AFRICA - Session 5

AFRICA - Session 5AFRICA - Session 5NOTE about Namibia: NOTE about Namibia:

One of our class participants has offered One of our class participants has offered her expertise & assistance to anyone her expertise & assistance to anyone

contemplating travel to Namibia.contemplating travel to Namibia.

Ingrid LangdonIngrid Langdon863-6143 863-6143

AFRICA - Session 5AFRICA - Session 5

Hunting for Hunting for MINERALS, ATOMS & ANIMALS: MINERALS, ATOMS & ANIMALS:

South AfricaSouth AfricaPart 1Part 1

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA

DemographicsDemographics

HistoryHistory

Civilizations Time Line

EnergyEnergy

MineralsMinerals

HISTORYHISTORY2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils- early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein- archeological site - Sterkfontein

limestone caveslimestone caves > 800 hominid fossil remains > 800 hominid fossil remains 182 sq miles in 2 provinces182 sq miles in 2 provinces

CRADLE OF HUMANKINDCRADLE OF HUMANKIND


HISTORYHISTORY2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils- early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein- archeological site - Sterkfontein

1947: ‘Mrs Ples’ skull discovered1947: ‘Mrs Ples’ skull discovered1896: first discovered1896: first discovered

STERKFONTEIN CAVESSTERKFONTEIN CAVES limestone caveslimestone caves > 800 hominid fossil remains > 800 hominid fossil remains 182 sq miles in 2 provinces182 sq miles in 2 provinces

CRADLE OF HUMANKINDCRADLE OF HUMANKIND

1997: ‘Little Foot’ complete skeleton discovered1997: ‘Little Foot’ complete skeleton discovered


HISTORYHISTORY

+30,000 years ago: - arrival of San/Khoe tribes- arrival of San/Khoe tribes - a.k.a. Bushmen/Hottantots- a.k.a. Bushmen/Hottantots - hunter-gatherers/herders- hunter-gatherers/herders - probably from northeast Africa- probably from northeast Africa

2 to 3 million years ago: - early hominid fossils- early hominid fossils - archeological site - Sterkfontein- archeological site - Sterkfontein


Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present

17,000 BCE BOTSWANA0 AD ANGOLA

23,000 BCE NAMIBIA

2.5 million SOUTH AFRICA

5000 BC to 1400 BC: pre-Iron Age

Nations of World History1400 BC to present time

30003500 2500400045005000 15002000

A F R I C A

2.5 million years ago: early hominids SOUTH AFRICA

30,000 years ago: San/Khoe tribes

HISTORYHISTORY400-1000 AD – Bantu migration from north400-1000 AD – Bantu migration from north

. .eastern group. .eastern group

bringing iron agebringing iron age & agriculture skills& agriculture skills


500 AD Bantu Expansion

indigenous Bushmen

1600’s Europeans

1600’s Malayasians1600’s Malayasians

1800’s trekkers/homesteaders

mid 1800’smid 1800’s Indians/AsiansIndians/Asians

20th century white Angolans, Zimbabweans, Mozambicans

HISTORYHISTORYSOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA

Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present

17,000 BCE BOTSWANA ANGOLA

23,000 BCE NAMIBIA30,000 BCE SOUTH AFRICA

San/Khoe TribesSan/Khoe Tribes

1600

-200

0

II NNE DE DU IU IR AR AO NO NP /P /E AE AA SA SN IN IS AS A N N

1994

FREEDOM

1961

- Rep

ublic

APARTAID

EE XXB PB PA AA AN SN ST IT IU OU O NN

DD EE SSB CB CA EA EN NN NT DT DU AU A NN TT SS

500 AD Bantu Expansion

indigenous Bushmen

1600’s Europeans

1600’s Malayasians

1800’s trekkers/homesteaders

mid 1800’s Indians/Asians

20th century white Angolans, Zimbabweans, Mozambicians

It’s the Rainbow Nation!

It’s the Rainbow Nation!

Where are the people today?

Where are the people today?


population densitypopulation density

temperate southern Cape

eastern coast

northern gold mines, lowveld

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

BOTSWANABOTSWANANAMIBIANAMIBIA

most southern African countrymost southern African country

bordered by . . bordered by . .

AAT O T O L CL CA E A E N A N A T N T N I I CC

MOZAMBIQUE

MOZAMBIQUE

I OI ON C N C D D EE I A I A A N A N N N

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA TODAYSOUTH AFRICA TODAY

surrounds 2 independent countriessurrounds 2 independent countries

size: 471,011 sq miles (2X Texas)size: 471,011 sq miles (2X Texas)

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

- demographics demographics (the rainbow nation)(the rainbow nation)

- population: 49 million- population: 49 million Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79%Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79%

‘‘colored’. . . . . . . . . . . . 9%colored’. . . . . . . . . . . . 9% white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9%white . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9%

other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2%other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2%

- capital: Pretoria- capital: Pretoria


- median age. . . . . . . . 24 yrsmedian age. . . . . . . . 24 yrslife expectancy . . . . . 50 yrslife expectancy . . . . . 50 yrs

- religions:religions: Christian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80%Christian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80% Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15%Tribal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15% other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5%other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5%- education:education: - literacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96%- literacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96% - complete primary. . . . . 77%- complete primary. . . . . 77%

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA- official language: 11 languagesofficial language: 11 languages home spoken:home spoken: Zulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24%Zulu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24%

Xhosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18%Xhosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18%Afrikaans . . . . . . . . . . 13%Afrikaans . . . . . . . . . . 13%English . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8%English . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8%other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37%other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37%

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA- per capita GDP . . . . . . $10,100USper capita GDP . . . . . . $10,100US

- economy:economy: - arable land . . . . . . . . . . 12%- arable land . . . . . . . . . . 12% - rich in coal, platium, gold- rich in coal, platium, gold - no appreciable oil/gas - no appreciable oil/gas

6% GDP – diamond/gold mining6% GDP – diamond/gold mining 12% GDP – tourism12% GDP – tourism

BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA SIZE (X Texas) 1X 2X 1.4X 2X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 1.9 18 2.1 49 people/sq mile 8 25 5 104 indiginous tribes 97% 95% 86% 80% european extraction % 2% 7% 9% other(mixed, Indian/Asian) 0% 3% 7% 11% median age (years) 21.7 18 21 24 life expectancy (2007) 35 years 38 years 56 years 50 years life expectancy (1990) 64 years 40 years 62 years 62 years

LANGUAGES (official)English, Tswana Portuguese English 11 official

RELIGIONS Christian 50-70% 88% 80% 80% Tribal 30-50% 7% 10% 15% (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none) 5% 10% 5% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 83% 40-65% 88% 96% primary (% complete) 75% 35% 77% 77% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $13,900 $9,000 $6,400 $10,100 GDP: mining 41% 11% 12% 6% GDP: oil/gas 85% GDP: tourism 12% 16% 12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 5% 3% 1% 12% oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 1.3 0.32

diamond reserves (billion ct) ??? 0.18 1.4 1.1 coal reserves (billion tons) 70-200 0.35 54

othercopper,nicke

l fish,coffeeuranium, lead platium, gold

BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA

How does South Africa compare? How does South Africa compare?

BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA SIZE (X Texas) 1X 2X 1.4X 2X DEMOGRAPHICS population (million) 1.9 18 2.1 49 people/sq mile 8 25 5 104 indiginous tribes 97% 95% 86% 80% european extraction % 2% 7% 9% other (mixed, Indian/Asian) 0% 3% 7% 11% median age (years) 21.7 18 21 24 life expectancy (2007) 35 years 38 years 56 years 50 years life expectancy (1990) 64 years 40 years 62 years 62 years

LANGUAGES (official)English, Tswana Portuguese English 11 official

RELIGIONS Christian 50-70% 88% 80% 70% Tribal 30-50% 7% 10% (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none) 5% 10% 30% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 83% 40-65% 88% 96% primary (% complete) 75% 35% 77% 77% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $13,900 $9,000 $6,400 $10,100 GDP: mining 41% 11% 12% 6% GDP: oil/gas 85% GDP: tourism 12% 16% 12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 5% 3% 1% 12% oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 gas reserves (trillion cubic ft) 9.3 1.3 0.32

diamond reserves (billion ct) ??? 0.18 1.4 1.1 coal reserves (billion tons) 70-200 0.35 54

othercopper,nicke

l fish,coffee uranium uranium, gold BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA

How does South Africa compare? How does South Africa compare?

BOTSWANA ANGOLA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA SIZE (X Texas) (268601sqmile) 1X 2X 1.4X 2X DEMOGRAPHICS (UNICEF) population (million) 1.9 18 2.1 49 people/sq mile 8 25 5 104 indiginous tribes 97% 75% 86% 80% european extraction 3% 1% 7% 9% other (mixed, Indian, Asian, etc) 0% 24% 7% 11% median age (years) 21.7 18 21 24 life expectancy (2007) 35 years 38 years 56 years 50 years life expectancy (1990) 64 years 40 years 62 years 62 years LANGUAGES (official) English, Tswana Portuguese English 11 official RELIGIONS Christian 50-70% 88% 80% 70% Tribal 30-50% 7% 10% Other (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none) 5% 10% 30% EDUCATION literacy (adults) 83% 40-65% 88% 96% primary (% complete) 75% 35% 77% 77%

ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $13,900 $9,000 $6,400 $10,100 GDP: mining 41% 11% 12% 6% GDP: oil/gas 85% GDP: tourism 12% 16% 12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 5% 3% 1% 12% oil reserves (million barrels) 9,040 15 gas reserves (trillion cubic feet) 9.3 1.3 0.32 diamond reserves (billion carat) ??? 0.18 1.4 1.1 coal reserves (billion tons) 70-200 0.35 54 other copper,nickel fish,coffee uranium, lead uranium, gold

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICAour travel routeour travel route

Cape Town

nuclear power plant

Cedarberg Wilderness

1 month in Namibia

Kimberley diamond mine

Johannesburg

gold, archeology

Addo Elephant Park

Drakensberg Nat’l Park

St. Lucia Wetlands

SwaziLand

Tsitsikamma Na’tl parKGarden Route

Augrabies Falls Nat’l Park

Blyde RiverCanyon

our travel routeour travel routeKruger Nat’l Park

West Coast Nat’l Pk

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA- 3 months 3 months (w/Namibia)(w/Namibia)- 5000 km (3150 5000 km (3150 milesmiles))- rental carrental car- cabins, rondavels, cabins, rondavels, campgrounds, B&Bscampgrounds, B&Bs

1 month in Namibia


Johannesburg

gold, archeology

Addo Elephant Park

Drakensberg Nat’l Park

St. Lucia Wetlands

SwaziLand

Tsitsikamma Na’tl parKGarden Route

Augrabies Falls Nat’l Park

Blyde RiverCanyon

our travel routeour travel routethis week . . . .this week . . . .Kruger Nat’l Park

- 3 months 3 months (w/Namibia)(w/Namibia)- 5000 km (3150 5000 km (3150 milesmiles))- rental carrental car- cabins, rondavels, cabins, rondavels, campgrounds, B&Bscampgrounds, B&Bs

Cape Town

Cedarberg Wilderness

next week . . .next week . . .

West Coast Nat’l Pk

nuclear power plant

a quick look at South African

MINERALS . . . .


CopperTinIronCoalOil

Natural Resources that shaped World History

South Africa

CopperTinIronCoalOil


South Africa

andalusiteantimonyasbestoschromium cobaltcopperfluorsparleadlime

“self-sufficient in most of its mineral needs”, including . . . limestone manganesenickel platinumphosphate rock silver sulfur titanium

uranium vanadiumvermiculitezinc zirconium

Coal


world’s 6world’s 6thth largest reserves largest reserves

Coal

reserves: 54 billion tons reserves: 54 billion tons

provides 88% of S.A. primary energyprovides 88% of S.A. primary energy

provides 90% of S.A. electricityprovides 90% of S.A. electricity

South Africaso why did S.A. build a nuclear power plant??

so why did S.A. build a nuclear power plant??

coal fields

major industrial areas

- more economical to build a nuclear power station than to transport coal

- long way from coal fields to Cape area

- 1984: plant completed/on-line


only 20 miles north of Cape Town

the only nuclear power plant in Africa

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA1 - area is geologically stable

low/intermediate level wastes

spent fuel elements

only 20 miles north of Cape TownSOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA

1 - area is geologically stable2 - cold water of the Atlantic Ocean is ideal for cooling3- easily accessibility to national electric grid


12 African countries

“create an efficient regional electric supply”

200 million people

inaugurated in 1995


DURING 2008 . . . . shortages/rolling black-outs

THE FUTURE . . . . by 2012 $39 billion US new coal/gas turbine plants by 2025 . . . double total generating capacity . . . increase nuclear contribution from 6% to 25%



Kimberly diamond mine

nuclear powerplant

diamonds . . .



diamonds . . .

Orange RiverOrange River

1866: 1866: young boy found 21.25 carat diamond in a stream – called "Eureka“

1882: claim map

Vail RiverVail River

1871: 82 carat diamond found on slopes of nearby hill – GOLD RUSHGOLD RUSH


1882: claim map

KIMBERLITE PIPES – named for Kimberly, S.A. where they were first identifiednamed for Kimberly, S.A. where they were first identified

1888: Cecil Rhodes consolidates leases into DeBeers Mining

1914: ‘Big Hole’ mining closes after - - 22.5 million tons earth moved - 6000 lbs diamonds found

‘underground mining’ continues - to depth of ~ 3 miles - closed in 2005

ground surface

2006: DeBeers/town open Theme Park & work toward ‘World Heritage’ site designation

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/VolcanicPipe.jpg

http://www.showcaves.com/surveys/Big/Kimberley.gif

http://www.showcaves.com/surveys/Big/Kimberley.gif


2006: DeBeers/town open Theme Park & work toward ‘World Heritage’ site designation

Buy gas, get groceries

See sign about lost dog

Ask for help

Off she goes to a safe place!



Johannesburggold, archeology

gold . . . .gold . . . .SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA

Mine entry

Tailin

gs dum

p

gold . . . .Johannesburg

gold, archeology

JohannesburgJohannesburg

historically, world’s largest historically, world’s largest producer producer 2007: surpassed by China2007: surpassed by China


SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICAGold Production HistoryGold Production History

2007 – 1/10 world production2007 – 1/10 world production

1970 – 2/3 world production1970 – 2/3 world production

Gold Production (million of ounces)Gold Production (million of ounces)


95% of mines are underground operations 95% of mines are underground operations many mines are deeper than 1 milemany mines are deeper than 1 mile

South African mine have highest production costsSouth African mine have highest production costs

declining grades of golddeclining grades of gold


““. . . gold reserves 90% less than officially claimed . . .”. . . gold reserves 90% less than officially claimed . . .”

““. . . reserves are only 3 times the 1970 production level . . .”. . . reserves are only 3 times the 1970 production level . . .”

(about 10 year supply at current production rates)(about 10 year supply at current production rates)

Chris Hardnady (research/techincal director,Umvoto). . . .Chris Hardnady (research/techincal director,Umvoto). . . .

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICAChallenges to South African gold . . . Challenges to South African gold . . .

- royalties - royalties - increasing electrical charges - increasing electrical charges - burden of BEE - burden of BEE (black economic empowerm’t)(black economic empowerm’t)

- recent safety shutdowns- recent safety shutdowns - security costs- security costs - currency exchange fluctuations- currency exchange fluctuations

Opportunity . . . . . . . . Opportunity . . . . . . . . - stronger future uranium market- stronger future uranium market - possible re-opening closed gold- possible re-opening closed gold mines where uranium Is presentmines where uranium Is present

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICASo, how does geology impact our travels?So, how does geology impact our travels?

Geologic processes create MINERALS . . . . .Geologic processes create MINERALS . . . . .

. . . . . . . DIAMONDS & GOLD for industrial use & . . . . . . . DIAMONDS & GOLD for industrial use & to adorn our bodies to adorn our bodies

. . . . . . . COAL & URANIUM to fuel our factories &. . . . . . . COAL & URANIUM to fuel our factories & provide our electrical powerprovide our electrical power

REMEMBER . . . . GEOLOGY ROCKS!REMEMBER . . . . GEOLOGY ROCKS!

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA good-bye to the city . . .

. . . and its dangers!

Next week – Session 6Next week – Session 6

Into the Bush . . . .Into the Bush . . . .Looking for Animals Looking for Animals

South AfricaSouth Africa

Next week – Session 6Next week – Session 6

PLEASE! PLEASE! Return all borrowed Return all borrowed

books next week!books next week!

http://geology.com/world/south-africa-satellite-image.shtmlhttp://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/East_Africa.htmlhttp://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africahttp://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africa-MINING.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_population_migrations.svg#filehttp://www.sa-venues.com/maps/gauteng_cradle_of_humankind.htmhttp://www.khulsey.com/jewelry/kh_jewelry_diamond_mining.htmlhttp://www.melkbos.com/directory/Koeberg_nuclear_power_station/http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/cradle-of-humankind.htmhttp://www.maropeng.co.za/index.php/maropeng/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/South_Africa/Coal.htmlhttp://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/africa/south_africa_ind_1979.jpghttp://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf88.htmlhttp://www.eskom.co.za/live/content.php?Item_ID=548http://www.showcaves.com/english/za/mines/Kimberley.htmlhttp://www.mineweb.co.za/mineweb/http://www.munoz-group.net/pics/map_africa.jpghttp://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S003823532009000500004&script=sci

REFERENCESREFERENCES

http://geology.com/world/south-africa-satellite-image.shtml

http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africa

http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/South-Africa-MINING.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Africa_-_population_migrations.svg#file

http://www.sa-venues.com/maps/gauteng_cradle_of_humankind.htm

http://www.khulsey.com/jewelry/kh_jewelry_diamond_mining.html

http://www.melkbos.com/directory/Koeberg_nuclear_power_station/

http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/cradle-of-humankind.htm

http://www.maropeng.co.za/index.php/maropeng/

http://www.maropeng.co.za/index.php/maropeng/

Documents

AFRICA - Session 5