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4. Teori Motivasi : 4. Teori Motivasi : Content Content TheoriesTheories
Perilaku OrganisasiPerilaku OrganisasiFakultas EkonomiFakultas Ekonomi
Universitas PadjadjaranUniversitas PadjadjaranBandung 2004Bandung 2004
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Pengertian dan Model MotivasiPengertian dan Model Motivasi Teori hirarki kebutuhan MaslowTeori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow Teori dua faktor Frederick HerzbergTeori dua faktor Frederick Herzberg Teori kebutuhan McClellandTeori kebutuhan McClelland Alderfer’s ERG theoryAlderfer’s ERG theory
Tujuan PengajaranTujuan Pengajaran
33
Pengertian dan Model Pengertian dan Model MotivasiMotivasi
PengertianPengertian
The willing to exert high levels of effort toward The willing to exert high levels of effort toward organization goals, conditioned by effort to satisfy organization goals, conditioned by effort to satisfy some individual needsome individual need
Model MotivasiModel Motivasi
Teori hirarki kebutuhan MaslowTeori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow Teori dua faktor Frederick HerzbergTeori dua faktor Frederick Herzberg Teori kebutuhan McClellandTeori kebutuhan McClelland Alderfer’s ERG theoryAlderfer’s ERG theory
Source : Stephen P. Robbins
44
The Motivational Process : An Initial Model
INeed deficiencies“I want to perform well to earn the promotion.”
IVPerformance (evaluation of goal accomplished)“Highest ratings on quantity, quality and cost containment.”
IIIGoal directed behavior“The Promotion.”
IISearch for ways satisfy needs“I need to show the manager that I want the promotion work on tough assignments, work extra hours, help co-worker.”
VRewards of punishments“Received recognition award; granted the opportunity to attend training program.”
VINeed deficiencies reassessed by the employee“I still want the promotion. I’ve got to try another approach.”
The Employee
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Teori hirarki kebutuhan MaslowTeori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow
““That people’s needs depend on what they That people’s needs depend on what they
already have. In a sense, then, a satisfied needs already have. In a sense, then, a satisfied needs
isn’t a motivator. Human needs, organized in a isn’t a motivator. Human needs, organized in a
hierarchy of importance, are hierarchy of importance, are physiological, physiological,
safety, belongingness, esteem, and self safety, belongingness, esteem, and self
actualizationactualization””
Source : Gibson
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self actualization
Esteem
Social / Belongingness
Safety
Physiological
Source : Stephen P. Robbins
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TEORI DUA FAKTOR FREDERICK HERZBERGTEORI DUA FAKTOR FREDERICK HERZBERG
View that job satisfaction results from the presence View that job satisfaction results from the presence of intrinsic motivators and that job dissatisfaction of intrinsic motivators and that job dissatisfaction stems from not having extrinsic factorsstems from not having extrinsic factors
Source : Gibson
88
Traditional and Herzberg Views of Satisfaction-Traditional and Herzberg Views of Satisfaction-DissatifactionDissatifaction
I. TraditionalI. Traditional
High job High job dissatisfactiodissatisfactionn
High job High job satisfactionsatisfaction
II. Herzberg’s two-factor viewII. Herzberg’s two-factor view
Low job Low job satisfactionsatisfaction
High job High job satisfaction satisfaction (motivator)(motivator)
Low job Low job dissatisfactiodissatisfactionn
High job High job satisfaction satisfaction (hygiene)(hygiene)
Source : Gibson
99
Teori Kebutuhan McClellandTeori Kebutuhan McClelland
Learned Needs Theory Learned Needs Theory
Theory that proposes that a person with a strong need Theory that proposes that a person with a strong need
will be motivated to use appropriate behaviors to will be motivated to use appropriate behaviors to
satisfy the need. A person’s needs are learned from satisfy the need. A person’s needs are learned from
the culture of a societythe culture of a society
Thematis Apperception Test (TAT) Thematis Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test that uses a person’s analysis of picture Projective test that uses a person’s analysis of picture
to evaluate such individual differences as to evaluate such individual differences as need for need for
achivement, need for power, and need for affiliationachivement, need for power, and need for affiliation
Source : Gibson
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The theory focus on three needsThe theory focus on three needs
1. 1. Need for achievementNeed for achievement
3. 3. Need for affiliationNeed for affiliation
The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of
standards, to strive to succeedstandards, to strive to succeed
2. 2. Need for powerNeed for power
The need to make others behave in a way that they The need to make others behave in a way that they
wouldn’t have behaved otherwisewouldn’t have behaved otherwise
The desire for friendly and close interpersonal The desire for friendly and close interpersonal
relationshipsrelationships
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Alderfer’s ERG theoryAlderfer’s ERG theory
Theory developed and tested by Alderfer that Theory developed and tested by Alderfer that
categorized needs as categorized needs as existence, related-ness and existence, related-ness and
growthgrowth
Source : Gibson
ExistenceExistence; ; needs satisfied by such as food, air, water, pay and working conditionsneeds satisfied by such as food, air, water, pay and working conditions
GrowthGrowth; ; needs satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributionsneeds satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributions
Related-nessRelated-ness; ; needs satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationshipneeds satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationship
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ERG Theory Relationships among Frustration, ERG Theory Relationships among Frustration,
Importance and Satisfaction of NeedsImportance and Satisfaction of Needs
Frustration of growth needs
Importanceof growth needs
Satisfactionof growth needs
Frustration of relatedness needs
Importanceof relatedness needs
Satisfactionof relatedness needs
Frustration of existence needs
Importanceof existence needs
Satisfactionof existence needs
Source : Gibson
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A graphic Comparison of Four Content Theories of A graphic Comparison of Four Content Theories of
MotivationMotivationMaslowMaslow
(need (need
hierarchy)hierarchy)
Self-actualizationSelf-actualization
EsteemEsteem
Belongingness, Belongingness,
social and lovesocial and love
PhysiologicalPhysiological
HerzbergHerzberg
(two factor (two factor
theory)theory)
The work itselfThe work itself
- Responsibility- Responsibility- AdvancementAdvancement- GrowthGrowth
Achievement Achievement
RecognitionRecognition
Quality of Quality of
interpersonal interpersonal
relations among relations among
peers, with peers, with
supervisor, with supervisor, with
subordinatessubordinates
Job securityJob security
Working conditions Working conditions
SalarySalary
AlderferAlderfer
GrowthGrowth
RelatedneRelatedne
ssss
ExistenceExistence
Mc Mc
ClellandClelland
Need for Need for
achievemenachievemen
t t
Need for Need for
powerpower
Need for Need for
affiliationaffiliation
Higher order needs
Basic needs
Motivators
Hygiens conditions