AFRICA - Session 5AFRICA - Session 5NOTE about Namibia: NOTE about Namibia:
One of our class participants has offered One of our class participants has offered her expertise & assistance to anyone her expertise & assistance to anyone
contemplating travel to Namibia.contemplating travel to Namibia.
Ingrid LangdonIngrid Langdon863-6143 863-6143
AFRICA - Session 5AFRICA - Session 5
Hunting for Hunting for MINERALS, ATOMS & ANIMALS: MINERALS, ATOMS & ANIMALS:
South AfricaSouth AfricaPart 1Part 1
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
DemographicsDemographics
HistoryHistory
Civilizations Time Line
EnergyEnergy
MineralsMinerals
HISTORYHISTORY2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils- early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein- archeological site - Sterkfontein
limestone caveslimestone caves > 800 hominid fossil remains > 800 hominid fossil remains 182 sq miles in 2 provinces182 sq miles in 2 provinces
CRADLE OF HUMANKINDCRADLE OF HUMANKIND
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
HISTORYHISTORY2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils- early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein- archeological site - Sterkfontein
1947: ‘Mrs Ples’ skull discovered1947: ‘Mrs Ples’ skull discovered1896: first discovered1896: first discovered
STERKFONTEIN CAVESSTERKFONTEIN CAVES limestone caveslimestone caves > 800 hominid fossil remains > 800 hominid fossil remains 182 sq miles in 2 provinces182 sq miles in 2 provinces
CRADLE OF HUMANKINDCRADLE OF HUMANKIND
1997: ‘Little Foot’ complete skeleton discovered1997: ‘Little Foot’ complete skeleton discovered
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
HISTORYHISTORY
+30,000 years ago: - arrival of San/Khoe tribes- arrival of San/Khoe tribes - a.k.a. Bushmen/Hottantots- a.k.a. Bushmen/Hottantots - hunter-gatherers/herders- hunter-gatherers/herders - probably from northeast Africa- probably from northeast Africa
2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils- early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein- archeological site - Sterkfontein
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present
17,000 BCE BOTSWANA0 AD ANGOLA
23,000 BCE NAMIBIA
2.5 million SOUTH AFRICA
5000 BC to 1400 BC: pre-Iron Age
Nations of World History1400 BC to present time
30003500 2500400045005000 15002000
A F R I C A
2.5 million years ago: early hominids SOUTH AFRICA
30,000 years ago: San/Khoe tribes
HISTORYHISTORY400-1000 AD – Bantu migration from north400-1000 AD – Bantu migration from north
. .eastern group. .eastern group
bringing iron agebringing iron age & agriculture skills& agriculture skills
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
500 AD Bantu Expansion
indigenous Bushmen
1600’s Europeans
1600’s Malayasians1600’s Malayasians
1800’s trekkers/homesteaders
mid 1800’smid 1800’s Indians/AsiansIndians/Asians
20th century white Angolans, Zimbabweans, Mozambicans
HISTORYHISTORYSOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present
17,000 BCE BOTSWANA ANGOLA
23,000 BCE NAMIBIA30,000 BCE SOUTH AFRICA
San/Khoe TribesSan/Khoe Tribes
1600
-200
0
II NNE DE DU IU IR AR AO NO NP /P /E AE AA SA SN IN IS AS A N N
1994
FREEDOM
1961
- Rep
ublic
APARTAID
EE XXB PB PA AA AN SN ST IT IU OU O NN
DD EE SSB CB CA EA EN NN NT DT DU AU A NN TT SS
500 AD Bantu Expansion
indigenous Bushmen
1600’s Europeans
1600’s Malayasians
1800’s trekkers/homesteaders
mid 1800’s Indians/Asians
20th century white Angolans, Zimbabweans, Mozambicians
It’s the Rainbow Nation!
It’s the Rainbow Nation!
Where are the people today?
Where are the people today?
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
population densitypopulation density
temperate southern Cape
eastern coast
northern gold mines, lowveld
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
BOTSWANABOTSWANANAMIBIANAMIBIA
most southern African countrymost southern African country
bordered by . . bordered by . .
AAT O T O L CL CA E A E N A N A T N T N I I CC
MOZAMBIQUE
MOZAMBIQUE
I OI ON C N C D D EE I A I A A N A N N N
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA TODAYSOUTH AFRICA TODAY
surrounds 2 independent countriessurrounds 2 independent countries
size: 471,011 sq miles (2X Texas)size: 471,011 sq miles (2X Texas)
LESOTHO
SWAZILAND
- demographics demographics (the rainbow nation)(the rainbow nation)
- population: 49 million- population: 49 million Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79%Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79%
‘‘colored’. . . . . . . . . . . . 9%colored’. . . . . . . . . . . . 9% white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9%white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9%
other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2%other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2%
- capital: Pretoria- capital: Pretoria
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
- median age. . . . . . . . 24 yrsmedian age. . . . . . . . 24 yrs- life expectancy . . . . . 50 yrslife expectancy . . . . . 50 yrs
- religions:religions: Christian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80%Christian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80% Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15%Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15% other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5%other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5%- education:education: - literacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96%- literacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96% - complete primary. . . . . 77%- complete primary. . . . . 77%
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA- official language: 11 languagesofficial language: 11 languages home spoken:home spoken: Zulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24%Zulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24%
Xhosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18%Xhosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18%Afrikaans . . . . . . . . . . 13%Afrikaans . . . . . . . . . . 13%English . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8%English . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8%other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37%other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37%
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA- per capita GDP . . . . . . $10,100USper capita GDP . . . . . . $10,100US
- economy:economy: - arable land . . . . . . . . . . 12%- arable land . . . . . . . . . . 12% - rich in coal, platium, gold- rich in coal, platium, gold - no appreciable oil/gas - no appreciable oil/gas
6% GDP – diamond/gold mining6% GDP – diamond/gold mining 12% GDP – tourism12% GDP – tourism
BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA SIZE (X Texas) 1X 2X 1.4X 2X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 1.9 18 2.1 49 people/sq mile 8 25 5 104 indiginous tribes 97% 95% 86% 80% european extraction % 2% 7% 9% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 0% 3% 7% 11% median age (years) 21.7 18 21 24 life expectancy (2007) 35 years 38 years 56 years 50 years life expectancy (1990) 64 years 40 years 62 years 62 years
LANGUAGES (official)English, Tswana Portuguese English 11 official
RELIGIONS Christian 50-70% 88% 80% 80% Tribal 30-50% 7% 10% 15% (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none) 5% 10% 5% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 83% 40-65% 88% 96% primary (% complete) 75% 35% 77% 77% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $13,900 $9,000 $6,400 $10,100 GDP: mining 41% 11% 12% 6% GDP: oil/gas 85% GDP: tourism 12% 16% 12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 5% 3% 1% 12% oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 1.3 0.32
diamond reserves (billion ct) ??? 0.18 1.4 1.1 coal reserves (billion tons) 70-200 0.35 54
othercopper,nicke
l fish,coffeeuranium, lead platium, gold
BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA
How does South Africa compare? How does South Africa compare?
BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA SIZE (X Texas) 1X 2X 1.4X 2X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 1.9 18 2.1 49 people/sq mile 8 25 5 104 indiginous tribes 97% 95% 86% 80% european extraction % 2% 7% 9% other (mixed, Indian/Asian) 0% 3% 7% 11% median age (years) 21.7 18 21 24 life expectancy (2007) 35 years 38 years 56 years 50 years life expectancy (1990) 64 years 40 years 62 years 62 years
LANGUAGES (official)English, Tswana Portuguese English 11 official
RELIGIONS Christian 50-70% 88% 80% 70% Tribal 30-50% 7% 10% (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none) 5% 10% 30% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 83% 40-65% 88% 96% primary (% complete) 75% 35% 77% 77% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $13,900 $9,000 $6,400 $10,100 GDP: mining 41% 11% 12% 6% GDP: oil/gas 85% GDP: tourism 12% 16% 12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 5% 3% 1% 12% oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 1.3 0.32
diamond reserves (billion ct) ??? 0.18 1.4 1.1 coal reserves (billion tons) 70-200 0.35 54
othercopper,nicke
l fish,coffee uranium uranium, gold BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA
How does South Africa compare? How does South Africa compare?
BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA SIZE (X Texas) (268601sqmile) 1X 2X 1.4X 2X DEMOGRAPHICS (UNICEF) population (million) 1.9 18 2.1 49 people/sq mile 8 25 5 104 indiginous tribes 97% 75% 86% 80% european extraction 3% 1% 7% 9% other (mixed, Indian, Asian, etc) 0% 24% 7% 11% median age (years) 21.7 18 21 24 life expectancy (2007) 35 years 38 years 56 years 50 years life expectancy (1990) 64 years 40 years 62 years 62 years LANGUAGES (official) English, Tswana Portuguese English 11 official RELIGIONS Christian 50-70% 88% 80% 70% Tribal 30-50% 7% 10% Other (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none) 5% 10% 30% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 83% 40-65% 88% 96% primary (% complete) 75% 35% 77% 77%
ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $13,900 $9,000 $6,400 $10,100 GDP: mining 41% 11% 12% 6% GDP: oil/gas 85% GDP: tourism 12% 16% 12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 5% 3% 1% 12% oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 gas reserves (trillion cubic feet) 9.3 1.3 0.32 diamond reserves (billion carat) ??? 0.18 1.4 1.1 coal reserves (billion tons) 70-200 0.35 54 other copper,nickel fish,coffee uranium, lead uranium, gold
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICAour travel routeour travel route
Cape Town
nuclear power plant
Cedarberg Wilderness
1 month in Namibia
Kimberley diamond mine
Johannesburg
gold, archeology
Addo Elephant Park
Drakensberg Nat’l Park
St. Lucia Wetlands
SwaziLand
Tsitsikamma Na’tl parKGarden Route
Augrabies Falls Nat’l Park
Blyde RiverCanyon
our travel routeour travel routeKruger Nat’l Park
West Coast Nat’l Pk
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA- 3 months 3 months (w/Namibia)(w/Namibia)- 5000 km (3150 5000 km (3150 milesmiles))- rental carrental car- cabins, rondavels, cabins, rondavels, campgrounds, B&Bscampgrounds, B&Bs
1 month in Namibia
Kimberley diamond mine
Johannesburg
gold, archeology
Addo Elephant Park
Drakensberg Nat’l Park
St. Lucia Wetlands
SwaziLand
Tsitsikamma Na’tl parKGarden Route
Augrabies Falls Nat’l Park
Blyde RiverCanyon
our travel routeour travel routethis week . . . .this week . . . .Kruger Nat’l Park
- 3 months 3 months (w/Namibia)(w/Namibia)- 5000 km (3150 5000 km (3150 milesmiles))- rental carrental car- cabins, rondavels, cabins, rondavels, campgrounds, B&Bscampgrounds, B&Bs
Cape Town
Cedarberg Wilderness
next week . . .next week . . .
West Coast Nat’l Pk
nuclear power plant
a quick look at South African
MINERALS . . . .
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
CopperTinIronCoalOil
Natural Resources that shaped World History
South Africa
CopperTinIronCoalOil
Natural Resources that shaped World History
South Africa
andalusiteantimonyasbestoschromium cobaltcopperfluorsparleadlime
“self-sufficient in most of its mineral needs”, including . . . limestone manganesenickel platinumphosphate rock silver sulfur titanium
uranium vanadiumvermiculitezinc zirconium
Coal
Natural Resources that shaped World History
world’s 6world’s 6thth largest reserves largest reserves
Coal
reserves: 54 billion tons reserves: 54 billion tons
provides 88% of S.A. primary energyprovides 88% of S.A. primary energy
provides 90% of S.A. electricityprovides 90% of S.A. electricity
South Africaso why did S.A. build a nuclear power plant??
so why did S.A. build a nuclear power plant??
coal fields
major industrial areas
- more economical to build a nuclear power station than to transport coal
- long way from coal fields to Cape area
- 1984: plant completed/on-line
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
only 20 miles north of Cape Town
the only nuclear power plant in Africa
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA1 - area is geologically stable
low/intermediate level wastes
spent fuel elements
only 20 miles north of Cape TownSOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
1 - area is geologically stable2 - cold water of the Atlantic Ocean is ideal for cooling3- easily accessibility to national electric grid
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
12 African countries
“create an efficient regional electric supply”
200 million people
inaugurated in 1995
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
DURING 2008 . . . . shortages/rolling black-outs
THE FUTURE . . . . by 2012 $39 billion US new coal/gas turbine plants by 2025 . . . double total generating capacity . . . increase nuclear contribution from 6% to 25%
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
Kimberly diamond mine
nuclear powerplant
diamonds . . .
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
Kimberley diamond mine
diamonds . . .
Orange RiverOrange River
1866: 1866: young boy found 21.25 carat diamond in a stream – called "Eureka“
1882: claim map
Vail RiverVail River
1871: 82 carat diamond found on slopes of nearby hill – GOLD RUSHGOLD RUSH
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
1882: claim map
KIMBERLITE PIPES – named for Kimberly, S.A. where they were first identifiednamed for Kimberly, S.A. where they were first identified
1888: Cecil Rhodes consolidates leases into DeBeers Mining
1914: ‘Big Hole’ mining closes after - - 22.5 million tons earth moved - 6000 lbs diamonds found
‘underground mining’ continues - to depth of ~ 3 miles - closed in 2005
ground surface
2006: DeBeers/town open Theme Park & work toward ‘World Heritage’ site designation
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
2006: DeBeers/town open Theme Park & work toward ‘World Heritage’ site designation
Buy gas, get groceries
See sign about lost dog
Ask for help
Off she goes to a safe place!
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
Kimberley diamond mine
Johannesburggold, archeology
gold . . . .gold . . . .SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
Mine entry
Tailin
gs dum
p
gold . . . .Johannesburg
gold, archeology
JohannesburgJohannesburg
historically, world’s largest historically, world’s largest producer producer 2007: surpassed by China2007: surpassed by China
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICAGold Production HistoryGold Production History
2007 – 1/10 world production2007 – 1/10 world production
1970 – 2/3 world production1970 – 2/3 world production
Gold Production (million of ounces)Gold Production (million of ounces)
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
95% of mines are underground operations 95% of mines are underground operations many mines are deeper than 1 milemany mines are deeper than 1 mile
South African mine have highest production costsSouth African mine have highest production costs
declining grades of golddeclining grades of gold
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA
““. . . gold reserves 90% less than officially claimed . . .”. . . gold reserves 90% less than officially claimed . . .”
““. . . reserves are only 3 times the 1970 production level . . .”. . . reserves are only 3 times the 1970 production level . . .”
(about 10 year supply at current production rates)(about 10 year supply at current production rates)
Chris Hardnady (research/techincal director,Umvoto). . . .Chris Hardnady (research/techincal director,Umvoto). . . .
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICAChallenges to South African gold . . . Challenges to South African gold . . .
- royalties - royalties - increasing electrical charges - increasing electrical charges - burden of BEE - burden of BEE (black economic empowerm’t)(black economic empowerm’t)
- recent safety shutdowns- recent safety shutdowns - security costs- security costs - currency exchange fluctuations- currency exchange fluctuations
Opportunity . . . . . . . . Opportunity . . . . . . . . - stronger future uranium market- stronger future uranium market - possible re-opening closed gold- possible re-opening closed gold mines where uranium Is presentmines where uranium Is present
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICASo, how does geology impact our travels?So, how does geology impact our travels?
Geologic processes create MINERALS . . . . .Geologic processes create MINERALS . . . . .
. . . . . . . DIAMONDS & GOLD for industrial use & . . . . . . . DIAMONDS & GOLD for industrial use & to adorn our bodies to adorn our bodies
. . . . . . . COAL & URANIUM to fuel our factories &. . . . . . . COAL & URANIUM to fuel our factories & provide our electrical powerprovide our electrical power
REMEMBER . . . . GEOLOGY ROCKS!REMEMBER . . . . GEOLOGY ROCKS!
SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA good-bye to the city . . .
. . . and its dangers!
Next week – Session 6Next week – Session 6
Into the Bush . . . .Into the Bush . . . .Looking for Animals Looking for Animals
South AfricaSouth Africa
Next week – Session 6Next week – Session 6
PLEASE! PLEASE! Return all borrowed Return all borrowed
books next week!books next week!
http://geology.com/world/south-africa-satellite-image.shtmlhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/East_Africa.htmlhttp://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africahttp://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africa-MINING.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_population_migrations.svg#filehttp://www.sa-venues.com/maps/gauteng_cradle_of_humankind.htmhttp://www.khulsey.com/jewelry/kh_jewelry_diamond_mining.htmlhttp://www.melkbos.com/directory/Koeberg_nuclear_power_station/http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/cradle-of-humankind.htmhttp://www.maropeng.co.za/index.php/maropeng/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/South_Africa/Coal.htmlhttp://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/africa/south_africa_ind_1979.jpghttp://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf88.htmlhttp://www.eskom.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=548http://www.showcaves.com/english/za/mines/Kimberley.htmlhttp://www.mineweb.co.za/mineweb/http://www.munoz-group.net/pics/map_africa.jpghttp://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S003823532009000500004&script=sci
REFERENCESREFERENCES