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Types of Plankton
• Phytoplankton • Zooplankton • Mixotrophic Plankton • Meroplankton • Holoplankton • Neuston • Pleuston
Types of Plankton
• Phytoplankton -‐ Autotrophs • Zooplankton -‐ Heterotrophs • Mixotrophic Plankton – Both Auto and Hetero • Meroplankton -‐ Part of life • Holoplankton – all of life • Neuston – near surface • Pleuston – above surface
Non-‐living plankton Viruses
• Retroviruses – use RNA – HIV – Some leukemia types
Viruses
• Lysogenic viruses – use DNA – Bacteriophages – Very important to marine ecosystem
• hHps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEKS4w9bfJg
Prokaryote Plankton (Bacteria)
• Cyanobacteria
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Prokaryote Plankton (Bacteria)
• Cyanobacteria • Autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Prokaryote Plankton (Bacteria)
• Cyanobacteria • Autotrophs or heterotrophs?
• Cell walls made up of pepXdoglycan with muramic acid
Prokaryote Plankton (Bacteria)
• Cyanobacteria • Autotrophs or heterotrophs?
• Cell walls made up of pepXdoglycan with muramic acid
• Nitrogen FixaXon
Eukaryote Plankton (Unicellular) • Diatoms: Phylum Bacillariophyta • Dinoflagellates: Phylum Dinophyta • Foraminiferans: Phylum GranuloreXculosa • Radiolarians: Phylum PolycysXna • Ciliates: Phylum Ciliophora
Diatoms: Phylum Bacillariophyta
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs? • Unique Pigment: carotenoid • Silica (glass) cell walls
Diatoms: Phylum Bacillariophyta
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Dinoflagellates: Phylum Dinophyta
• Some Autotrophs, others heterotrophs • Zooxanthellae: the photosyntheXc part of coral
Foraminiferans: Phylum GranuloreXculosa
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs? • Shell (test) : Calcium Carbonate • Pseudopods http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Lm9hUj2h_0
Radiolarians: Phylum PolycysXna
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs? • Shells: Silica (glass)
Ciliates: Phylum Ciliophora
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs? • Shells (lorica): sand • Cilia: small hair like projecXons used for movement and capturing food
• More than one nuclei
Eukaryote Plankton (MulXcellular) • Crustaceans: Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Crustacea
• GelaXnous organisms – Cnidarians: Phylum Cnidaria, Class Scyphozoa, Class Hydrozoa, Class Cubozoa
– Comb Jellies: Phylum Ctenophora – Salps: Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata
Phylum Arthropoda
• Most marine species are Crustaceans • Unique traXs:
– Exoskeleton of chiXn (NOT CHITON) – Tagma – Molt to grow
• Bilateral symmetry • Segmented
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Copepods
• Really long first antennae
Copepods
• Most abundant plankton >70%
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Krill
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs? • Shrimp-‐like, planktonic
Krill • Swim in schools • Found in polar waters
Cnidarians! Phylum Cnidaria
• Radial symmetry • Varying lifestyles (some benthic, some planktonic)
• Asexual and Sexual reproducXon • Some filter feed, most predatory
• Unique traits: – Cnidocytes with nematocysts
Cnidocytes • hHp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc_N1Zk
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Class Hydrozoa
• Siphonophores
Class Scyphozoa (true jellies)
Class Cubozoa
• Most dangerous jellies
Phylum Chordata (without backbones = protochordates)
• Bilateral symmetry • Endoskeleton • All chordates have:
– 1. Hollow nerve cord – 2. Pharyngeal gill slits – 3. Notochord – 4. Post-‐anal tail
Subphylum Urochordata
• Tunicates, sea squirts, ascidians
Prokaryote Benthos (Bacteria)
• Cyanobacteria • Create stromatolites (large organic blocks that have been around for millions of years)