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SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCION
EL RESERVORIO Y SUCOMPORTAMIENTO
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PETROLEUM FLUIDS
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GAS-OIL CONTACT
OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
BOTTOM WATER EDGE WATEREDGE WATER
GAS CAP
OIL ZONE
WATER ZONE
GAS
OIL
WATER WATER
CLOSURE
Typical Petroleum in Reservoirs
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Types of Reservoir Fluids
• The behavior of a reservoir fluid during production is
determined by the shape of its phase diagram and the
position of its critical points
• Type and size of surface equipment, calculation
procedures to determine OOIP or OGIP, estimation of
reserves, selection EOR method all depend on the typeof reservoir fluids
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The Five Reservoir Fluids
Black oil Volatile oilGas condensate (condensate)Wet gas
Dry gas
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Phase Diagram
Bubble point pressureThe pressure at which gas bubbles start to form from liquid
Dew point pressure
The pressure at which liquid droplets start to form from gasQuality lines
Lines of constant liquid volume fractionCritical point
A point where gas and liquid properties are identicalPressure path
Line of constant temperature drawn from reservoir pressure
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Black Oils – consist of wide variety of chemical species including
large, heavy, nonvolatile molecules. The phase diagram predictably
covers a wide temperature range.
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Black Oils
Undersaturated reservoirReservoir pressure is above the bubble point
Saturated reservoirReservoir pressure is below the bubble point
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
OIL
WATER WATER
Undersaturated Oil Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
OIL
Gas-Small Vol.- Flare or- use as Fuel
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
OIL
WATER WATER
Saturated Oil Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
OIL
Gas- Large
- Sales
Gas
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Volatile Oils – contain relatively fewer heavy molecules and
more intermediates (defined as ethane through hexanes). Volatile
oils have been called high-shrinkage crude and near-critical oil
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Retrograde Gases – are also called retrograde condensate
gases, gas condensates, or condensates. The phase diagram of a
retrograde gas is somewhat smaller than that for oils, and the critical
points is further down the left side of the envelope
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
Gas
WATER WATER
Gas Condensate Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
Condensate
Gas
Press.Drop
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
Gas
WATER WATER
Wet Gas Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
Condensate
Gas
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Dry Gas – is primarily methane with some intermediates.
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
Gas
WATER WATER
Dry Gas Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
Water
Gas
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PROPERTIES
OF PETROLEUM FLUIDS
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Properties of Oil
Specific gravityFormation volume factor
Solution gas oil ratioTotal formation volume factorIsothermal compressibility of oil
Viscosity of oil
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Formation Volume Factor of Oil
conditionsstandardatoilof volumeconditionsreservoiratgas)dissolvedof volumeoilof (volume
oB
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Solution Gas Oil Ratio
conditionsstandardatstock tank enteringoilof volumeconditionsstandardatsurfaceat producedgassolutionsolutionof volume
s R
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Isothermal Compressibility of Oil
T T o p
V pV
V c
ln1
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Isothermal Compressibility of Oil
T T o p
V pV
V c
ln1
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Viscosity of Oil
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Properties of Gas
Compressibility factorDensity of real gas
Apparent molecular weightSpecific gravity of gasGas formation volume factorIsothermal compressibility of gas
Viscosity of oil
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Compressibility factor
pV = znRT
ideal
actual
V V
z
pc pr p
p p pc
pr T T T
jcj j pc T yT
jcj j pc p y p
G C ibili F
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Gas Compressibility Factor
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Pseudocritical Pressure
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Pseudocritical Pressure
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Pseudocritical Temperature
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Gas Formation Volume Factor
sc
R g V
V B
scf bblres00502.0
p zT B g
scf ftcu
0282.0 p
zT B g
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T
g p z
z pc
11
T
g pV
V c
1
Isothermal compressibility of gas
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Isothermal compressibility of gas
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Gas Viscosity
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Gas Viscosity
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Fluid Sampling
Subsurface Sampling- Subsurface sampling chamber- Repeat formation tester (RFT)- Modular dynamic testing tool (MDT)
Surface Sampling- Take samples of the two phases (gas and liquid)- Recombine the two fluids
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Reservoir Fluid Study (PVT Analysis)
Flash Vaporization
- A sample is placed in a laboratory cell- Pressure is adjusted to a value equal to or greater than
initial reservoir pressure- Temperature is set at reservoir temperature- Pressure is reduced by increasing the volume in increments- No gas or liquid is removed from the cell
- At each step, the pressure and volume are measured- These measurements are used to determine fluid properties
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Reservoir Fluid Study (PVT Analysis)
Differential Vaporization
- A sample is placed in a laboratory cell
- Pressure is adjusted to the bubble point pressure- Temperature is set at reservoir temperature- Pressure is reduced by increasing the volume in increments- Gas is removed from the cell while the pressure is held
constant by reducing the cell volume- At each step, the quantity and specific gravity of the gas
and the volume remained the cell are measured- These measurements are used to determine fluid properties
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Rock Properties
PorosityFraction of the void space in the reservoir rockFluid Saturation
Fraction of the pores of the rock that are filled withspecific fluidsPermeability
Ability to allow fluid to flow through interconnectedporesRock Compressibility
Ability of the rock to compress or expand as thepore pressure increases or decreases
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Porosity
= porosity, fraction Vb = bulk volume of the reservoir rock Vgr = grain volume
Vp = pore volume
b
p
b
gr b
V V
V V V
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Fluid Saturation
So = oil saturationSg = gas saturationSw = water saturation
Vo = volume of oil in the rock
Vg = volume of gas in the rock Vw = volume of water in the rock Vp = pore volume of the rock
p
ww
p
g g
p
oo V
V S V V S
V V S
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Permeability
q = flow ratek = permeability
A = cross sectional area
µ = viscosityp = change in pressureL = length
L pkAq
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Rock Compressibility
p
V
V c p
pr
1
cr = rock compressibility Vp = pore volume
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Fluid Flow in Porous Media
Darcy’s law - Linear flow
- Radial flow Vogel modelFetkovich model
Jones, Blount, and Glaze model
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Darcy’s Law for Linear Flow
L B
p p Ak q
oo
oo
21310127.1
22
1622
21
10247.193.8 sc
g sc
g
g q A
T L Z q
Ak
T L Z p p
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Darcy’s Law for Radial Flow
weoo
wf eoo r r B
p phk q/ln
00708.0
weoo
wf Ro
o r r B
p phk
q /472.0ln
00708.0
we g
wf R g sc
r r T Z
p phk q
/472.0ln
10703 226
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Reservoir Pressure Profile
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Productivity Index (PI)
wf R
oo
p pq
J weoo
oo r r B
hk J
/472.0ln00708.0
22
wf R
g g
p p
q J
we g
g g
r r T Z
hk J
/472.0ln
10703 6
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Vogel Equation
2
m ax,
8.02.01
R
wf
R
wf
o
o
p
p
p
p
2
8.02.018.1 b
wf
b
wf bbo p
p
p
p p J qq
wf Roo p p J q
For saturated reservoirs,
For undersaturated reservoirs,
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Vogel’s Dimensionless IPR
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Inflow Equation
Fetkovich Model
Jones, Blount, and Glaze Model
n
wf R p pcq 22
2q Bq A p p wf R
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Volumetric Depletion Gas Reservoir
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
Gas
p
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
Gas
Water Drive Gas Reservoir
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
Gas
WATER WATER
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
Water
Gas
h
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Drive Mechanisms
Oil reservoirs
Solution gas driveGas cap driveWater drive
Solution Gas Drive Reservoir
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
OIL
Solution-Gas Drive Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
OIL
Gas-Small Vol.- Flare or- use as Fuel
Gas Cap Drive Reservoir
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
OIL
Gas-Cap Drive Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature
OIL
Gas- Large- Sales
Gas
W t D i U d t t d R i
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
OIL
WATER WATER
Water-Drive Undersaturated Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature OIL
Gas-Small Vol.- Flare or- use as Fuel
Water
Water Drive Saturated Reservoir
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OIL-WATER CONTACT
SPILL POINT
OIL
WATER WATER
Water-Drive Saturated Reservoir
High Press.&Temp
Pressure
Temperature OIL
Gas- Large- Sales
Gas
Water
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Recovery Factor
Solution Gas Drive 5 – 20%Gas Cap Drive 20 – 40%
Water Drive 40– 60%Compaction Drive Up to +10%
Also depend on reservoir rock and fluid
properties, development plan, andeconomic conditions