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AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SECURITY STATISTICS IN UGANDA
Emmanuel Menyha, Senior Statistician-UBOS
January 2011
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Structure of the Presentation
A. Some Food Security Concepts
B. UBOS and the National Agric Stat System five Building Blocks (Data collected)
C. How has this data been useful in food security analysis
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What is Food Security?
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New Millennium
2001, UN FAO
Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
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Availability
The first World Food Conference (1974) focused on the problem of global production, trade and stocks. Hence, the original food security debate focused on adequate supply of food and ensuring stability of these supplies through food reserves.
Focus on :
Food Production
Storage mechanisms
Purpose:
To compensate for fluctuations in world supplies and ensure the ability to import food when needed.
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Access
From the early 1980s, the importance of food access was increasingly recognized as a key determinant of food security. Hence, food production is just one of several means that people have to acquire the food that they need.
Thus, food production is one of many means available to people to get the food they need.
Focus: policies on income and expenditure
PURPOSE: Inclusion of FS programme to reduce poverty.
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Utilization
In the 1990s, food utilization became increasingly prominent in food security discussions.
The quantity and quality will ultimately depend on the physical utilization of food which will enable nutrients, after its consumption, to be absorbed by the body(biological utilization).
Consumption of sufficient protein and energy (food quantity)
Importance of micro-nutrients for a balanced and nutritious diet (food quality)
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The Multi-dimensional Nature of FS
Four main dimensions of food security:
1. Physical AVAILABILITY of food
2. Economic, social and physical ACCESS to food
3. Food physical UTILIZATION
4. STABILITY of the other 3 dimensions over time
For food security objectives to be realized, all four dimensions must be fulfilled simultaneously.
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The Multi-dimensional Nature of FS
Food availability addresses the supply side of food security and is determined by the level of food production, stock levels and net trade (including food aid). It is supported by storage and mobilization capacity.
NB: Use of the term availability is often confusing because could refer to food supplies available at both the household level and aggregate (regional or national) level. However, the term is applied most commonly in reference to food supplies at the regional or national level.
Food access refers to access by individuals to adequate resources (entitlements) for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet. Access to food depends on the ability of households to acquire food from purchasing, gathering, production or common stock or through the transfer of food by family, community members, government or donors
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The Multi-dimensional Nature of FS
Physical Utilization of food is understood as how food is physically used (what is eaten, its quality and health risk, how food is stored and prepared for consumption, and how the food is allocated within the household) .
Constraints to food utilization include loss of nutrients during food processing, inadequate sanitation, improper care and storage, and cultural practices that negatively impact consumption of nutritious foods for certain family members.
Stability or Sustainability emphasizes the importance of having to reduce the risk of adverse effects on the 3 other dimensions. It refers to the temporal dimension of food security, that is the time frame over which food security is being considered.
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Nutrition Security
Nutrition Security is achieved if
"every individual has the physical, economic and environmental access to balanced diet that includes the necessary macro and micro nutrients and safe drinking water, sanitation, environmental hygiene, primary health care and education so as to lead a healthy and productive life".
Science Academies Summit, 1996
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Nutrition Security
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NOTE: Food Security vs. Self Sufficiency
The concept of food self-sufficiency is generally taken to mean the extent to which a country can satisfy its food needs from its own domestic production.
1. food self-sufficiency looks only at national production as the sole source of supply, while food security takes into account commercial imports and food aid as possible sources of commodity supply.
2. food self-sufficiency refers only to domestically-produced food availability at the national level, food security brings in elements of stability of supply and access to food by the population.
Two fundamental differences between
food self-sufficiency and FS objectives:
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Food Insecurity
The nature of food insecurity is determined by its duration and severity
The impact of food insecurity on peoples life varies significantly according to its duration and severity
Inadequate food consumption may vary from
a short-term experience to a life long condition.
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Duration of Food Insecurity
Transitory food insecurity
Short-term and temporary
Relatively unpredictable
Can emerge suddenly
Chronic food insecurity
Long-term & persistent
Results often from:
Chronic poverty
Lack of assets
Inadequate access to productive or financial resources
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Duration of Food Insecurity
Seasonal food insecurity
Cyclical pattern
Associated with seasonal fluctuation in:
Climate
Cropping patterns
Work opportunities
Prevalence of disease
Avail / access to food Q
Time
Seasonality highlights times of the year when the food gap and food needs are likely to be greatest
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People vulnerable to food insecurity
are those who are able to maintain an acceptable level of food security today,
but may be at risk of becoming food insecure in future.
Vulnerability is defined in terms of the following three critical dimensions:
vulnerability to an outcome;
from a variety of risk factors;
because of an inability to manage those risks.
Vulnerability to Food Insecurity
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Vulnerability to Food Insecurity
VA suggests 2 main intervention options: either to reduce the degree of exposure to the hazard, or to increase the ability to cope.
Vulnerability Analysis
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UBOS Mission
To develop a coherent, reliable, efficient and demand driven NSS that supports mgt & development initiatives.
Values and Principles: UBOS has identified the following core values and principles that are essential for achieving even better results:
User-oriented: Users are the reason for UBOS to exist. In recognition of this, UBOS involves users and includes their priorities in all its activities.
Quality:
Efficiency: Stresses the importance of teamwork, networking, cooperation etc.
Sustainability: hopes to reduce its resource dependency on devt partners and gain increased control and mgt of its resource base
Professionalism: professional independence to strengthen user trust in the data.
Best practices and Confidentiality
B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building Blocks (Data collected)
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UBOS Mandate:
Responsible for the overall coordination, monitoring and supervision of the National Statistics System.
UBOS is committed to the devt of Statistics (NSS) in the country to support and inform the national and international development agenda. This embeds the National Agric Statistics System (NASS).
The NASS has five building blocks namely:
An Agric module: included on the Pop & Housing Census (PHC) every 10 years. This provides a complete enumeration of household-based agricultural holdings, plots plus all livestock for sampling frame purposes.
A Census of Agric every 10yr (one or two yrs after the PHC). It provides an extended sample on all types of agricultural holdings.
A core Agric Sample survey module on a household based holdings through UNHS and Panel Surveys (carried out every 3 years). This survey gives national and regional estimates as well as allow for socio-economic and poverty analysis.
Surveys and censuses to replace the old administrative data collection and takes the following; PLS&IF (at least every 2 yrs) and Small/medium (thru PASS annually)
Other Agricultural data sources: Meteorology dept, Fisheries etc.
B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building Blocks (Data collected)
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B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building Blocks (Data collected)
Permanent Agric Statistics System (PASS)
i. Pilot PASS 2004
ii. PASS 2005
iii. PASS 2006/ 7
Data was collected on:
Crop Production by Number of Plots, Sales and Price Characteristics
Livestock, Poultry, Apiculture and Fish Production
Derived Products: Data on any derived livestock/poultry products produced, quantities sold, Value of Sales and where the Last Sale was made. Products included: Eggs, Honey, Wax, Skins, Hides, Milk, Ghee
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B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building Blocks (Data collected)
Core Agric Sample Survey module: UNHS
i. UNHS 95/96
ii. UNHS 99/2000
iii. UNHS 2005/ 6
Data was collected on:
Production and sale of all crops (plantains, cereals, root crops, oil crops, pulses etc).
Crop Disposition (Utilization): For processed food, Given to landlords or proprietor, Already consumed, Still stored; and Wasted after harvest. also socio-econ vars
iv. UNHS 2009/ 10 & Panel
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B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building Blocks (Data collected)
Livestock Census 2008
Data was collected on:
Particulars of the hh head; production systems; enterprises and land ownership; Livestock-hh characteristics; cattle popn; milk production and sales; goat popn; sheep popn; pig popn; poultry popn and egg production; ducks and turkey popn; other domestic animals; bee hives, api-culture and honey produced; labour employed in the livestock sector by sources and by sex; farm infrastructure etc
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B. UBOS & the National Agric Stat System five Building Blocks (Data collected)
Uganda Census of Agric (UCA 2008/09)
Data was collected on:
Crop production, Ag HH Composition, Educational- Attainment of HH Members, Literacy of HH Heads, Receipt of Credit (Last 5 yr), Source of hh income.
.HH FS Aspects such as; Presence of Food shortage
Timing of Food Shortage, Reasons for Food Shortage
Immediate Response to Food Shortage (skipping meals, eating less preferred food, reducing size of meals,
Steps Taken to Alleviate Food Shortage i.e. Ag HHs (that used savings to buy, that took out a loan to buy food, that Sold Land to buy food, that Sold Livestock to buy food, that Got another Job to buy food, that Got Help from Relatives or others to buy food, that Got Help from Government to buy food, that Got Help from Charities)
Presence and Magnitude of Natural Disaster
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UCA Food Security related highlights
1). More than a half of the Ag HHs that responded to the survey reported experiencing food shortage in atleast a month during the reference period and the most affected region in the country was the Eastern Region.
2. A majority of Ag HHs in Eastern, Central and Northern Regions experienced food shortage in the months of June, July and May while the Western Region did so in the months of October, September and November.
2. Loss of crops/insufficient production was the major reason for food shortage and Karamoja districts were most affected due to harsh weather conditions in the sub-region. The survey results also indicate that Skipping of meals for children was not a popular practice in the Ag HHs in comparison with other strategies such as the eating of less preferred food and reduction in the size of meals.
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UCA Food Security related highlights (cont.)
1). Adult female members of the Ag HH bore the brunt of food shortage in a majority of Ag HHs compared to other members. In addition, the use of savings to buy food and the getting of assistance from relatives were the coping strategies adopted by a majority of Ag HHs for all categories of Ag HH members whereas no Ag HH took out a loan or sold land to buy food for child members.
2. In conclusion, most Ag HHs that experienced food shortage reported having been affected by drought and pests/diseases with varying extents of loss of agricultural output across regions and that a majority (71%) of the Ag HHs that experienced food shortage have expressed fear for a food shortage during a future 12 months reference period (Vulnerability Vs Hazards).
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UBOS is a member of the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) National Working Group. The IPC National Working group together with the District Focal Persons meet and use the IPC Tool to analyse Food Security and nutrition situation and come up with appropriate policy options.
Data used here is collected by the appropriate Institutions (such as UBOS, MAAIF, MoH, Met Dept, Districts etc). Also Rapid Assessment Surveys are carried out under the guidance of IPC Secretariat at FAO-Ug, to back up the available information.
Outputs of the latest IPC National Working Group Workshop held on 28th Sept 1st Oct 2010 at Mukono ZARDI include the IPC Map for 2010How to do we plan to move from here:
1. Disseminate this thru CountryStat: www.CountryStat.org
2. Put the NDP in use
C. How has this data been useful in Food Security Analysis
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GOOD DAY BUT REMEMBER:
Hunger is usually understood as an uncomfortable or painful sensation caused by insufficient food energy consumption. Scientifically, hunger is referred to as food deprivation.
All hungry people are food insecure, but not all food insecure people are hungry, as there are other causes of food insecurity, including those due to poor intake of micro-nutrients.
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