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Zooplankton Fall 2006

Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

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Page 1: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Zooplankton

Fall 2006

Page 2: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

PlanktonHoloplankton

Meroplankton

Plankton Classification

Page 3: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Plankton

Picoplankton (0.2 – 2 µm)

Nanoplankton (2-20 µm)

Microplankton (20-200 µm)

Mesoplankton (200-2000 µm)

Macroplankton (>2000 µm)

Net-plankton

Plankton Classification

Page 4: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Plankton

Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

Detritus

Producers

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

Mixotrophs

Page 5: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Plankton

Bacteria

Phytoplankton

Viruses

Protozoa

Zooplankton

Page 6: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Plankton

Viruses

Bacteria

Phytoplankton

Protozoa

Zooplankton

Page 7: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

ZooplanktonZooplankton

• Drifting animals, organisms that eat other plankton

• Drifting animals, organisms that eat other plankton

Page 8: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

ZOOPLANKTON

• Animals that can swim and pursue prey.

• Radiolarians, Foraminiferans

• Crustacean– Copepods

• Gelatinous– Salps, larvaceans, ctenophores, jellyfish,

pteropodshttp://pandora.ucsd.edu/jaffelab/people/celeste/Intro/

Page 9: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Why study them?

• Most abundant animal on earth• Secondary producers in marine systems• Found in nearly every imaginable habitat• Critical step in marine food chains• Early life-stages of important commercial

fish, shellfish• Important in nutrient cycling

Page 10: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Important Zooplankton Groups

• Subclass Copepoda– Calanoide– Harpacticoids– Cyclopoids

• Sub-Phylum Tunicata– Larvacea (pelagic appendicularians)– Thaliacea (salps, doliolids, pyrosomas)

Page 11: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Copepods

• Phylum Arthropoda• Class Crustacea

– Hard exoskeleton (chitin)– Molt– Jointed appendages– 1 simple eye– Small (0.2 mm - >1 cm)– Fecal pellets with a peritrophic membrane

Page 12: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Tunicates

• Subclass Appendicularian• Subclass Salp• Subclass Doliolids

– Gelatinous, soft bodies – carbohydrate– Pelagic– Pump water through filter nets– Chordates (simple nervous system)– Feed on a large size range of particles

Page 13: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Copepod-Images

Page 14: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Copepod-images

Page 15: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Gelatinous-images

Page 16: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Gelatinous-images

Page 17: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Gelatinous-images

Page 18: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Gelatinous-images

Page 19: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Other Zooplankton-images

Page 20: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Biological Carbon Pump

DOC

CO2

CO2

Fecal Pellets CO2

DOC

Euphotic Depth

DOC

Page 21: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Grazing• Clearance Rate = Grazing Rate: volume of water

from which particles are completely removed– Efficiency: percent of particles remove (usually based on

food quality or size)

• Filtration Rate: total volume of water passing the filter apparatus per unit time– 1 copepod filters 1 l of water per h and that water has in

it; – 5 –50 um particles/l 100% efficiency - 10-20 um particles/l 100%– 50-2 um particles/l 10%– Clearance rate = 300 ml /copepod / h

Page 22: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Grazing (continued)

• Ingestion Rate: amount of food passing through the gut per unit time– Units of chl, C or N

• Filtration rates are related to food concentration

Filterrate

Food Conc.

Page 23: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Filtration Currents

Page 24: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Retention Size

• Determined by the distance between the setae on maxillae of copepods– Carnivores >> herbivores /omnivores

• Determined by the net spacing in tunicates

Page 25: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Efficiency Example

Page 26: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Grazing Types

• Filtration: nonselective feeding, based on water currents

• Raptorial: may or may not be selective: grab a food item– Mechanical reception– Chemosensory

Page 27: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Limitations / Preferences for Grazing

– Size– Nutritional content– Taste– Concentration– Speed

Page 28: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Diel

• Copepods: increased feeding at night

• Tunicates: may or may not be diel

Latitude °S

52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72

Chl

orop

hyll

mg

m-3

0

1

2

3

4

Mes

ozoo

plan

kton

Gra

zing

mg

chl m

-3d-1

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

0.025

0.030

0.035ChlorophyllDay Night

1.8%

1.3%

1.1%

0.9%

Page 29: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Seasonal

• Maximum in the spring– Temperate areas (spring, fall, summer,

winter)– Polar areas (spring, summer, fall, winter)– Food supply (concentration and type)– Life cycle of the zooplankter

Page 30: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Seasonal Grazing

Mooring

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Me

sozo

op

lan

kto

n G

razi

ng

mg

Ch

l m-2

d-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Mooring

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Me

sozo

op

lan

kto

n G

razi

ng

mg

Ch

l m-2

d-1

0

1

2

3PII-day-Lit. GCRPII-night Lit GCRPII-day Est. GCRPII-night Est. GCR

PI-day-Lit. GCRPI-night Lit GCRPI-day Est. GCRPI-night Est. GCR

Figure 8

Figure 9

Spring

Summer

Page 31: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Methods for Grazing

• Clearance Experiments– Change in the number of cells during an incubation

• Gut Pigment– Grazing on phytoplankton (depends on pigment

destruction)

• Tracers– Fluorescent-labels– Microcapsules– C-14, H-3 thymidine

Page 32: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Examples of Grazing Methods

Page 33: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Zooplankton

• COPEPODS– Protozoa– Phytoplankton– Detritus

• GELATINOUS–DOM–Colloids–Bacteria–Protozoa–Phytoplankton–detritus

Page 34: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Particles for Export and Food

• What types of particles?– Feeding Appendages

• Webs, houses• Gelatinous Zooplankton

– Fecal Pellets

Page 35: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Excretion

• Release of soluble material– Ammonia (Urea, free amino acids, DOC)– Younger stages excrete more per unit

weight (Not total volume)– Decreases with temperature– Related to grazing

Page 36: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Egestion: Fecal pellet production

• Release of solid material– High 7-17 C:N– Copepods: surrounded by peritrophic

membrane– Depends on food concentration to a point– Linear relationship between ingestion rate

and pellet production rate– Temperature dependent

FPPR /PelletVolume Food Conc

Page 37: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Comparison between Copepods and Tunicates

Activity Copepod Tunicate

Grazing Filter

Smaller particle size (5-200)

Raptorial feeder-selective

Filter

Large particle size (.2-200)

Nonselective

Digestion /assimilation

Higher assimilation (30-90%)

Assimilation (18-60%)

Respiration Temperature temperature

Egestion Conc c & N down Conc C & N up

Page 38: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Major Avenues of Focus Today

• Controls on toxic blooms– Grazed or not?

• Carbon cycle – Global warming– Grazing and flux of fecal pellets

• Biodiversity– Genetic studies– Extreme environments

• Human Health

Page 39: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Major Programs Around

• Eurapp (European Appendicularians)

• JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study)

• TASC (Trans-Atlantic Study of Calanus finmarchicus)

• GLOBEC (Global ocean Ecosystem Dynamics)

Page 40: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Methods• Nets

– 1-size– Multiple size mesh– Multiple net frames

• Acoustics• Cameras

– In situ– Video

• Laser• Diving• Submersibles• Fluorescence

1. Collection1. Abundance2. Distribution3. Experiments

2. Observation1. Behavior2. Distribution

Page 41: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Methods-Experiments

• Electrodes

• Chemical Analysis

• Molecular techniques

• Computers

• Internet

Page 42: Zooplankton Fall 2006. Plankton Holoplankton Meroplankton Plankton Classification

Zooplankton Ecology

• Who is there?

• What are they doing?

• How are they doing it?