with
other AOPs. 5th European Conf. on Environmental Appl. of Advanced Oxid. Proc.
(EAAOP5), 25‐29 June, 2017, Prague (Czech Rep.) Book of Abstracts Pag. 48. Keynote (KL6).
2. Polo‐López M.I., Maldonado Rubio M.I., Pérez‐Estada L., Oller Alberola I., Malato Rodríguez
S. Solar water purification and reuse: new photocatalytic materials and pilot plants
experiences. Photocatalytic and Superhydrophilic Surfaces Workshop PSS2017. Museum of
Science and Industry, Manchester, Reino Unido. 7‐8 Diciembre 2017. Invited oral.
PRESENTATIONS AT CONGRESS: PLENARY PRESENTATIONS
1. Malato S. Treatment of contaminants of emerging concern: applications by Solar AOPs and
combination with other technologies. 3rd Iberoam. Conf. on Adv. Oxid. Tech.. (III CIPOA).
November 14th‐17th, 2017, Guatape (Colombia). Plenary lecture.
PRESENTATIONS AT CONGRESS: ORAL PRESENTATIONS
1. Martínez‐Piernas A.B., Polo‐López M.I., Fernandez‐Ibañez P., Agüera A. Development and
application of analytical methods for the determination of contaminants of emerging
concern in crops and soils irrigated with reclaimed water. 13th SOLLAB doctoral
colloquium. Alexanderplatz, Berlín (Germany), May 15‐17 (2017), Oral, pag. 13. Abstract
Book.
2. Nahim‐Granados S., Sánchez Pérez J.A., Polo‐López M.I. Solar photochemical processes: an
alternative water disinfection treatment in fresh‐cut industry. 13th SOLLAB doctoral
colloquium. Alexanderplatz, Berlín (Germany), May 15‐17 (2017), Oral, pag. 14. Abstract
Book.
3. Ruíz‐Delgado A., Ponce Robles L., Salmerón I., Oller I., Polo‐López M.I., Malato S., Agüera A.
Treatment Strategy for Landfill Leachate Solar Remediation and Reuse. 13th SOLLAB
doctoral colloquium. Alexanderplatz, Berlín (Germany), May 15‐17 (2017), Oral, pag. 16.
Abstract Book.
4. Polo‐López M.I., Nahim‐Granados S., Castro‐Alférez M., Marugán J., Fernández‐Ibáñez P.
Evaluation of solar water disinfection model for E. coli inactivation at real field conditions.
5th European Conference on Environmental Applications of Advance Oxidation Processes.
Prague (Czech Republic), June 25‐29 (2017), Oral 41, pag. 103. Abstract Book.
5. Nahim‐Granados S., Sánchez‐Pérez J.A., Polo‐López M.I. Solar photochemical processes: an
alternative water disinfection treatment in fresh‐cut industry. 2nd summer school on
Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes of the European PhD School
on AOPs and NEREUS COST Action ES1403 Summer School on Advanced Treatment
Technologies and Contaminants of Emerging Concern, Porto (Portugal), 10‐14 Julio 2017.
Short oral communication (OP19), pag. 21 Abstract book.
156
6. Moreira N.F.F., Narciso‐da‐Rocha C., Polo‐López M.I., Faria J.K., Manaia C.M., Fernández‐
Ibañez P., Nunes O.C., Silva A.M.T. Solar Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment
of Urban Wastewater: Chemical and Biological Response. 2nd summer school on
Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes of the European PhD School
on AOPs and NEREUS COST Action ES1403 Summer School on Advanced Treatment
Technologies and Contaminants of Emerging Concern, Porto (Portugal), 10‐14 Julio 2017.
Short oral communication (OP26), pag. 23 Abstract book.
7. Ruíz‐Delgado A., Ponce Robles L., Salmerón I., Oller I., Polo‐López M.I., Malato S., Agüera A.
Combination of advanced technologies for landfill leachate treatment and nutrient
recovery. 2nd summer school on Environmental Applications of Advanced Oxidation
Processes of the European PhD School on AOPs and NEREUS COST Action ES1403Summer
School on Advanced Treatment Technologies and Contaminants of Emerging Concern,
Porto (Portugal), 10‐14 Julio 2017. Short oral communication (OP4), pag. 16 Abstract book.
8. Moreira N.F.F., Narciso‐da‐Rocha C., Polo‐López M.I., Pastrana‐Martínez L.M., Faria J.L.,
Manaia C.M., Fernández‐Ibáñez P., Nunes O.C., Silva A.M.T. Pilot‐scale H2O2‐assisted
heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment of effluents from urban wastewater treatment
plants. 13th European congress on catalysis (Europacat2017). Florencia (Italia) 27‐31
August 2017, Oral communication. Abstract book.
9. Ponce‐Robles L., Agüera A., Oller I., Pérez‐Estrada L., Trinidad‐Lozano M.J., Yuste F.J.,
Malato S. Cork boiling wastewater treatment and reuse by combination of Advanced
physicochemical technologies. Cork in Science and Applications (CSA 2017). September
7th‐8th, 2017, Aviero (Portugal). Oral Communication. Abstract book.
10. Aguas‐Mendoza Y., Hincapie M., Polo‐López M.I., Fernández‐Ibáñez P. Solar AOPs for
disinfection and reuse of real urban wastewater for agriculture: Assessment of total
coliforms, E.coli, salmonella and E.faecalis. 3rd Iberoamerican Conference on Advanced.
Oxidation Technologies (III CIPOA) and 2nd Colombian Conference on Advanced Oxidation
Processes (II CCPAOX). Guatape (Colombia), 14‐17 November 2017. Short Oral
communication (Nº 31). Abstract book.
11. Martínez‐Piernas A.B., Nahim‐Granados S., Polo‐López M.I., Malato S., Murgolo S.,
Mascolo G., Fernández‐Ibáñez P., Agüera A. Suspect‐screening Strategy Applied To The
Identification Of Transformation Products Of Carbamazepine In Lettuce And Soil
Commodities. 18th European Meeting on Environmental Chemistry (EMEC18), Porto
(Portugal), 26 ‐29 Noviembre 2017. Oral communication. Pag. 145, Abstract book.
PRESENTATIONS AT CONGRESS: POSTER PRESENTATIONS
1. Nahim‐Granados S., Castro‐Alférez M., Sánchez‐Pérez J.A., Polo‐López M.I. Solar water
treatments for fresh‐cut produce industry: sanitation and reduction of the water
consumption. 5th European Conference on Environmental Applications of Advance
Oxidation Processes EAAOP5. Prague, Czech Republic. 25‐29 June, 2017. Book of Abstracts,
pag. 353. Poster (P‐10‐3). Ruíz‐Delgado A., Ponce Robles L., Salmerón I., Oller I., Polo‐López
M.I., Malato S., Agüera A. Landfill leachate treatment and reuse for nutrient recovery by
combination of advanced technologies. 5th European Conference on Environmental
Applications of Advance Oxidation Processes EAAOP5. Prague, Czech Republic. 25‐29 June,
2017. Book of Abstracts, pag. 434. Poster (P‐17‐5).
157
2. Ruíz‐Delgado A., Miralles‐Cuevas S., Cornejo‐Ponce L., Malato S., Oller I. EDDS as
complexing agent for enhancing solar advanced oxidation processes to degrade micro‐
contaminants in natural water: assessment of iron species and oxidant agents. 5th
European Conf. on Environmental Appl. of Advanced Oxid. Proc. (EAAOP5), 25‐29 June,
2017, Prague (Czech Rep.) Book of Abstracts Pag. 419. Poster (P13‐33).
3. Soriano‐Molina P., de la Obra I., Malato S., García Sánchez J.L., Sánchez Pérez J.A. Kinetics
of micropollutant removal by solar photo‐Fenton with Fe(III)‐EDDS at neutral pH. 5th
European Conf. on Environmental Appl. of Advanced Oxid. Proc. (EAAOP5), 25‐29 June,
2017, Prague (Czech Rep.) Book of Abstracts Pag. 151. Poster (SPC II‐11).
4. Ponce‐Robles L., Agüera A., Pérez‐Estrada L., Malato S., Oller I. Advanced analytical
techniques applied to cork boiling wastewater treatment and reuse by using advanced
oxidation processes. 5th European Conf. on Environmental Appl. of Advanced Oxid. Proc.
(EAAOP5), 25‐29 June, 2017, Prague (Czech Rep.) Book of Abstracts Pag. 166. Poster (SPC
IV‐3).
5. Nahim‐Granados S., Sánchez‐Pérez J.A., Polo‐López M.I., Malato S. Solar photochemical
disinfection of synthetic wastewater from fresh‐cut industry. 3rd Iberoamerican
Conference on Advanced. Oxidation Technologies (III CIPOA) and 2nd Colombian
Conference on Advanced Oxidation Processes (II CCPAOX). Guatape (Colombia), 14‐17
November 2017. Poster 39. Abstract book
6. Salmerón I., Benedetto M., Oller I., del Curto C., Maldonado M.I., Malato S.
Electrochemistry treatment applied to landfill leachates depuration. 10th World Congress
Chem. Eng. 1‐5 October 2017, Barcelona (Spain). Book of abstract (ISBN 978‐84‐697‐8629‐
1) pag. 2968. Poster.
7. Miralles‐Cuevas S., Oller I., Ruiz‐Delgado A., Cabrera‐Reina A., Cornejo L., Malato S. Effect
of iron species and different oxidants using EDDS as compexing agent for enhancing solar
advanced oxidation processes. 3rd Iberoam. Conf. on Adv. Oxid. Tech. (III CIPOA).
November 14th‐17th, 2017, Guatape (Colombia). Poster.
8. Maldonado‐Rubio M.I., Malato S, Oller I., Polo‐López M.I., Pérez‐Estrada L., Peral J, Navas
M. Solar Treatment of Water Unit at the Plataforma Solar de Almería (CIEMAT): Solar
photocatalytic production of Hydrogen. 11th EERA AMPEA Joint Programme Steering
Committee. AMPEA workshop: Photo‐ and Electro‐ Catalysis in Energy Conversion.
November 20th‐21st, 2017, Prague (Czech Republic). Poster.
158
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS R&D UNIT
SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
1. J.A. Díaz, M.J. Jiménez. 2017. Experimental assessment of room occupancy patterns in an
office building. Comparison of different approaches based on CO2 concentrations and
computer power consumption. Applied Energy. 199, pp. 121–141. DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.082
2. R. Enríquez, M.J. Jiménez, M.R. Heras. 2017. Towards non‐intrusive thermal load
Monitoring of buildings: BES calibration. Applied Energy. 191, pp. 44–54. DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.050
3. S. Roels, P. Bacher, G. Bauwens, S. Castaño, M.J. Jiménez, H. Madsen. 2017. “On site
characterisation of the overall heat loss coefficient: Comparison of different assessment
methods by a blind validation exercise on a round robin test box”. Energy and Buildings.
Special Issues on Advances in energy efficiency in individual buildings and communities:
Insights from international collaboration projects under IEA EBC. 153, pp. 179–189. DOI:
10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.006
4. S. Soutullo, M.N. Sánchez, R. Enríquez, M.J. Jiménez, M.R. Heras. 2017. Empirical
estimation of the climatic representativeness in two different areas: desert and
Mediterranean climates. Energy Procedia. 122, pp.829‐834. DOI:
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.415
5. S. Soutullo, M.N. Sánchez, R. Enríquez, R. Olmedo, M.J. Jiménez. 2017. Bioclimatic vs
conventional building: experimental quantification of the thermal improvements. Energy
Procedia. 122, pp.823‐828. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.413
LECTURES
1. M.J. Jiménez. “Guidelines to dynamic analysis. Different approaches and physical aspects”.
Presented at DYNASTEE Summer School 2017 on Dynamic Calculation Methods For
Building Energy Assessment DYNASTEE‐INIVE and the School of Architecture (University of
Granada, Spain), in collaboration with CIEMAT (Spain), DTU (Lyngby, Denmark) and ESRU
(Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK). 3‐7 July 2017. Granada (Spain).
2. M.J. Jiménez. “practical aspects of modelling in different case studies: Integrated PV
ventilated systems and other tests in sunny weather conditions”. Presented at DYNASTEE
Summer School 2017 on Dynamic Calculation Methods For Building Energy Assessment
DYNASTEE‐INIVE and the School of Architecture (University of Granada, Spain), in
collaboration with CIEMAT (Spain), DTU (Lyngby, Denmark) and ESRU (Strathclyde
University, Glasgow, UK). 3‐7 July 2017. Granada (Spain).
PRESENTATIONS AT CONGRESSES
1. S. Soutullo, M.N. Sánchez, R. Enríquez, R. Olmedo, M.J. Jimenez. “Bioclimatic vs
Conventional building: experimental quantification of the thermal improvements”.
Presented at “CISBAT 2017 International Conference – Future Buildings & Districts –
159
Energy Efficiency from Nano to Urban Scale, CISBAT 2017” 6‐8 September 2017, Lausanne,
Switzerland.
2. S. Soutullo, M.N. Sánchez, R. Enríquez, M.J. Jimenez and M.R. Heras. “Empirical estimation
of the climatic representativeness in two different areas: dessert and Mediterranean
climates”. Presented at “CISBAT 2017 International Conference – Future Buildings &
Districts – Energy Efficiency from Nano to Urban Scale, CISBAT 2017” 6‐8 September 2017,
Lausanne, Switzerland.
OTHERS
1. Rogelio Vargas López. “Estudio y Diseño de una Chimenea Solar para Ventilación Natural”.
Master thesis carried out and presented a CENIDET (México). 6/11/2017. Director: Jesús
Arce Landa. Co‐director: María José Jiménez Taboada.