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By: Haley McCoy and Jacob Albrecht
Table of Contents Missions to the
Moon…………….page 2
How the Moon was
created……page 3
Phases of the Moon &
Orbit………………page 4
Effects on Earth……..page 5
Size of the Moon…….……page 5
Composition….……..page 6
Apollo Mission Timeline
The Apollo program was meant to land humans on the
Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. Six of the missions
Apollo’s 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 did land on the moon and
make it back to earth. Apollo’s 7 and 9 were Earth orbiting
missions to test Lunar Modules, and did not return lunar data.
Apollo’s 8 and 10 tested various components while orbiting the
Moon, and returned pictures of the moon’s surface. Apollo 13
did not land on the Moon due to a malfunction, but also
returned pictures. The six missions that landed on the Moon
returned a wealth of scientific data and almost 400 kilograms of
lunar samples. Experiments included soil mechanics,
meteoroids, seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields,
and solar wind experiments.
How was it made???
There are several different theories on how the moon
was formed here are a few.
•IMPACT: One theory is that it was formed from the Earth's
crust, following the impact of a large
asteroid about the size of mars. A long
string of rocky fragments were blown out
from the Earth in the form of a trail, which
coalesced into the Moon. Supporting this,
the Earth has a large iron core but the
Moon does not: the Earth's iron would
have already sunken into the core by the
time the giant impact happened.
•FISSION: The fission theory states that the
Moon long ago split off from a fast-rotating Earth, like mud
flung from a spinning bicycle wheel. The present Pacific
Ocean basin is the most popular site for the part of the Earth
from which the
Moon may have
come. This is not
supported by
evidence of
higher rotational
speed in the past.
Phases of the Moon & Orbit
The Moon is a sphere which is always half
illuminated by the Sun, but as the Moon orbits the
Earth we get to see more or less of the illuminated
half. During each lunar orbit (a lunar month), we
see the Moon's appearance change from not visibly
illuminated through partially illuminated to fully
illuminated, then back through partially illuminated
to not illuminated again. Although this cycle is a
continuous process, there are eight distinct,
traditionally recognized stages, called phases. The
phases designate both the degree to which the
Moon is illuminated and the geometric appearance
of the illuminated part.
The Effects on Earth
The Earth is unique amongst the terrestrial planets in having a
large satellite, the Moon, which, relative to the Earth, has the
largest mass of any satellite - parent system. Numerous lines of
evidence indicate that the Moon was derived from the Earth as
the result of a singular impact event soon after the initial
formation of the Earth. As a result the subsequent evolution of
the Earth and the emergence and development of life has been
strongly influenced by the presence of the Moon. Perhaps the
most obvious manifestation of the influence of the Moon on the
Earth are the ocean tides, particularly the spring tides where the
gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon combine to give the
greatest effect. The regular rise and fall of sea level creates a
unique environment in the Solar System, where life is exposed
to both immersions in water and exposure to air in the space of a
few hours. This interface between two distinct ecological niches
is thought by many to be crucial in evolutionary terms.
Composition
There are light areas and dark areas. The dark areas are
called seas, but they do not contain water. The seas are
flat regions, whereas the light areas are rugged and are
higher on average. For this reason, they are also called
highlands. Across the whole surface, craters caused by
meteoric impacts are evident. The craters are much more
enhanced and frequent within the light areas. In the
years from 1969 to 1972 the Moon has been explored by
man. Astronauts brought back to Earth some samples of
lunar soil, so it has been possible to analyze and date
those rocks. It has been found that the younger lunar
rocks are the dark ones, those of the seas, and that they
are 3.2 billion years old. The older ones are the light
rocks of the highlands, and they are 4.6 billion years old.