Download pdf - 4. Computer History 2010

7/28/2019 4. Computer History 2010

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF

COMPUTERS

The first tools used as aids to calculation were almost

certainly mans own fingers, and it is not simply a

coincidence that the word digit is used to refer to afinger (or toe) as well as a numerical quantity..

Fingers and Toes


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A BRIEF HISTORY OF

COMPUTERS

As the need to represent larger numbers grew, early man employedreadily available materials for the purpose. Small stones or pebbles

could be used to represent larger numbers than fingers and toes and

had the added advantage of being able to easily store intermediate

results for later use.

Thus, it is also no coincidence that the word calculate or

compute is derived from the Latin word calculi for pebble

Pebbles


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A BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

ABACUS is the first

device ever developed by

man to aid him in the

process of computing

The abacus is an

instrument used to perform

arithmetic calculations.Developed in ancient

times, the abacus is still

used in China, Japan, and

Korea.


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NAPIERS BONE

John Napier and Napier's Bones

In the early 1600s, a Scottish mathematician called JohnNapier (1550-1617) invented a tool called Napiers Bones,

which were multiplication tables inscribed on strips of wood

or bone.


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PASCALS MACHINE is invented by a French Mathematician,

Blaise Pascal. This machine can add and subtract by rotating ten

toothed wheels and cogs.


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LEIBNIZ CALCULATOR is invented

by Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz, a

German Mathematician. This machine

can add, subtract, multiply, and divide.It could also extract square roots.


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JACQUARDS WEAVING LOOM

In 1801, Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquards

weaving loom. This device was controlled by cards, in which holes werestrategically punched to create patterns to be woven by the loom. This

punched card technology is believed to be the same as the one

applied in Babbages engines and in the early twentieth-century

tabulating machines.


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Babbage's Difference Engine

Considered by many to be a directforerunner of modern calculating devices,the Difference Engine was able tocompute mathematical tables. Thiswoodcut shows a small portion of theingenious machine, which was designed

by Charles Babbage in the 1820s.


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Analytical Engine

Lady Ada Augusta Byron King

- The Countess of Lovelace

- Suggested to use punched cards that

would instruct Babbages engine to

repeat certain operations

- These instructions are what we now call

programs

- She is the First Computer Programmer


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Herman Hollerith

- An American Statistician, developed atabulating device and card sorter for the

1890 American Census

- This set of machine is called Hollerithselectric tabulating system, the firstelectromechanical system for recording,

compiling and tabulating data.


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MARK I

- Howard Hathaway Aiken, an American,

designed and built the first

electromechanical computer called

MARK I- it was essentially a collection of

electromechanical calculators used

extensively by U.S, Army in designingand testing weapons system during

World War II.


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(1939-1942) The Atanasoff-

Berry Computer

- byJ ohn Vincent Atanasoff

- The machine was needed to reduce the

time it took to make long complicatedmathematical calculations

- The computer used an electronic

vacuum tubes combined with manynewly invented digital circuit designs,


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The ENIAC (1939-1946)

Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer

Built for the U.S. military to calculate the

paths of artillery shells

Used to make calculations,in nuclear

weapon research, weather prediction,

and wind tunnel design.


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The EDVAC (1945-1949)

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic

Computer

The first digital computer that used a

stored program to control the computer.


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First Generation (1951-

1959)The VACUUM TUBE

- Used vacuum tubes as a means of

storing data in memory.

- Vacuum tubes is an electronic tube from

essentially all air has been removed,

creating a vacuum.

- Vacuum tubes burned out frequently andhad to be replaced.

- It includes ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC I


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UNIVAC 1 (1951)

Universal Automatic Computer


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