5Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. A(n) _____ refers to a set of physical and psychological responses that help us fight a threat or flee from it. A. patellar reflexB. fight-or-flight responseC. tendon reflexD. involuntary response
2. Which of the following bodily changes occurs when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division
of the autonomic nervous system? A. The liver reduces the amount of glucose it releases to the muscles.B. Saliva and mucus dry up, decreasing the size of the air passages to the lungs.C. The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen.D. The body's metabolism decreases in order to conserve energy for physical action.
3. The hypothalamus activates the adrenal-cortical system by releasing _____, which signals the pituitary
gland to secrete _____, the body's "major stress hormone." A. cortisol; adrenalineB. corticotropin-release factor; adrenalineC. cortisol; adrenocorticotropic hormoneD. corticotropin-release factor; adrenocorticotropic hormone
4. Which of the following hormones is often used as a measure of stress?
A. CortisolB. ThyroxineC. SerotoninD. Renin
5. What is the difference between an adaptive fear response and a maladaptive anxiety response?
A.
Maladaptive fear responses subside once the threat ends, whereas adaptive anxiety persists after the threat passes.
B.
Maladaptive responses are out of proportion to the threat, whereas adaptive responses are appropriate to the situation.
C.
In adaptive fear, people take extreme steps to protect themselves from the threat, whereas in maladaptive anxiety individuals throw caution into the wind.
D.
Adaptive fear can lead to anticipatory anxiety, while maladaptive anxiety can lead to generalized anxiety disorder.
6. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are by definition the consequences of:
A. structural brain damage.B. feelings of inadequacy.C. experiencing extreme stressors.D. childhood trauma.
7. Which of the following statements is true regarding PTSD?
A. Common events, such as traffic accidents, are rarely associated with PTSD.B. About 25 percent of adults will develop PTSD at some time in their lives.C. Even the mildest symptoms of PTSD prevent normal functioning.D. Women are at greater risk of experiencing PTSD than men.
8. Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since then, she has been dreaming about the attack and often wakes up screaming and crying. According to Janie, she feels as though she is reliving the attack in each dream. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. showing signs of paranoia and delusions.
9. Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has
withdrawn from family and friends. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. showing signs of paranoia and delusions.
10. Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has been
overly cautious and watchful. The smallest noise startles her. If someone looks at her "strangely," she becomes very anxious. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. demonstrating deluded thinking.
11. PTSD sufferers may report "_____" about having lived through the traumatic event or about things they
had to do to survive. A. dehumanizationB. survivor guiltC. hysteriaD. cognitive bias
12. Which of the following statements is true regarding acute stress disorder?
A.
It is diagnosed when symptoms arise within one month of exposure to the stressor and last no longer than six months.
B.
The sufferer of acute stress disorder persistently avoids reminders of the trauma and is constantly aroused, but does not reexperience the trauma.
C. To receive the diagnosis, individuals must exhibit at least one dissociative symptom.D.
In acute stress disorder, dissociative symptoms are common, including detachment, derealization, and depersonalization.
13. Which of the following disorders consists of emotional and behavioral symptoms such as depressive
symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or antisocial behaviors that occur within 3 months of the experience of a stressor? A. AgoraphobiaB. Generalized anxiety disorderC. Social phobiaD. Adjustment disorder
14. Two months ago, Mark's mother passed away unexpectedly. Since her death, he has been unable to
function at school, has lost interest in extracurricular activities, and gets agitated easily. Mark may be exhibiting the symptoms of which disorder? A. Adjustment disorderB. Acute stress disorderC. Posttraumatic stress disorderD. Bereavement disorder
15. Which of the following is least likely to cause PTSD? A. Natural disasterB. Child birthC. Physical abuseD. War-related trauma
16. Which of the following environmental, social, and psychological factors increases an individual's
vulnerability to PTSD? A. Having a strong support network of friends and familyB. Having experienced the traumatic event first-handC. Having adopted a non-avoidant coping strategy to deal with the traumatic eventD. Never having experienced symptoms of anxiety and depression before the traumatic event
17. _____ to be diagnosed with PTSD and most of the other anxiety disorders including panic disorder, social
phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. A. Men are more likely than womenB. Women are more likely than menC. Men and women are equally likelyD. Women are slightly less likely than men
18. People in Latino cultures report a syndrome known as _____, which might include trembling,
heart palpitations, a sense of heat in the chest rising into the head, difficulty moving limbs, loss of consciousness, memory loss, paresthesia, chest tightness, dyspnea, dizziness, and faintness. A. ataque de nerviosB. amokC. mal de ojoD. susto
19. A study of 942 adults in rural Mexico found that 21 percent of the women and 10 percent of the men had
chronic ______ (de Snyder, Diaz-Perez, & Ojeda, 2000). The authors suggest that among underprivileged Latino communities, particularly women, _____ expresses the anger and frustration of "being at the bottom" and provides temporary release from the everyday burdens of life. A. amok; amokB. nervios; nerviosC. susto; sustoD. mal de ojo; mal de ojo
20. Which of the following statements is true regarding cross-cultural and gender differences in PTSD
symptoms? A. Mexican women are less likely to feel helpless than Mexican men after a traumatic event.B.
Mexican men are less likely to get the material support they need after a traumatic event compared to Mexican women.
C. The tendency to dissociate in response to severe stress is extremely rare among Latinos.D.
Evidence suggests that sex roles are more egalitarian among African Americans than among Caucasians.
21. Which of the following is true regarding the brain areas of PTSD sufferers?
A. The amygdala appears to be less responsive to emotional stimuli.B. The medial prefrontal cortex tends to be unregulated.C. The hippocampus may shrink due to overexposure to neurotransmitters and hormones.D. The medial prefrontal cortex is more active in the case of severe symptoms of PTSD.
22. When not exposed to trauma reminders, the resting levels of cortisol among PTSD sufferers tend to
be: A. somewhat higher than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.B. much higher than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.C. lower than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.D. similar to the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.
23. _____ may cause memories of the traumatic event to be planted more firmly in memory. A. Higher levels of cortisolB. Damage to the amygdalaC. The sluggish reactions of the HPA axisD. The overexposure of the brain to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other neurochemicals
24. Which of the following is a heritable risk factor for PTSD?
A. Overdeveloped medial prefrontal cortexB. Fraternal twins among first-degree relativesC. Abnormally low cortisol levelsD. Higher volume of the hippocampus
25. Patrick is a Vietnam veteran who has a recurring nightmare of being on the frontline. Any sound that
remotely resembles gunfire causes anxiety. Although he has been suffering for years with this problem, he has decided to seek treatment. His psychologist has suggested that he identify the thoughts and situations that evoke anxiety and rank them. His psychologist helps him work through each situation by using relaxation techniques. This technique is called: A. behavior modulation.B. systematic desensitization.C. rational-emotive behavioral therapy.D. flooding.
26. Which of the following biological treatments has been successful in dealing with PTSD symptoms such
as nightmares, irritability, and sleep problems? A. MAOIs and SSRIsB. SSRIs and benzodiazepinesC. Benzodiazepines and tricyclicsD. Tricyclics and barbiturates
27. What diagnosis is given when panic attacks become a common occurrence, when the attacks are not
usually provoked by any particular situation, and when a person begins to worry about having the attacks and changes behaviors as a result of this worry? A. Generalized anxiety disorderB. Panic disorderC. Obsessive-compulsive disorderD. Separation anxiety disorder
28. Which of the following statements is true regarding panic disorder?
A.
People with panic disorder often fear they have life-threatening illnesses, though they are less likely to have a personal or family history of serious chronic illness.
B. Many people with panic disorder feel ashamed of it and try to hide it from others.C.
About 28 percent of people will develop panic disorder at some time, usually between late adolescence and the mid-thirties.
D.
People with panic disorder may become demoralized and depressed but rarely do they become suicidal.
29. Approximately one-third to one-half of the people diagnosed with panic disorder also develop _____.
A. claustrophobiaB. agoraphobiaC. PTSDD. acute distress disorder.
30. The translation of the Greek term agoraphobia means:
A. fear of dark places.B. fear of the marketplace.C. fear of all places.D. fear of closed places.
31. Ruth is afraid of being in large open places. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Ruth is most likely experiencing _____. A. social phobiaB. agoraphobiaC. acute distress disorderD. claustrophobia
32. Which of the following theories have been integrated into a model to explain the factors associated with
panic disorders? A. Biological and psychologicalB. Psychological and socialC. Social and biologicalD. Biological, psychological, and social
33. Family history studies reveal that about _____ of first-degree relatives of people with panic disorder also
have panic disorder. A. 10 percentB. 20 percentC. 30 percentD. 40 percent
34. People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in an area of the brainstem
called the: A. basal tencephalon.B. locus ceruleus.C. nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.D. reticular formation.
35. In women prone to panic attacks, fluctuations in _____ levels might cause imbalances or dysfunction of
the serotonin or GABA systems, leading to panic attacks. A. progesteroneB. testosteroneC. estriolD. epinephrine
36. Cognitive theorists suggest that people who experience panic attacks engage in all of the following
behaviors EXCEPT: A. paying close attention to their bodily sensations.B. reasoning that the attack is only a temporary response.C. misinterpreting bodily sensations in a negative way.D. engaging in snowballing catastrophic thinking.
37. Sally believes that the bodily symptoms she experiences during a panic attack have harmful
consequences. This is known as _____. A. existential anxietyB. neurotic anxietyC. simple anxietyD. anxiety sensitivity
38. Virginia is very aware of her body's cues that signal a panic attack. This heightened awareness is known
as _____. A. conditioned avoidance responseB. introjective awarenessC. interoceptive awarenessD. anxiety sensitivity
39. When the bodily cues that occur at the beginning of panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks, the process is known as: A. classical conditioning.B. interoceptive conditioning.C. operant conditioning.D. observational learning.
40. Which of the following is true regarding the integrated model of panic disorder?
A.
Many people who experience panic disorders have recurrent panic attacks because of structural damage to the brain.
B.
Panic disorders seem to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response.
C.
People will not typically develop a panic disorder if they engage in constant catastrophizing cognitions about their physiological symptoms.
D.
Avoidance of situations that evoke panic attacks remains isolated to those specific situations, and has no occasion to generalize to other situations.
41. Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He took his medication regularly
until he was laid off from his job and then stopped because he could no longer afford to pay for it. Soon after discontinuing his medication, he began to experience recurrent panic attacks. Which drug is Jacob most likely taking? A. SSRIsB. Tricyclic antidepressantsC. BenzodiazepinesD. Phenothiazines
42. Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He has been taking his medicine
regularly, but has begun to experience side effects such as constipation and difficulty urinating. He also noticed that he has gained weight rather quickly. Which drug is Jacob most likely taking for his panic symptoms? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. PhenothiazinesD. SSRIs
43. Side effects such as sexual dysfunction, tremors, insomnia, and drowsiness are associated with which
drug used to treat panic attacks? A. PhenothiazinesB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SSRIs
44. Which of the following suppresses the central nervous system and influences functioning in the GABA,
norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SSRIs
45. Which of the following treatments can interfere with cognitive and motor functioning?
A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SNRIs
46. Terrence has been seeing a psychologist for his recurrent panic attacks. His therapist teaches him relaxation techniques to help him gain control over his anxiety symptoms. Terrence is also taught to identify the thoughts that are intrusive and exacerbate his symptoms. He is encouraged to note these thoughts in a daily journal. Terrence's therapist is most likely using which technique to treat his panic disorder? A. Cognitive-behavioral therapiesB. Humanistic therapiesC. Behavioral therapiesD. Cognitive therapies
47. Which of the following treatments is most effective in preventing relapse in clients with panic disorders?
A. Cognitive therapiesB. Biological therapiesC. Behavioral therapiesD. Cognitive-behavioral therapies
48. Almost _____ of people with a specific phobia never seek treatment.
A. 20 percentB. 40 percentC. 60 percentD. 90 percent
49. Tina and her parents live on a farm where field mice are very common. One night, a mouse crawled on
Tina while she was sleeping. The experience frightened Tina so badly that she now avoids any situation where she might come across a mouse. She always checks her bed carefully each night. Tina is most likely exhibiting behaviors related to _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia
50. Bradley was 12 years old when lightning struck his family's house. Now he becomes very anxious every
time the sky darkens. If a storm begins, he exhibits panic symptoms and frantically searches for an area in the house where he feels safe. Bradley is most likely suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia
51. Susan is deathly afraid of the wind since she and her family survived Hurricane Ike. She gets very
worried and panicky when the sky gets dark and the wind begins to blow. Susan is most likely experiencing: A. a situational type phobia.B. an animal type phobia.C. a social phobia.D. a natural environment type phobia.
52. When June was 7 years old, she and her mother were stuck in an elevator. Several other people were in
the elevator as well. The elevator became hot and stuffy, and breathing became difficult. June remembers experiencing shortness of breath, palpitations, and dizziness. Now June refuses to ride elevators. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. June is probably suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia
53. Janelle is terrified of needles and the sight of blood. When she was younger, she had to have several stitches because of a bicycle accident. The cut on her forehead was deep and bled profusely. At the sight of blood, Janelle feels her blood pressure and heart rate drop, and on one occasion, she even fainted. Most likely Janelle is suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. social phobiaC. a blood-injection-injury type phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia
54. Which of the following phobias is more likely to run in families?
A. Natural environment type phobiasB. Blood-injection-injury type phobiasC. Situational type phobiasD. Animal type phobias
55. Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or gets
someone to speak for her. Once Anna had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Anna is probably exhibiting symptoms of: A. a situational type phobia.B. an animal type phobia.C. social phobia.D. a natural environment type phobia.
56. Which of the following statements is true regarding social phobia?
A. Social phobia is relatively common, with a lifetime prevalence of about 3 percent in the United States.B. Social phobia tends to develop in either late adolescence or early adulthood.C.
Over 90 percent of adults with social phobia report severe childhood trauma that contributed to their symptoms.
D.
Social phobia often co-occurs with mood disorders, other anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder.
57. In Japan, the term _____ describes an intense fear of interpersonal relations and is characterized by shame
about and persistent fears of causing others offense, embarrassment, or even harm through one's personal inadequacies. A. qi-gong psychotic reactionB. shenkuiC. taijin kyofu-shoD. shenjing shuairuo
58. Which of the following statements is true about taijin kyofu-sho—the fear of interpersonal relations?
A. It is most frequently encountered among young women.B. It reflects concerns about embarrassing oneself, rather than offending others.C. It is in line with the Japanese emphasis on deference to others.D. It is the fear of meeting people from different cultures.
59. According to Freudian theory, phobias develop:
A. as a result the ego's inability to satisfy the id.B. when unconscious anxiety is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object.C. when the preconscious state of mind becomes tied to the conscious state of mind.D. when sexual urges and drives are retarded or suppressed.
60. Little Hans' behavior was representative of which phobia?
A. Animal type phobiasB. Natural environment type phobiasC. Social phobiaD. Situational type phobias
61. Freud explained Hans' phobia with which of the following processes? A. Electra complexB. Oedipus complexC. Anal fixationD. Oral fixation
62. Which of the following behavioral theories has been useful in explaining the maintenance of phobias?
A. Observational learningB. Operant conditioningC. Social-cognitive learningD. Social learning
63. In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was ______.
A. the white ratB. Little AlbertC. the loud noiseD. the startle and fear response
64. In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _____.
A. the white ratB. Little AlbertC. the loud noiseD. the startle and fear response
65. June has been avoiding riding elevators since she was 7 years old. When she is with other people, she
makes excuses to use the stairs. June's fear of elevators is being maintained by _____. A. positive reinforcementB. negative reinforcementC. partial reinforcementD. absolute reinforcement
66. Theorists who argue that phobias can develop through observational learning posit:
A. that the phobic behaviors are responses to aversive stimuli.B. that fear responses are generated when the behaviors are positively reinforced.C. that people learn phobic behaviors by modeling the behaviors of others.D. that classical conditioning must be coupled with observational learning.
67. Trudy's mother is afraid of bees. Her mother always screams and runs away every time she sees them.
Trudy, seeing her mother's response, also runs and screams every time she sees a bee. In this case, Trudy's behavior can be explained by which theory? A. Social-cognitive learningB. Classical conditioningC. Observational learningD. Operant conditioning
68. The idea that people learn to fear or avoid selected objects or situations that are vestiges of evolutionary
history, and individuals are biologically prepared to quickly associate fear responses with certain objects is called _____. A. traditional classical conditioningB. evolutionary classical conditioningC. biological classical conditioningD. prepared classical conditioning
69. According to prepared classical conditioning theory, Rachel is more likely to be afraid of which of the following? A. FlowersB. SnakesC. TreesD. Flying
70. The most significant problem with the behavioral theory of phobias is that:
A. most phobias do not have an evolutionary basis and are not part of our collective unconscious.B.
phobias should disappear once the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
C. many people with phobias cannot identify traumatic events that triggered their phobias.D. observational learning helps in the maintenance of phobias more than operant conditioning.
71. Which of the following is true concerning cognitive theorists?
A.
Cognitive theorists view social phobia as merely a behavioral problem with no cognitive factors contributing to the behavior.
B. Cognitive theorists suggest that social phobias are rooted in early childhood experiences.C.
Cognitive theorists argue that people with social phobia tend to focus on the negative events in a social situation.
D.
Cognitive theorists posit that people with social phobia externalize their anxiety of the social situation and make others uncomfortable.
72. According to the cognitive theories of phobias, people with social phobias:
A. are blind to potentially threatening social cues.B. have very low standards for their social performance.C. evaluate their own behavior harshly.D. are not in touch with their internal feelings
73. Children with a genetic predisposition toward anxiety or who are behaviorally inhibited may not develop
a specific phobia, unless: A. they experience some traumatic event.B. the behavior is positively reinforced by the environment.C. the parenting they receive exacerbates their anxiety.D. the performance of the behavior reduces their anxiety.
74. Which of the following would be most useful in treating blood-injection-injury phobias?
A. Systematic sensitizationB. ModelingC. Applied tension techniqueD. Flooding
75. Drake has a fear of dogs. As part of his therapy, Drake has to first observe his therapist petting a dog and
then, when instructed, must do the same. Which behavioral treatment is being used in this situation? A. Systematic desensitizationB. ModelingC. FloodingD. Applied tension technique
76. What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization?
A. The effectiveness of the treatmentB. The use of relaxation techniquesC. The intensity of exposure to the feared stimuliD. The therapist's level of participation
77. Julie has been diagnosed with ornithophobia—the fear of birds. For her treatment, her therapist makes her sit in a room filled with caged birds for an hour. Which behavioral treatment in being used in this situation? A. Systematic desensitizationB. ModelingC. FloodingD. Applied tension technique
78. In _____, individuals can practice their feared behaviors in front of others while the therapist coaches
them in the use of relaxation techniques. A. psychodynamic therapyB. group-administered cognitive-behavioral therapyC. behavioral therapyD. cognitive-biological therapy
79. People diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):
A. know their anxiety is provoked by uncontrollable circumstances.B. are often excessively worried about almost all situations.C. only worry about the safety and security of their family members.D. see their anxiety and worry as part of their personality.
80. Judith worries daily about whether her husband made it safely to work, how her children are getting on
in school, what she should cook for dinner, and if the family will be satisfied with the meal she prepares. Judith is sluggish most of the time, and has trouble concentrating on positive things. Most likely Judith is suffering from: A. obsessive-compulsive disorder.B. social phobia.C. GAD.D. adjustment disorder.
81. Which of the following applies to GAD?
A. People with GAD often feel tired due to chronic muscle tension and sleep loss.B. GAD most commonly begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.C. GAD has a lifetime prevalence of about 25 percent in women and men.D. Other anxiety disorders generally do not co-occur with GAD.
82. Cognitive theorist suggests that people with GAD focus on threats at both the _____ levels.
A. unconscious and consciousB. conscious and preconsciousC. preconscious and subconsciousD. subconscious and unconscious
83. According to cognitive theory, which of the following statements is true regarding people diagnosed with
GAD? A. They are always anticipating a negative event, and they tend to think it through.B.
They believe that worrying can help them avoid bad events by motivating them to engage in problem solving.
C.
They actively conjure up visual images of what they worry about, as a way of habituating to the negative emotions associated with the event.
D.
Their chronic anxiety is the result of having had highly controlled and predictable experiences in their childhood.
84. _____ is believed to be deficient in people diagnosed with GAD.
A. SerotoninB. GABAC. NorepinephrineD. Dopamine
85. The _____ drugs such as Xanax, Librium, Valium, and Serax provide short-term relief from anxiety symptoms, but their side effects and addictiveness preclude long-term use. A. SSRIB. tricyclic antidepressantC. SNRID. benzodiazepine
86. _____ are thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent, that uncontrollably intrude upon
consciousness, and that cause significant anxiety or distress, whereas _____ are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform. A. Obsessions; compulsionsB. Motives; drivesC. Compulsions; obsessionsD. Drives; motives
87. Lee is a high school teacher. He has difficulty grading his papers because he constantly checks and
rechecks the student's answers. He fears that he has made a mistake in the calculations. Lee's checking routines are not isolated to his students' work. He also checks the locks on his classroom door several times before leaving school, and performs these checking rituals at home as well. Lee is most likely exhibiting: A. acute stress disorder.B. posttraumatic stress disorder.C. obsessive-compulsive disorder.D. generalized anxiety disorder.
88. Which of the following is an example of an obsession?
A. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doorsB. Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contaminationC. Washing hands several times a dayD. Spending hours sorting and resorting possessions
89. Which of the following is an example of a compulsion?
A. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doorsB. Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contaminationC. Spending hours thinking about the orderliness of the houseD. Thinking incessantly about how a loved one could be harmed
90. Which of the following statements is true regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
A. People with OCD do not know that their thoughts and behaviors are irrational.B.
Obsessional thoughts are distressing to people with OCD, and engaging in compulsive behaviors can be time-consuming or harmful.
C. Children with OCD often confide in their parents about their obsessive-compulsive habits.D. The prevalence of OCD seems to differ greatly across countries that have been studied.
91. What is meant by the statement "often, the link between the obsession and the compulsion is the result
of ‘magical thinking'"? A.
The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will give them extraordinary abilities.
B.
The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will reduce their levels of anxiety.
C.
The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will benefit the society at large.
D.
The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will ward off danger to themselves or others.
92. Biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder have focused on a circuit in the brain involved in: A. activating moral behaviors.B. regulating thoughts and emotions.C. executing primitive patterns of behavior.D. filtering incoming stimuli.
93. According to biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulses are carried to a part of
the basal ganglia called the _____, which allows the strongest of the impulses to flow through to the thalamus. A. hippocampusB. ponsC. caudate nucleusD. locus ceruleus
94. According to cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD, all of the following are true regarding people
diagnosed with OCD EXCEPT: A.
they may be depressed or generally anxious much of the time, so even minor negative events are more likely to invoke intrusive, negative thoughts.
B.
they judge their negative, intrusive thoughts as more unacceptable than most people would and become more anxious and guilty about having them.
C.
they appear to believe that they should be able to control all thoughts, and have trouble accepting that everyone has horrific notions from time to time.
D.
they believe that having intrusive thoughts means they are going crazy, but they do not equate having the thoughts with actually engaging in the behaviors.
95. People with OCD often get some relief from their symptoms when they take drugs that better regulate the
neurotransmitter _____. A. GABAB. epinephrineC. norepinephrineD. serotonin
96. According to cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD, compulsions develop largely through _____.
A. interoceptive conditioningB. observational learningC. classical conditioningD. operant conditioning
97. Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological treatments for OCD?
A. Benzodiazepines are useful in most cases.B. Patients generally do not relapse once they discontinue medication.C. Antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels help reduce symptoms of OCD.D. Controlled studies suggest that placebos are more effective than antidepressant medication.
98. _____ involves repeatedly exposing the client to the focus of the obsession and preventing compulsive
responses to the resulting anxiety. A. FloodingB. Psychodynamic therapyC. Rational-emotive behavior therapyD. Exposure and response prevention therapy
99. In exposure and response prevention therapy, repeated exposure to the content of the obsession:
A. stabilizes the client's anxiety about the obsession.B. extinguishes the client's anxiety about the obsession.C. reinforces the client's anxiety about the obsession.D. builds up the client's anxiety about the obsession.
100.In exposure and response prevention therapy, by preventing a person from engaging in compulsive behavior: A. the client's "magical thinking" is reinforced.B. the client's compulsive behavior is strengthened.C. the client's anxiety about the compulsive behavior builds up.D. the client learns that not engaging in the compulsive behavior does not lead to a terrible result.
101.Which of the following is a good example of the use of exposure and response prevention therapy?
A. A person afraid of germs is allowed to clean his or her hands as often as desired.B. A person afraid of flying is taught to first imagine buying an airline ticket.C.
A person afraid of having a disorganized room is taught to reappraise her or his current room in a more positive way.
D. A person afraid of contamination is asked to hold a dirty handkerchief for more than an hour. 102.Differentiate between adaptive fear responses and maladaptive anxiety responses.
103.What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Describe the three symptoms that are necessary for a
diagnosis of PTSD. What are the types of experiences that can cause a person to develop PTSD? Briefly explain the environmental, social, and psychological factors that can increase a person's vulnerability to PTSD.
104.Describe some of the biological factors that are related to PTSD.
105.What are the symptoms of a panic attack? What impact does panic disorder have on the people diagnosed
with it? Describe the cognitive theory of panic disorder.
106.What are the biological treatments that have been developed for panic disorder? What are some of the side effects of the drugs used to treat people diagnosed with panic disorder?
107.Briefly describe the four categories of phobias. Provide examples of each.
108.How would a behavioral therapist interpret phobias? Describe the treatments a behavioral therapist might
recommend to overcome phobias.
109.What are the key features of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? Describe the cognitive theories of
GAD.
110.What are the key features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Describe some of the symptoms of
this disorder.
111.Describe the biological and cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD.
5 Key 1.(p. 113)
A(n) _____ refers to a set of physical and psychological responses that help us fight a threat or flee from it. A. patellar reflexB. fight-or-flight responseC. tendon reflexD. involuntary response
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #1
2.(p. 113)
Which of the following bodily changes occurs when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. The liver reduces the amount of glucose it releases to the muscles.B. Saliva and mucus dry up, decreasing the size of the air passages to the lungs.C. The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen.D. The body's metabolism decreases in order to conserve energy for physical action.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #2
3.(p. 113)
The hypothalamus activates the adrenal-cortical system by releasing _____, which signals the pituitary gland to secrete _____, the body's "major stress hormone." A. cortisol; adrenalineB. corticotropin-release factor; adrenalineC. cortisol; adrenocorticotropic hormoneD. corticotropin-release factor; adrenocorticotropic hormone
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #3
4.(p. 113)
Which of the following hormones is often used as a measure of stress? A. CortisolB. ThyroxineC. SerotoninD. Renin
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #4
5.(p. 115)
What is the difference between an adaptive fear response and a maladaptive anxiety response? A.
Maladaptive fear responses subside once the threat ends, whereas adaptive anxiety persists after the threat passes.
B.
Maladaptive responses are out of proportion to the threat, whereas adaptive responses are appropriate to the situation.
C.
In adaptive fear, people take extreme steps to protect themselves from the threat, whereas in maladaptive anxiety individuals throw caution into the wind.
D.
Adaptive fear can lead to anticipatory anxiety, while maladaptive anxiety can lead to generalized anxiety disorder.
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #5
6.(p. 116)
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder are by definition the consequences of: A. structural brain damage.B. feelings of inadequacy.C. experiencing extreme stressors.D. childhood trauma.
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #6
7.(p. 117)
Which of the following statements is true regarding PTSD? A. Common events, such as traffic accidents, are rarely associated with PTSD.B. About 25 percent of adults will develop PTSD at some time in their lives.C. Even the mildest symptoms of PTSD prevent normal functioning.D. Women are at greater risk of experiencing PTSD than men.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #7
8.(p. 117)
Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since then, she has been dreaming about the attack and often wakes up screaming and crying. According to Janie, she feels as though she is reliving the attack in each dream. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. showing signs of paranoia and delusions.
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #8
9.(p. 117)
Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has withdrawn from family and friends. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. showing signs of paranoia and delusions.
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #9
10.(p. 117)
Janie's house was broken into and the perpetrator brutally attacked her. Since the attack, she has been overly cautious and watchful. The smallest noise startles her. If someone looks at her "strangely," she becomes very anxious. Janie is most likely: A. experiencing emotional numbness and detachment.B. exhibiting hypervigilance and chronic arousal.C. reexperiencing the trauma.D. demonstrating deluded thinking.
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #10
11.(p. 117)
PTSD sufferers may report "_____" about having lived through the traumatic event or about things they had to do to survive. A. dehumanizationB. survivor guiltC. hysteriaD. cognitive bias
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #11
12.(p. 117)
Which of the following statements is true regarding acute stress disorder? A.
It is diagnosed when symptoms arise within one month of exposure to the stressor and last no longer than six months.
B.
The sufferer of acute stress disorder persistently avoids reminders of the trauma and is constantly aroused, but does not reexperience the trauma.
C. To receive the diagnosis, individuals must exhibit at least one dissociative symptom.D.
In acute stress disorder, dissociative symptoms are common, including detachment, derealization, and depersonalization.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #12
13.(p. 117)
Which of the following disorders consists of emotional and behavioral symptoms such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or antisocial behaviors that occur within 3 months of the experience of a stressor? A. AgoraphobiaB. Generalized anxiety disorderC. Social phobiaD. Adjustment disorder
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #13
14.(p. 117)
Two months ago, Mark's mother passed away unexpectedly. Since her death, he has been unable to function at school, has lost interest in extracurricular activities, and gets agitated easily. Mark may be exhibiting the symptoms of which disorder? A. Adjustment disorderB. Acute stress disorderC. Posttraumatic stress disorderD. Bereavement disorder
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #14
15.(p. 119-120)
Which of the following is least likely to cause PTSD? A. Natural disasterB. Child birthC. Physical abuseD. War-related trauma
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #15
16.(p. 121)
Which of the following environmental, social, and psychological factors increases an individual's vulnerability to PTSD? A. Having a strong support network of friends and familyB. Having experienced the traumatic event first-handC. Having adopted a non-avoidant coping strategy to deal with the traumatic eventD. Never having experienced symptoms of anxiety and depression before the traumatic event
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #16
17.(p. 121)
_____ to be diagnosed with PTSD and most of the other anxiety disorders including panic disorder, social phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. A. Men are more likely than womenB. Women are more likely than menC. Men and women are equally likelyD. Women are slightly less likely than men
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #17
18.(p. 122)
People in Latino cultures report a syndrome known as _____, which might include trembling, heart palpitations, a sense of heat in the chest rising into the head, difficulty moving limbs, loss of consciousness, memory loss, paresthesia, chest tightness, dyspnea, dizziness, and faintness. A. ataque de nerviosB. amokC. mal de ojoD. susto
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #18
19.(p. 122)
A study of 942 adults in rural Mexico found that 21 percent of the women and 10 percent of the men had chronic ______ (de Snyder, Diaz-Perez, & Ojeda, 2000). The authors suggest that among underprivileged Latino communities, particularly women, _____ expresses the anger and frustration of "being at the bottom" and provides temporary release from the everyday burdens of life. A. amok; amokB. nervios; nerviosC. susto; sustoD. mal de ojo; mal de ojo
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #19
20.(p. 122-123)
Which of the following statements is true regarding cross-cultural and gender differences in PTSD symptoms? A. Mexican women are less likely to feel helpless than Mexican men after a traumatic event.B.
Mexican men are less likely to get the material support they need after a traumatic event compared to Mexican women.
C. The tendency to dissociate in response to severe stress is extremely rare among Latinos.D. Evidence suggests that sex roles are more egalitarian among African Americans than among
Caucasians.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #20
21.(p. 123)
Which of the following is true regarding the brain areas of PTSD sufferers? A. The amygdala appears to be less responsive to emotional stimuli.B. The medial prefrontal cortex tends to be unregulated.C. The hippocampus may shrink due to overexposure to neurotransmitters and hormones.D. The medial prefrontal cortex is more active in the case of severe symptoms of PTSD.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Difficult
Nolen - Chapter 05 #21
22.(p. 123)
When not exposed to trauma reminders, the resting levels of cortisol among PTSD sufferers tend to be: A. somewhat higher than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.B. much higher than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.C. lower than the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.D. similar to the cortisol levels of people without PTSD.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #22
23.(p. 123)
_____ may cause memories of the traumatic event to be planted more firmly in memory. A. Higher levels of cortisolB. Damage to the amygdalaC. The sluggish reactions of the HPA axisD. The overexposure of the brain to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other neurochemicals
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #23
24.(p. 124)
Which of the following is a heritable risk factor for PTSD? A. Overdeveloped medial prefrontal cortexB. Fraternal twins among first-degree relativesC. Abnormally low cortisol levelsD. Higher volume of the hippocampus
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #24
25.(p. 124)
Patrick is a Vietnam veteran who has a recurring nightmare of being on the frontline. Any sound that remotely resembles gunfire causes anxiety. Although he has been suffering for years with this problem, he has decided to seek treatment. His psychologist has suggested that he identify the thoughts and situations that evoke anxiety and rank them. His psychologist helps him work through each situation by using relaxation techniques. This technique is called: A. behavior modulation.B. systematic desensitization.C. rational-emotive behavioral therapy.D. flooding.
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #25
26.(p. 124)
Which of the following biological treatments has been successful in dealing with PTSD symptoms such as nightmares, irritability, and sleep problems? A. MAOIs and SSRIsB. SSRIs and benzodiazepinesC. Benzodiazepines and tricyclicsD. Tricyclics and barbiturates
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #26
27.(p. 126)
What diagnosis is given when panic attacks become a common occurrence, when the attacks are not usually provoked by any particular situation, and when a person begins to worry about having the attacks and changes behaviors as a result of this worry? A. Generalized anxiety disorderB. Panic disorderC. Obsessive-compulsive disorderD. Separation anxiety disorder
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #27
28.(p. 126)
Which of the following statements is true regarding panic disorder? A.
People with panic disorder often fear they have life-threatening illnesses, though they are less likely to have a personal or family history of serious chronic illness.
B. Many people with panic disorder feel ashamed of it and try to hide it from others.C.
About 28 percent of people will develop panic disorder at some time, usually between late adolescence and the mid-thirties.
D. People with panic disorder may become demoralized and depressed but rarely do they become suicidal.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #28
29.(p. 126)
Approximately one-third to one-half of the people diagnosed with panic disorder also develop _____. A. claustrophobiaB. agoraphobiaC. PTSDD. acute distress disorder.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #29
30.(p. 126)
The translation of the Greek term agoraphobia means: A. fear of dark places.B. fear of the marketplace.C. fear of all places.D. fear of closed places.
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #30
31.(p. 126)
Ruth is afraid of being in large open places. She is especially worried that she will not be able to leave the area if she begins to panic. Ruth is most likely experiencing _____. A. social phobiaB. agoraphobiaC. acute distress disorderD. claustrophobia
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #31
32.(p. 127)
Which of the following theories have been integrated into a model to explain the factors associated with panic disorders? A. Biological and psychologicalB. Psychological and socialC. Social and biologicalD. Biological, psychological, and social
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #32
33.(p. 127)
Family history studies reveal that about _____ of first-degree relatives of people with panic disorder also have panic disorder. A. 10 percentB. 20 percentC. 30 percentD. 40 percent
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #33
34.(p. 127)
People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in an area of the brainstem called the: A. basal tencephalon.B. locus ceruleus.C. nucleus prepositus hypoglossi.D. reticular formation.
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #34
35.(p. 127)
In women prone to panic attacks, fluctuations in _____ levels might cause imbalances or dysfunction of the serotonin or GABA systems, leading to panic attacks. A. progesteroneB. testosteroneC. estriolD. epinephrine
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #35
36.(p. 127-128)
Cognitive theorists suggest that people who experience panic attacks engage in all of the following behaviors EXCEPT: A. paying close attention to their bodily sensations.B. reasoning that the attack is only a temporary response.C. misinterpreting bodily sensations in a negative way.D. engaging in snowballing catastrophic thinking.
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #36
37.(p. 128)
Sally believes that the bodily symptoms she experiences during a panic attack have harmful consequences. This is known as _____. A. existential anxietyB. neurotic anxietyC. simple anxietyD. anxiety sensitivity
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #37
38.(p. 128)
Virginia is very aware of her body's cues that signal a panic attack. This heightened awareness is known as _____. A. conditioned avoidance responseB. introjective awarenessC. interoceptive awarenessD. anxiety sensitivity
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #38
39.(p. 128)
When the bodily cues that occur at the beginning of panic attacks become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks, the process is known as: A. classical conditioning.B. interoceptive conditioning.C. operant conditioning.D. observational learning.
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #39
40.(p. 128-129)
Which of the following is true regarding the integrated model of panic disorder? A.
Many people who experience panic disorders have recurrent panic attacks because of structural damage to the brain.
B.
Panic disorders seem to develop as a result of a biological vulnerability to a hypersensitive fight-or-flight response.
C.
People will not typically develop a panic disorder if they engage in constant catastrophizing cognitions about their physiological symptoms.
D.
Avoidance of situations that evoke panic attacks remains isolated to those specific situations, and has no occasion to generalize to other situations.
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #40
41.(p. 129)
Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He took his medication regularly until he was laid off from his job and then stopped because he could no longer afford to pay for it. Soon after discontinuing his medication, he began to experience recurrent panic attacks. Which drug is Jacob most likely taking? A. SSRIsB. Tricyclic antidepressantsC. BenzodiazepinesD. Phenothiazines
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #41
42.(p. 129)
Jacob has been diagnosed with panic disorder without agoraphobia. He has been taking his medicine regularly, but has begun to experience side effects such as constipation and difficulty urinating. He also noticed that he has gained weight rather quickly. Which drug is Jacob most likely taking for his panic symptoms? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. PhenothiazinesD. SSRIs
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #42
43.(p. 129)
Side effects such as sexual dysfunction, tremors, insomnia, and drowsiness are associated with which drug used to treat panic attacks? A. PhenothiazinesB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SSRIs
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #43
44.(p. 129)
Which of the following suppresses the central nervous system and influences functioning in the GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SSRIs
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #44
45.(p. 129)
Which of the following treatments can interfere with cognitive and motor functioning? A. Tricyclic antidepressantsB. BenzodiazepinesC. MAOIsD. SNRIs
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #45
46.(p. 129-130)
Terrence has been seeing a psychologist for his recurrent panic attacks. His therapist teaches him relaxation techniques to help him gain control over his anxiety symptoms. Terrence is also taught to identify the thoughts that are intrusive and exacerbate his symptoms. He is encouraged to note these thoughts in a daily journal. Terrence's therapist is most likely using which technique to treat his panic disorder? A. Cognitive-behavioral therapiesB. Humanistic therapiesC. Behavioral therapiesD. Cognitive therapies
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #46
47.(p. 130)
Which of the following treatments is most effective in preventing relapse in clients with panic disorders? A. Cognitive therapiesB. Biological therapiesC. Behavioral therapiesD. Cognitive-behavioral therapies
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #47
48.(p. 131)
Almost _____ of people with a specific phobia never seek treatment. A. 20 percentB. 40 percentC. 60 percentD. 90 percent
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #48
49.(p. 131)
Tina and her parents live on a farm where field mice are very common. One night, a mouse crawled on Tina while she was sleeping. The experience frightened Tina so badly that she now avoids any situation where she might come across a mouse. She always checks her bed carefully each night. Tina is most likely exhibiting behaviors related to _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #49
50.(p. 131-132)
Bradley was 12 years old when lightning struck his family's house. Now he becomes very anxious every time the sky darkens. If a storm begins, he exhibits panic symptoms and frantically searches for an area in the house where he feels safe. Bradley is most likely suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #50
51.(p. 131-132)
Susan is deathly afraid of the wind since she and her family survived Hurricane Ike. She gets very worried and panicky when the sky gets dark and the wind begins to blow. Susan is most likely experiencing: A. a situational type phobia.B. an animal type phobia.C. a social phobia.D. a natural environment type phobia.
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #51
52.(p. 132)
When June was 7 years old, she and her mother were stuck in an elevator. Several other people were in the elevator as well. The elevator became hot and stuffy, and breathing became difficult. June remembers experiencing shortness of breath, palpitations, and dizziness. Now June refuses to ride elevators. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. June is probably suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. an animal type phobiaC. social phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #52
53.(p. 132)
Janelle is terrified of needles and the sight of blood. When she was younger, she had to have several stitches because of a bicycle accident. The cut on her forehead was deep and bled profusely. At the sight of blood, Janelle feels her blood pressure and heart rate drop, and on one occasion, she even fainted. Most likely Janelle is suffering from _____. A. a situational type phobiaB. social phobiaC. a blood-injection-injury type phobiaD. a natural environment type phobia
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #53
54.(p. 132)
Which of the following phobias is more likely to run in families? A. Natural environment type phobiasB. Blood-injection-injury type phobiasC. Situational type phobiasD. Animal type phobias
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #54
55.(p. 132-133)
Anna is terrified of speaking in public. She always finds an excuse to avoid public speaking or gets someone to speak for her. Once Anna had a full-blown panic attack when her boss called on her unexpectedly to speak at a meeting. Anna is probably exhibiting symptoms of: A. a situational type phobia.B. an animal type phobia.C. social phobia.D. a natural environment type phobia.
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #55
56.(p. 133-134)
Which of the following statements is true regarding social phobia? A. Social phobia is relatively common, with a lifetime prevalence of about 3 percent in the United
States.B. Social phobia tends to develop in either late adolescence or early adulthood.C.
Over 90 percent of adults with social phobia report severe childhood trauma that contributed to their symptoms.
D.
Social phobia often co-occurs with mood disorders, other anxiety disorders, and avoidant personality disorder.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #56
57.(p. 134)
In Japan, the term _____ describes an intense fear of interpersonal relations and is characterized by shame about and persistent fears of causing others offense, embarrassment, or even harm through one's personal inadequacies. A. qi-gong psychotic reactionB. shenkuiC. taijin kyofu-shoD. shenjing shuairuo
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #57
58.(p. 134)
Which of the following statements is true about taijin kyofu-sho—the fear of interpersonal relations? A. It is most frequently encountered among young women.B. It reflects concerns about embarrassing oneself, rather than offending others.C. It is in line with the Japanese emphasis on deference to others.D. It is the fear of meeting people from different cultures.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #58
59.(p. 134)
According to Freudian theory, phobias develop: A. as a result the ego's inability to satisfy the id.B. when unconscious anxiety is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object.C. when the preconscious state of mind becomes tied to the conscious state of mind.D. when sexual urges and drives are retarded or suppressed.
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #59
60.(p. 134; 131)
Little Hans' behavior was representative of which phobia? A. Animal type phobiasB. Natural environment type phobiasC. Social phobiaD. Situational type phobias
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #60
61.(p. 134)
Freud explained Hans' phobia with which of the following processes? A. Electra complexB. Oedipus complexC. Anal fixationD. Oral fixation
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #61
62.(p. 134)
Which of the following behavioral theories has been useful in explaining the maintenance of phobias? A. Observational learningB. Operant conditioningC. Social-cognitive learningD. Social learning
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #62
63.(p. 135)
In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was ______. A. the white ratB. Little AlbertC. the loud noiseD. the startle and fear response
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #63
64.(p. 135)
In Watson's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _____. A. the white ratB. Little AlbertC. the loud noiseD. the startle and fear response
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #64
65.(p. 135)
June has been avoiding riding elevators since she was 7 years old. When she is with other people, she makes excuses to use the stairs. June's fear of elevators is being maintained by _____. A. positive reinforcementB. negative reinforcementC. partial reinforcementD. absolute reinforcement
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #65
66.(p. 135)
Theorists who argue that phobias can develop through observational learning posit: A. that the phobic behaviors are responses to aversive stimuli.B. that fear responses are generated when the behaviors are positively reinforced.C. that people learn phobic behaviors by modeling the behaviors of others.D. that classical conditioning must be coupled with observational learning.
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #66
67.(p. 135)
Trudy's mother is afraid of bees. Her mother always screams and runs away every time she sees them. Trudy, seeing her mother's response, also runs and screams every time she sees a bee. In this case, Trudy's behavior can be explained by which theory? A. Social-cognitive learningB. Classical conditioningC. Observational learningD. Operant conditioning
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #67
68.(p. 135-136)
The idea that people learn to fear or avoid selected objects or situations that are vestiges of evolutionary history, and individuals are biologically prepared to quickly associate fear responses with certain objects is called _____. A. traditional classical conditioningB. evolutionary classical conditioningC. biological classical conditioningD. prepared classical conditioning
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #68
69.(p. 136)
According to prepared classical conditioning theory, Rachel is more likely to be afraid of which of the following? A. FlowersB. SnakesC. TreesD. Flying
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #69
70.(p. 136)
The most significant problem with the behavioral theory of phobias is that: A. most phobias do not have an evolutionary basis and are not part of our collective unconscious.B. phobias should disappear once the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned
stimulus.C. many people with phobias cannot identify traumatic events that triggered their phobias.D. observational learning helps in the maintenance of phobias more than operant conditioning.
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #70
71.(p. 136)
Which of the following is true concerning cognitive theorists? A.
Cognitive theorists view social phobia as merely a behavioral problem with no cognitive factors contributing to the behavior.
B. Cognitive theorists suggest that social phobias are rooted in early childhood experiences.C.
Cognitive theorists argue that people with social phobia tend to focus on the negative events in a social situation.
D.
Cognitive theorists posit that people with social phobia externalize their anxiety of the social situation and make others uncomfortable.
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #71
72.(p. 136)
According to the cognitive theories of phobias, people with social phobias: A. are blind to potentially threatening social cues.B. have very low standards for their social performance.C. evaluate their own behavior harshly.D. are not in touch with their internal feelings
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #72
73.(p. 136-137)
Children with a genetic predisposition toward anxiety or who are behaviorally inhibited may not develop a specific phobia, unless: A. they experience some traumatic event.B. the behavior is positively reinforced by the environment.C. the parenting they receive exacerbates their anxiety.D. the performance of the behavior reduces their anxiety.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #73
74.(p. 137)
Which of the following would be most useful in treating blood-injection-injury phobias? A. Systematic sensitizationB. ModelingC. Applied tension techniqueD. Flooding
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #74
75.(p. 137-138)
Drake has a fear of dogs. As part of his therapy, Drake has to first observe his therapist petting a dog and then, when instructed, must do the same. Which behavioral treatment is being used in this situation? A. Systematic desensitizationB. ModelingC. FloodingD. Applied tension technique
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #75
76.(p. 138)
What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization? A. The effectiveness of the treatmentB. The use of relaxation techniquesC. The intensity of exposure to the feared stimuliD. The therapist's level of participation
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #76
77.(p. 138)
Julie has been diagnosed with ornithophobia—the fear of birds. For her treatment, her therapist makes her sit in a room filled with caged birds for an hour. Which behavioral treatment in being used in this situation? A. Systematic desensitizationB. ModelingC. FloodingD. Applied tension technique
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #77
78.(p. 138)
In _____, individuals can practice their feared behaviors in front of others while the therapist coaches them in the use of relaxation techniques. A. psychodynamic therapyB. group-administered cognitive-behavioral therapyC. behavioral therapyD. cognitive-biological therapy
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #78
79.(p. 139)
People diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): A. know their anxiety is provoked by uncontrollable circumstances.B. are often excessively worried about almost all situations.C. only worry about the safety and security of their family members.D. see their anxiety and worry as part of their personality.
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #79
80.(p. 139-140)
Judith worries daily about whether her husband made it safely to work, how her children are getting on in school, what she should cook for dinner, and if the family will be satisfied with the meal she prepares. Judith is sluggish most of the time, and has trouble concentrating on positive things. Most likely Judith is suffering from: A. obsessive-compulsive disorder.B. social phobia.C. GAD.D. adjustment disorder.
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #80
81.(p. 140)
Which of the following applies to GAD? A. People with GAD often feel tired due to chronic muscle tension and sleep loss.B. GAD most commonly begins in late adolescence or early adulthood.C. GAD has a lifetime prevalence of about 25 percent in women and men.D. Other anxiety disorders generally do not co-occur with GAD.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #81
82.(p. 140)
Cognitive theorist suggests that people with GAD focus on threats at both the _____ levels. A. unconscious and consciousB. conscious and preconsciousC. preconscious and subconsciousD. subconscious and unconscious
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #82
83.(p. 140-141)
According to cognitive theory, which of the following statements is true regarding people diagnosed with GAD? A. They are always anticipating a negative event, and they tend to think it through.B. They believe that worrying can help them avoid bad events by motivating them to engage in
problem solving.C.
They actively conjure up visual images of what they worry about, as a way of habituating to the negative emotions associated with the event.
D.
Their chronic anxiety is the result of having had highly controlled and predictable experiences in their childhood.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #83
84.(p. 141)
_____ is believed to be deficient in people diagnosed with GAD. A. SerotoninB. GABAC. NorepinephrineD. Dopamine
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #84
85.(p. 142)
The _____ drugs such as Xanax, Librium, Valium, and Serax provide short-term relief from anxiety symptoms, but their side effects and addictiveness preclude long-term use. A. SSRIB. tricyclic antidepressantC. SNRID. benzodiazepine
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #85
86.(p. 143)
_____ are thoughts, images, ideas, or impulses that are persistent, that uncontrollably intrude upon consciousness, and that cause significant anxiety or distress, whereas _____ are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform. A. Obsessions; compulsionsB. Motives; drivesC. Compulsions; obsessionsD. Drives; motives
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #86
87.(p. 143-144)
Lee is a high school teacher. He has difficulty grading his papers because he constantly checks and rechecks the student's answers. He fears that he has made a mistake in the calculations. Lee's checking routines are not isolated to his students' work. He also checks the locks on his classroom door several times before leaving school, and performs these checking rituals at home as well. Lee is most likely exhibiting: A. acute stress disorder.B. posttraumatic stress disorder.C. obsessive-compulsive disorder.D. generalized anxiety disorder.
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #87
88.(p. 143-145)
Which of the following is an example of an obsession? A. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doorsB. Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contaminationC. Washing hands several times a dayD. Spending hours sorting and resorting possessions
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #88
89.(p. 143-145)
Which of the following is an example of a compulsion? A. Repeatedly checking the locks on all doorsB. Constantly thinking about cleanliness and contaminationC. Spending hours thinking about the orderliness of the houseD. Thinking incessantly about how a loved one could be harmed
Blooms: Application
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #89
90.(p. 144)
Which of the following statements is true regarding obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? A. People with OCD do not know that their thoughts and behaviors are irrational.B.
Obsessional thoughts are distressing to people with OCD, and engaging in compulsive behaviors can be time-consuming or harmful.
C. Children with OCD often confide in their parents about their obsessive-compulsive habits.D. The prevalence of OCD seems to differ greatly across countries that have been studied.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #90
91.(p. 145)
What is meant by the statement "often, the link between the obsession and the compulsion is the result of ‘magical thinking'"? A.
The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will give them extraordinary abilities.
B.
The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will reduce their levels of anxiety.
C.
The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will benefit the society at large.
D.
The person with OCD believes that repeating a behavior a certain number of times will ward off danger to themselves or others.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #91
92.(p. 145)
Biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder have focused on a circuit in the brain involved in: A. activating moral behaviors.B. regulating thoughts and emotions.C. executing primitive patterns of behavior.D. filtering incoming stimuli.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #92
93.(p. 145)
According to biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulses are carried to a part of the basal ganglia called the _____, which allows the strongest of the impulses to flow through to the thalamus. A. hippocampusB. ponsC. caudate nucleusD. locus ceruleus
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #93
94.(p. 146-147)
According to cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD, all of the following are true regarding people diagnosed with OCD EXCEPT: A.
they may be depressed or generally anxious much of the time, so even minor negative events are more likely to invoke intrusive, negative thoughts.
B.
they judge their negative, intrusive thoughts as more unacceptable than most people would and become more anxious and guilty about having them.
C.
they appear to believe that they should be able to control all thoughts, and have trouble accepting that everyone has horrific notions from time to time.
D.
they believe that having intrusive thoughts means they are going crazy, but they do not equate having the thoughts with actually engaging in the behaviors.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #94
95.(p. 147)
People with OCD often get some relief from their symptoms when they take drugs that better regulate the neurotransmitter _____. A. GABAB. epinephrineC. norepinephrineD. serotonin
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #95
96.(p. 147)
According to cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD, compulsions develop largely through _____. A. interoceptive conditioningB. observational learningC. classical conditioningD. operant conditioning
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #96
97.(p. 147)
Which of the following statements is true regarding the biological treatments for OCD? A. Benzodiazepines are useful in most cases.B. Patients generally do not relapse once they discontinue medication.C. Antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels help reduce symptoms of OCD.D. Controlled studies suggest that placebos are more effective than antidepressant medication.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #97
98.(p. 147)
_____ involves repeatedly exposing the client to the focus of the obsession and preventing compulsive responses to the resulting anxiety. A. FloodingB. Psychodynamic therapyC. Rational-emotive behavior therapyD. Exposure and response prevention therapy
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #98
99.(p. 147)
In exposure and response prevention therapy, repeated exposure to the content of the obsession: A. stabilizes the client's anxiety about the obsession.B. extinguishes the client's anxiety about the obsession.C. reinforces the client's anxiety about the obsession.D. builds up the client's anxiety about the obsession.
Blooms: Knowledge
Difficulty: EasyNolen - Chapter 05 #99
100.(p. 147)
In exposure and response prevention therapy, by preventing a person from engaging in compulsive behavior: A. the client's "magical thinking" is reinforced.B. the client's compulsive behavior is strengthened.C. the client's anxiety about the compulsive behavior builds up.D. the client learns that not engaging in the compulsive behavior does not lead to a terrible result.
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #100
101.(p. 147)
Which of the following is a good example of the use of exposure and response prevention therapy? A. A person afraid of germs is allowed to clean his or her hands as often as desired.B. A person afraid of flying is taught to first imagine buying an airline ticket.C.
A person afraid of having a disorganized room is taught to reappraise her or his current room in a more positive way.
D. A person afraid of contamination is asked to hold a dirty handkerchief for more than an hour.
Blooms: ApplicationDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #101
102.(p. 115)
Differentiate between adaptive fear responses and maladaptive anxiety responses.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ Adaptive fear responses—person behaves appropriately to confront or avoid threat, responses subside when the threat ends
▪ Maladaptive anxiety responses—unrealistic fears, person's response is out of proportion to the threat, people behave in ways that are dangerous or lead to impairment, anxiety persists after the threat passes, can lead to anticipatory anxiety
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #102
103.(p. 116-121)
What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Describe the three symptoms that are necessary for a diagnosis of PTSD. What are the types of experiences that can cause a person to develop PTSD? Briefly explain the environmental, social, and psychological factors that can increase a person's vulnerability to PTSD.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ PTSD—consequences of experiencing extreme stressors
▪ Symptoms—reexperiencing of the traumatic event, emotional numbing and detachment, hypervigilance and chronic arousal
▪ Traumas leading to PTSD—natural disasters, human-made disasters (wars, terrorist attacks), physical and sexual abuse
▪ Vulnerability to PTSD—severity, duration, and proximity to traumatic event, social support, symptoms of anxiety and depression prior to event, coping strategies
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #103
104.(p. 123-124)
Describe some of the biological factors that are related to PTSD.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ PTSD sufferers— amygdala responds more actively to emotional stimuli, medial prefrontal cortex is less active, shrinkage in the hippocampus, resting levels of cortisol tend to be lower, HPA axis may be unable to shut down the response of the sympathetic nervous system, overexposure and overconsolidation, altered biological stress responses due to childhood trauma, role of genetics
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #104
105.(p. 125-126; 127-128)
What are the symptoms of a panic attack? What impact does panic disorder have on the people diagnosed with it? Describe the cognitive theory of panic disorder.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ Panic attack symptoms—heart palpitations, trembling, a feeling of choking, dizziness, intense dread
▪ Impact of panic disorder on individual—fear they have life-threatening illnesses, believe that they are about to die of a heart attack, seizure, or other physical crisis, "going crazy" or "losing control," shame, feeling demoralized and depressed, chronic generalized anxiety, alcohol abuse, increased risk for suicide attempts
▪ Cognitive theorists—people prone to panic attacks tend to pay close attention to bodily sensations; negatively misinterpret sensations; engage in snowballing catastrophic thinking; develop anxiety sensitivity, interoceptive awareness, and conditioning; develop beliefs about the controllability of symptoms
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #105
106.(p. 129)
What are the biological treatments that have been developed for panic disorder? What are some of the side effects of the drugs used to treat people diagnosed with panic disorder?
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ Tricyclic antidepressants—improves functioning of the norepinephrine system; influences levels of serotonin; side effects include blurred vision, dry mouth, difficulty urinating, constipation, weight gain, sexual dysfunction; tendency for relapse after discontinuation
▪ SSRIs and SNRIs—side effects include gastrointestinal upset and irritability, initial feelings of agitation, insomnia, drowsiness, tremor, and sexual dysfunction
▪ Benzodiazepines—suppress the central nervous system, influence functioning in the GABA; side effects include addictiveness, withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, tremors, insomnia, anxiety, tingling sensations, seizures, paranoia; can also interfere with cognitive and motor functioning
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #106
107.(p. 131-132)
Briefly describe the four categories of phobias. Provide examples of each.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ Animal type phobias
▪ Natural environment type phobias
▪ Situational type phobias
▪ Blood-injection-injury type phobias
▪ Examples should clearly relate to the concept mentioned
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #107
108.(p. 134-136; 137-138)
How would a behavioral therapist interpret phobias? Describe the treatments a behavioral therapist might recommend to overcome phobias.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ Classical conditioning leads to the fear of the phobic object, operant conditioning helps maintain it
▪ Studies by Watson and Raynor on Little Albert
▪ Negative reinforcement
▪ Observational learning
▪ Prepared classical conditioning
▪ Treatments—systematic desensitization, modeling, applied tension technique, flooding
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #108
109.(p. 139-141)
What are the key features of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? Describe the cognitive theories of GAD.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ Features—anxious all the time, focus of worries may shift frequently; physiological symptoms include muscle tension, sleep disturbances, and chronic restlessness; relatively common disorder; tends to be chronic; begins in childhood or adolescence
▪ Cognitive theories—people are focused on threat at both the conscious and unconscious levels, believe that worrying can help avoid bad events by motivating them to engage in problem solving, actively avoid visual images of what they worry about, respond to situations with automatic thoughts that stir up anxiety, hypervigilant and overreact, unconscious cognitions focus on detecting possible threats in the environment
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #109
110.(p. 143-145)
What are the key features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? Describe some of the symptoms of this disorder.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ OCD—sufferers experience anxiety because of obsessional thoughts and when they cannot carry out compulsive behaviors
▪ Features—begins at a young age, onset for males is between 6 and 15, and for females between 20 and 29; chronic if left untreated; can be very distressing, time-consuming, and harmful; sufferer may experience depression, panic attacks, phobias, substance abuse
▪ Symptoms—common obsessive thoughts include dirt and contamination, aggressive impulses, sexual thoughts, impulses to do something against one's moral code, repeated doubts, "checking" compulsions, "magical thinking," stereotyped and rigid rituals
Blooms: KnowledgeDifficulty: Medium
Nolen - Chapter 05 #110
111.(p. 145-147)
Describe the biological and cognitive-behavioral theories of OCD.
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
▪ Biological theories—dysfunction in the brain circuit involved in executing primitive patterns of behavior, inability to turn off the primitive impulses, role of serotonin in circuit's functioning, genetic effects
▪ Cognitive-behavioral theories—reduced ability to turn off negative, intrusive thoughts, people with OCD tend to be anxious and depressed, tendency toward rigid, moralistic thinking, believe that they should be able to control all thoughts, believe these thoughts mean they are going crazy, equate having the thoughts with actually engaging in the behaviors
Blooms: Comprehension
Difficulty: MediumNolen - Chapter 05 #111
5 Summary Category # of Questions
Blooms: Application 27
Blooms: Comprehension 18
Blooms: Knowledge 66
Difficulty: Difficult 1
Difficulty: Easy 44
Difficulty: Medium 66
Nolen - Chapter 05 111