UCLA 1/12/08
Alfvén Instabilities Driven by EnergeticParticles in Toroidal Magnetic Fusion
Configurations
W.W. (Bill) Heidbrink
Calculated AlfvénEigenmode structure in ITER
Satellite measurements of Alfvénwaves that propagate from themagnetosphere to the ionosphere
VanZeeland
Sigsbee, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998) 2077
Magnetosphere
Fre
qFr
eq
Am
pl.
Am
pl. Ionosphere
Time
Time
UCLA 1/12/08
Instabilities Driven by Energetic Particles areof both scientific and practical interest
V2
R0V2
Damage
•Carbon coats DIII-D mirrors whenescaping fast ions ablate thegraphite wall1
•Transport of fast ions by Alfvénwaves onto unconfined orbits causea vacuum leak in TFTR2
Losses of charged fusionproducts must becontrolled in a reactor!1Duong, Nucl. Fusion 33 (1993) 749.
2White, Phys. Pl. 2 (1995) 2871.
Beam injection into the DIII-D tokamak
UCLA 1/12/08
Source Angle Energy Distribution
Neutral beams Beam angle Slowing down
Fusion products Isotropic Slowing down
Ion cyclotron Perpendicular Boltzmann
Electron cycl. Perpendicular Boltzmann
Runaway Parallel Flat
Sources of Energetic Particles
UCLA 1/12/08
Representative Fast-ion Diagnostics
•Fusion Products Neutrons,gammas, escaping chargedparticles
•Fast-ion Loss Escaping ions hitdetector
•Neutrals Escaping neutrals
•Charge-exchangespectroscopy Photons emittedby ions that gain an electronfrom a neutral beam
•Equilibrium Spatial profile,velocity-space average
UCLA 1/12/08
•Signal is the integral over
velocity space of W*F
•Averages are best for
general assessment (e.g.,
“Are fast ions lost?”)
•Local diagnostics address
detailed physics mechanism
(e.g., “Which class of
particles resonate with the
wave?”)
Fast-ion diagnostics are sensitive todifferent parts of velocity space
Heidbrink, PPCF 49 (2007) 1457.
UCLA 1/12/08
Representative Instability Diagnostics
•Density
-- Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES)
-- Far Infrared Scattering
-- CO2 Interferometers
-- Microwave Reflectometers
•Electron TemperatureElectron Cyclotron Emission(ECE)
•Magnetic field probes
UCLA 1/12/08
Mode Identification -- frequency & parametric dependencies -- eigenfunction -- polarizationLinear Stability -- Energetic particle drive (resonant particles, velocity-space anisotropy or spatial gradient) -- Plasma dampingNonlinear Dynamics -- Amplitude, eigenfunction, & frequency evolution -- Fast-ion transportControl -- Alter linear stability -- Exploit instability to improve performance -- Affect nonlinear dynamics
Key Issues for any Energetic
Particle Instability
Bandwidth and sensitivity
Antenna studies of normal modes
Spatial resolutionWhat fluctuates?
UCLA 1/12/08
Outline
1. Alfvén Gap Modes
2. Energetic Particles(EP)
3. Energetic ParticleModes (EPM)
4. NonlinearDynamics
5. Prospects forControl
Pinches,Ph.D. Thesis
UCLA 1/12/08
Shear Alfvén Waves are transverse electromagneticwaves that propagate along the magnetic field
•Dispersionless: = kll vA
•Alfvén speed: vA = B/(μ0nimi)1/2
•Ell tiny for
UCLA 1/12/08
Periodic variation of the magnetic field producesperiodic variations in N for shear Alfvén waves
Zhang, Phys. Plasmas 14 (2007)
Periodic Mirror Field in the LAPD
Periodic variation in B Periodic variation in vA Periodic variation inindex of refraction N
Frequency gap that isproportional to N
UCLA 1/12/08
Periodic index of refraction a frequency gap
Lord Rayleigh, Phil. Mag. (1887)
“Perhaps the simplest case … is that of astretched string, periodically loaded,and propagating transverse vibrations.…If, then, the wavelength of a train ofprogressive waves be approximatelyequal to the double interval betweenthe beads, the partial reflexions from thevarious loads will all concur in phase,and the result must be a powerfulaggregate reflexion, even though theeffect of an individual load may beinsignificant.”
UCLA 1/12/08
The propagation gap occurs at the Braggfrequency & its width is proportional to N
Wikipedia, “Fiber Bragg grating”
•Destructive interferencebetween counterpropagating waves
•Bragg frequency: f=v/2
• f/f ~ N/N
frequency gap for shear Alfvén waves
• f = vA/ 2 , where is thedistance between fieldmaxima along the field line
• f ~ B/B
n1 n2
n3
n3n2
UCLA 1/12/08
Frequency gaps are unavoidable in atoroidal confinement device
Field lines in a tokamak
BmaxBmin
R
a
•For single-particleconfinement, field lines rotate.
•Definition: One poloidal transitoccurs for every q toroidaltransits (q is the “safety factor”)
•B ~ 1/R
• B ~ a/R
•Distance between maxima is = q (2 R) so fgap = vA/4 qR
Periodicity constraint on the wavevector: ~ ei (n m )
•n “toroidal mode number”
•m “poloidal mode number”
• and toroidal and poloidal angles
UCLA 1/12/08
Frequency Gaps and the Alfvén Continuumdepend on position
Gap caused by toroidicity1
1based on Fu & VanDam, Phys. Fl. B1 (1989) 1949
•Centered at Bragg frequency vA/qR
•Function of position through vA & q
•Gap proportional to r/R
•If no toroidicity, continuumwaves would satisfy = kll vA withkll ~ |n - m/q|
•Counter-propagating wavescause frequency gap
•Coupling avoids frequencycrossing (waves mix)
•Crossings occur at manypositions
UCLA 1/12/08
All periodic variations introduce frequency gaps
Shear Alfvén wave continuuain an actual stellarator
Spong, Phys. Plasmas 10 (2003) 3217
BAE “beta” compression
TAE “toroidicity” m & m+1
EAE “ellipticity” m & m+2
NAE “noncircular” m & m+3
MAE “mirror” n & n+1
HAE “helicity” both n’s & m’s
T
E
N
H
UCLA 1/12/08
Rapid dispersion strongly damps waves inthe continuum
~ d (kll vA) / dr
Radially extended modes inthe continuum gaps are moreeasily excited
UCLA 1/12/08
Radially extended Alfvén eigenmodes aremore easily excited
Pinches, Ph.D. Thesis
Continuum Mode Structure
•Imagine exciting a wave withan antenna--how does thesystem respond?
•In continuum, get singularmode structure that is highlydamped (small amplitude)
•Where gap modes exist, theeigenfunction is regular &spatially extended
UCLA 1/12/08
Magnetic shear is the “defect” that createsa potential well for Alfvén gap modes
•In photonic crystals,defects localize gapmodes
•The defect createsan extremum in theindex of refraction
Defect
GapMode
Extremumtype
Couplingtype
Alfvén continuum
Magnetic shear(dq/dr) createsextrema
UCLA 1/12/08
An extremum in the continuum can be the“defect”
VanZeeland, PRL 97 (2006) 135001; Phys.Plasmas 14 (2007) 156102.
Gap structure in a DIII-D plasmawith a minimum in the q profile
•Gap modes reside in effectivewaveguide caused by minimum in qprofile
•These gap modes called“Reversed Shear AlfvénEigenmodes” (RSAE)
•Many RSAEs with different n’s
•All near minimum ofmeasured q
•Structure agreesquantitatively with MHDcalculation
Measured Te mode structure in DIII-D
UCLA 1/12/08
fmeas
dampB
fTAE
time
In the toroidal Alfvén Eigenmode (TAE), modecoupling is the “defect” that localizes the mode
Fasoli, Phys. Plasmas 7 (2000) 1816
JET #49167
Using an external antenna to excite an=1 TAE on the JET tokamak •The frequency of the
measured TAE followsthe frequency gap asthe discharge evolves
•Can infer the wavedamping from the widthof the resonance
•Width is larger whenthe eigenfunction“touches” thecontinuum
UCLA 1/12/08
GAE
dominated by m = 3 (n=1)TAE
generated by coupling of m = 5,6 (n = 2)
MHD
Code
Soft X-ray
Tomogr.
Predicted spatial structure is observedexperimentally for both types of gap mode
(coupling)(extremum)Data from W7-AS stellarator
Weller, Phys. Plasmas 8 (2001); PRL 72 (1994)
UCLA 1/12/08
Shear Alfven wave polarization confirmed
Magnetics data from NSTX spherical tokamak
Fredrickson
UCLA 1/12/08
Part 2: Energetic Particles
Pinches, Ph.D. Thesis
1. Alfvén Gap Modes
2. Energetic Particles(EP)
3. Energetic ParticleModes (EPM)
4. NonlinearDynamics
5. Prospects forControl
UCLA 1/12/08
Fast-ion orbits have large excursions frommagnetic field lines
Plan view
Elevation (80 keVD+ ion in DIII-D) •Perp. velocity
gyromotion
•Parallel velocity follows flux surface
•Curvature & Grad Bdrifts excursionfrom flux surface
Parallel ~ v
Drift ~ (vll2 + v 2/2)
Large excursions for large velocities
UCLA 1/12/08
Complex EP orbits are most simply describedusing constants of motion
Projection of 80 keV D+
orbits in the DIII-D tokamakConstants of motion on orbital timescale:energy (W), magnetic moment (μμ),toroidal angular momentum (P )
Roscoe White, Theory of toroidally confined plasmas
Distribution function: f(W,μ,P )
UCLA 1/12/08
Orbit topology is well understood
Zweben, Nucl. Fusion 40 (2000) 91
Prompt losses of D-T alpha particlesto a scintillator at the bottom of TFTR
Edge loss detector onthe TFTR tokamak
UCLA 1/12/08
The drift motion must resonate with a waveharmonic to exchange net energy
Time tocompletepoloidal orbit
Time tocompletetoroidal orbit
Tct
e tomplete
vllEll 0 (transverse polarization)
Parallel resonance condition: = n + p
Write vd as a Fourier expansionin terms of poloidal angle :
Energy exchange resonance condition: n + (m+l) =0
(main energyexchange)
Drift harmonicWave mode #s
UCLA 1/12/08
• Resonance condition, np = n – p – = 0
n=4, p = 1
n=6, p = 2
n=3, p = 1
n=5, p = 2
n=6, p = 3n=7, p = 3
Prompt losses
E [MeV]4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Calculated resonances with observed TAEs during RF ion heating in JET0
-50
-100
-200
-150
-250
Log
(f E
/n
p)
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
Pc
i [M
eV
]
A typical distribution function has many resonances
Pinches, Nucl. Fusion 46 (2006) S904
UCLA 1/12/08
Alphas, TFTR tokamak4
TAEs
& R
SA
Es
Beam injection, CHS stellarator1
Tremendous variety of resonances are observed
Electron tail, HSX stellarator3
RF tail ions, C-Mod tokamak2
EA
Es, TA
Es, &
RSA
Es
GA
EH
AE &
TAEs
1Yamamoto, PRL 91 (2003) 245001; 2Snipes PoP 12(2005) 056102; 3Brower; 4Nazikian, PRL 78 (1997) 2976
UCLA 1/12/08
The spatial gradient of the distributionusually drives instability
•Slope of distribution function atresonances determines whetherparticles damp or drive instability
•If the wave damps0v/
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TAEs in TFTR: avoid energy damping by beamions, use spatial gradient drive by alphas
•Strong beam-iondamping stabilized AEs duringbeam pulse
•Theory1 suggested strategy toobserve alpha-driven TAEs
•Beam damping decreasedfaster than alpha spatial gradientdrive after beam pulse
•TAEs observed2 whentheoretically predicted
Wf /
AEs observed after beaminjection in TFTR D-T plasmas
2Nazikian, PRL 78 (1997) 29761Fu, Phys. Plasma 3 (1996) 4036;Spong, Nucl. Fusion 35 (1995) 1687
UCLA 1/12/08
EP drive is maximized for large-n modesthat are spatially extended
Theory1•EP drive increases with n (strongertoroidal asymmetry)
•But mode size shrinks with n
•Weak wave-particle interactionwhen orbit is much larger than themode
Drive maximized when orbitwidth ~ mode size (k EP~ 1)
Large n anticipated in reactors
Most unstable mode numbervs. theory (many tokamaks)2
1Fu, Phys. Fluids B 4 (1992) 3722; 2Heidbrink,Pl. Phys. Cont. Fusion 45 (2003) 983
UCLA 1/12/08
Part 3: Energetic Particle Modes (EPM)
1. Alfvén Gap Modes
2. Energetic Particles(EP)
3. Energetic ParticleModes (EPM)
4. NonlinearDynamics
5. Prospects forControl
Pinches, Ph.D. Thesis
UCLA 1/12/08
EPMs are a type of “beam mode”
Normal Mode (gap mode)
nEP
UCLA 1/12/08
EPMs often sweep rapidly in frequency asdistribution function changes
Simulation withkinetic fast ionsand MHD plasma
Modes observed during intense negativeneutral beam injection into JT-60U
Briguglio, Phys. Pl. 14 (2007) 055904
Shinohara, Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 603
Radius
Fre
qu
en
cy
EPM
TAE
μμ
UCLA 1/12/08
Part 4: Nonlinear Dynamics
Pinches, Ph.D. Thesis
1. Alfvén Gap Modes
2. Energetic Particles(EP)
3. Energetic ParticleModes (EPM)
4. NonlinearDynamics
5. Prospects forControl
UCLA 1/12/08
•Analogy between “bump-on-tail”and fast-ion modes:
velocity-space gradient
configuration-space gradient
•Resonant ions get trapped inwave: they bounce in wavepotential ( b) & scatter out ofresonance ( eff)
•Behavior depends on drive, damp,
b, eff
•Wide variety of scenarios possible
1D analogy to electrostatic wave-particle
trapping describes many phenomena
Berk, Phys. Pl. 6 (1999) 3102
UCLA 1/12/08
Striking Success of Berk-Breizman Model
Pinches, Plasma Phys. Cont.Fusion 46 (2004) S47
Fasoli, PRL 81 (1998) 5564
Chirping TAEs during beam injectioninto the MAST spherical tokamak
Simulation of first chirp
Nonlinear splitting of TAEsdriven by RF tail ions in JET
Fre
qu
en
cy
Fre
qu
en
cy
Time
Time (ms)
Small eff
Appreciable eff
UCLA 1/12/08
Changes in canonical angular momentumcause radial transport
•Magnetic momentconserved ( μ = 0)
•Energy changes lessthan angularmomentum: W/W ~0.1( P /P )
• P (radialtransport)
•Leftward motion ongraph implies outwardradial motion
UCLA 1/12/08
Four mechanisms of EP transport aredistinguished
•Leftward motion ongraph implies outwardradial motion
1) Convective lossboundary (~ Br)
2) Convective phaselocked (~ Br)
3) Diffusive transport(~ Br
2)
4) Avalanche(Br threshold)
Convective loss boundary (~ Br, small %)Fluctuations in equilibrium push EPs across lossboundary
2) Convective phase locked (~ Br, large %)EPs stay in phase with wave as they “walk” outof plasma
3) Diffusive transport (~Br2)
Random walk due to multiple resonances
4) Avalanche (Br threshold)
EP transport locally increases gradient,destabilizing new modes
UCLA 1/12/08
Convective transport often observed
García-Muñoz, PRL 99 (2007) submitted
Edge scintillator on Asdex-U tokamak
Image on scintillator screenduring TAEs
Coherent fluctuations in loss signalof RF tail ions at TAE frequencies
•Fast ions cross loss boundaryand hit the scintillator in phasewith the waves
UCLA 1/12/08
Both convective and diffusive losses areobserved
Nagaoka (2007)
0 10 20 30 400
10
20
30
40
i (
arb
. u
nits)
B (arb. units)
fast responsefBurst
UCLA 1/12/08
Avalanche phenomena observed
Fredrickson, Nucl. Fusion 46 (2006) S926
Magnetics data during beam injectioninto the NSTX spherical tokamak •When n=4 & n=6 TAE bursts
exceed a certain amplitude, alarge burst with many toroidalmode numbers ensues
•Fast-ion transport is muchlarger at avalanche events
UCLA 1/12/08
Quantitative calculations of EP transport areunsuccessful
Radial Te profile duringbeam injection into DIII-D
Radial fast-ion profile
Heidbrink, PRL 99 (2007) in pressVan Zeeland, PRL 97 (2006) 135001
•Measured mode structure agrees well with MHD model
•Input these wave fields into an orbit-following code
•Calculate much less fast-ion transport than observed
•What’s missing?
UCLA 1/12/08
Part 5: The Frontier
Pinches, Ph.D. Thesis
1. Alfvén Gap Modes
2. Energetic Particles(EP)
3. Energetic ParticleModes (EPM)
4. NonlinearDynamics
5. Prospects forControl
UCLA 1/12/08
Diagnose nonlinear interactions
Crocker, PRL 97 (2006) 045002
•This example shows that theTAEs (100-200 kHz) arenonlinearly modified by a low-frequency (~20 kHz) mode
•Similar analysis of AE wave-wave interactions and wave-particle interactions areneededBicoherence analysis
Filtered reflectometer ne signalduring beam injection into NSTX
UCLA 1/12/08
Recent observations indicate kineticinteraction with the thermal plasma
V2
R0V2
Calculated n=40 RSAE that agreeswith ne measurements on DIII-D
•High-n modes are probably drivenby thermal ions.1
•Alfvén modes driven by low-energybeams.2
•New unstable gap modes fromcoupling of acoustic and Alfvénwaves.3
•Wave damping measurements thatdisagree with fluid plasma models.4
•New treatments of thermal plasmaare needed
1Nazikian, PRL 96 (2006) 105006;Kramer, Phys. Pl. 13 (2006) 056104
2Nazikian, JI1.01; 3Gorelenkov, Phys. Lett. A370/1 (2007) 70; 4Lauber, Phys. Pl. 12 (2005)122501
UCLA 1/12/08
Use control tools to alter stability
RSAEs
RSAEs
ECH deposition location is variedrelative to mode location ( qmin)
Deposition near qmin stabilizesbeam-driven RSAEs in DIII-D
Van Zeeland, Plasma Phys. Cont. Fusion 49(2007) submitted
•Localized electron cyclotronheating (ECH) alters stability andconsequent fast-ion transport
•Can we turn off deleteriousmodes in a reactor?
UCLA 1/12/08
Use control tools to alter nonlinear dynamics
Maslovsky, Phys. Pl. 10 (2003) 1549
Interchange instability driven by energeticelectrons in the Columbia Dipole •In this experiment, a small
amount of power (50 W)scattered EPs out ofresonance, suppressingfrequency chirping &eliminating large bursts
•Can we use analogoustechniques to eliminatedamaging bursts of lost alphasin a reactor?
UCLA 1/12/08
Alfvén Eigenmodes can improve performance
Similar discharges with differing levels of AEactivity during beam injection into DIII-D
Weak AE
ModerateAE
Huge AE
•Three discharges withdifferent levels of modeactivity•Fast-ion redistributionbroadens current profile•Optimal redistributiontriggers an internaltransport barrier muchbetter confinement•How can we exploit AEsin a reactor?
Wong, Nucl. Fusion 45 (2005) 30.
Ti=12 keV
8 keV
7 keV
Huge
ModerateWeak
UCLA 1/12/08
Bmax
Bmin
Conclusions
•Periodic variations of the index of refractioncause frequency gaps
•Gap modes exist at extrema of Alfvén continuum
•Use constants of motion to describe EP orbits
•Wave-particle resonance occurs when: n + (m+l) =0
•Instability driven by EP spatial gradient
•EPMs are beam modes (not normal modes ofbackground plasma)
•Berk-Breizman analogy to bump-on-tail problemoften describes nonlinear evolution
•Fast-ion transport not quantitatively understood
•Use thermal transport techniques to understandnonlinear dynamics
•Develop tools to control Alfvén instabilities oreven improve performance
Energy
P
8070 7264 6866
Time [ms]
14
0
12
0
10
0
qy
[]
Fre
qu
en
cy
(kH
z)
RSAEs
RSAEs
UCLA 1/12/08
Acknowledgments* & additional resources
Thanks to all who sent me slides:
Brower (UCLA), Crocker (UCLA), Darrow (PPPL),Fasoli (CRPP), Fredrickson (PPPL), García-Muñoz(IPP), Kramer (PPPL), Mauel (Columbia),Nazikian (PPPL), Pinches (UKAEA), Sharapov(UKAEA), Shinohara (JAEA), Snipes (MIT), Spong(ORNL), Toi (NIFS), VanZeeland (GA), Vlad(Frascati), Weller (IPP), White (PPPL), Vann(York), Vincena (UCLA), Zhang (UCI), Zweben(PPPL)
Special thanks for teaching me theory:
Liu Chen, Boris Breizman, and Sergei Sharapov
*Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy
Clear explanation of basic theory: Firstchapters of Pinches’ Ph.D. thesis,http://www.rzg.mpg.de/~sip/thesis/node1.html
Experimental review through 1999(especially TFTR results): King-Lap Wong,PPCF 41 (1999) R1.
Experimental review of fast ions intokamaks (AE material dated): Heidbrink& Sadler, NF 34 (1994) 535.
Lengthy theoretical review paper: Vlad,Zonca, and Briguglio,http://fusfis.frascati.enea.it/~Vlad/Papers/review_RNC_2.pdf
Differences between burning plasmas ¤t experiments: Heidbrink, PoP 9(2002) 2113
ITER review: Fasoli et al., NF 47 (2007) S264
Recent theoretical review: Chen & Zonca,NF 47 (2007) S727