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By: Haley McCoy and Jacob Albrecht

Table of Contents Missions to the

Moon…………….page 2

How the Moon was

created……page 3

Phases of the Moon &

Orbit………………page 4

Effects on Earth……..page 5

Size of the Moon…….……page 5

Composition….……..page 6

Apollo Mission Timeline

The Apollo program was meant to land humans on the

Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. Six of the missions

Apollo’s 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 did land on the moon and

make it back to earth. Apollo’s 7 and 9 were Earth orbiting

missions to test Lunar Modules, and did not return lunar data.

Apollo’s 8 and 10 tested various components while orbiting the

Moon, and returned pictures of the moon’s surface. Apollo 13

did not land on the Moon due to a malfunction, but also

returned pictures. The six missions that landed on the Moon

returned a wealth of scientific data and almost 400 kilograms of

lunar samples. Experiments included soil mechanics,

meteoroids, seismic, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields,

and solar wind experiments.

How was it made???

There are several different theories on how the moon

was formed here are a few.

•IMPACT: One theory is that it was formed from the Earth's

crust, following the impact of a large

asteroid about the size of mars. A long

string of rocky fragments were blown out

from the Earth in the form of a trail, which

coalesced into the Moon. Supporting this,

the Earth has a large iron core but the

Moon does not: the Earth's iron would

have already sunken into the core by the

time the giant impact happened.

•FISSION: The fission theory states that the

Moon long ago split off from a fast-rotating Earth, like mud

flung from a spinning bicycle wheel. The present Pacific

Ocean basin is the most popular site for the part of the Earth

from which the

Moon may have

come. This is not

supported by

evidence of

higher rotational

speed in the past.

Phases of the Moon & Orbit

The Moon is a sphere which is always half

illuminated by the Sun, but as the Moon orbits the

Earth we get to see more or less of the illuminated

half. During each lunar orbit (a lunar month), we

see the Moon's appearance change from not visibly

illuminated through partially illuminated to fully

illuminated, then back through partially illuminated

to not illuminated again. Although this cycle is a

continuous process, there are eight distinct,

traditionally recognized stages, called phases. The

phases designate both the degree to which the

Moon is illuminated and the geometric appearance

of the illuminated part.

The Effects on Earth

The Earth is unique amongst the terrestrial planets in having a

large satellite, the Moon, which, relative to the Earth, has the

largest mass of any satellite - parent system. Numerous lines of

evidence indicate that the Moon was derived from the Earth as

the result of a singular impact event soon after the initial

formation of the Earth. As a result the subsequent evolution of

the Earth and the emergence and development of life has been

strongly influenced by the presence of the Moon. Perhaps the

most obvious manifestation of the influence of the Moon on the

Earth are the ocean tides, particularly the spring tides where the

gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon combine to give the

greatest effect. The regular rise and fall of sea level creates a

unique environment in the Solar System, where life is exposed

to both immersions in water and exposure to air in the space of a

few hours. This interface between two distinct ecological niches

is thought by many to be crucial in evolutionary terms.

Composition

There are light areas and dark areas. The dark areas are

called seas, but they do not contain water. The seas are

flat regions, whereas the light areas are rugged and are

higher on average. For this reason, they are also called

highlands. Across the whole surface, craters caused by

meteoric impacts are evident. The craters are much more

enhanced and frequent within the light areas. In the

years from 1969 to 1972 the Moon has been explored by

man. Astronauts brought back to Earth some samples of

lunar soil, so it has been possible to analyze and date

those rocks. It has been found that the younger lunar

rocks are the dark ones, those of the seas, and that they

are 3.2 billion years old. The older ones are the light

rocks of the highlands, and they are 4.6 billion years old.