1 (80)
RESULTS
'
1 (81)
RESULTS
SIZES OF MAJOR POOLS AND FLUXES OF CARBON CYCLE IN INDIA4.1
An attempt was made to synthesize data from various sources
to arrive at a preliminary estimate of major pools and fluxes of
carbon cycle for India's landmass (ca. 1985). In order to esti¬
mate biospheric pools from ecosystem areas, representative eco¬
system specific global values of C pools and fluxes from Ajtay et
al. (19/9) were used. The ecosystem area estimates were based on
a number of sources including recent RS-based forest inventory.
The areal extent of ecosystems and the source on which they were
based is indicated
The terrestrial biospheric pool carbon
in Dadhwal and Nayak (1993) and section 3.2.
considered here (phyto¬
mass, litter and soil organic carbon) was of the order 33.5-40.2
PgC (Table 4.1). In this,
and standing phytomass (8.4-11.0 Pgc)
components, whereas litter contributed only 0.53-0.96 Pgc.
case of phytomass, the major contribution (7.7-9. 6 PgC)
forests, while in case of soil, cropland accounted for 14.18
the soil organic carbon (24.6-28.3 PgC)
were the two dominant
In
was from
PgC,
which was higher than other ecosystems because of it had laraest
areal extent.
The fluxes between biospheric components for land
litterfall) were also estimated from ecosystem
carbon transfer rates adopted by Ajtay,
(NPP,
areas and the
et al. (1979). The
largest flux was NPP of land and was estimated between
PgCa-1 where,1.32-1.60
estimated average NPP for forest (7.25-S.47 tc/ha)
Grazingwas higher than the NPP of cropland (4.03-4.22 tC/ha).
land NPP was estimated to be 3.07-6.72 tC/ha. Litterfall was
65
1 (82)
Table 4.1 Major pools and fluxes of carbon in India (ca. 1985) as estimated from ecosystem
areas* and global averages of ecosystem specific C pools and fluxesÿ
Ecosystem Area
( lOÿm2 ) (10l2gCa“l )
Soil C
(10l2gC)
Living phytomass Litterfall
(1012gCa-1)
Litter
(10l2gC)
NPP
<10l2gC)
642.0Forest 465.2-543.9 5986.7-6223.57726.6-9597.1 387.4-411.1363.1-421.7
Agriculture 1689.5 14181.0680.4-712.2 64.2- 67.8240.3- 306.4 344.8-360.7
Grazing &otherwasteland 454.3 139.3-305.4 376.7-1012.0 71.9-478.5 4214.2-7672.5101.1-206.3
182.1Barren 0.45 2.76
Urban &Built up 180.0 2,03 16.20 1.22 1.22 45
Wetlands &Inland waterbodies 72.5 34.03 61.35 1.35 6.25 150
3220.5 1321.4-1597.9 8423.9-10995.9 811.6-991.2 531.1-964.8 24576.9-28272.9
* Ecosystem areas from Dadhwal and Nayak (1993)
#'C pools and fluxes from Ajtay et a_l. (1979)
66
1 (83)
estimated to lie between 0.812-0.991 PgCa-1. Under the condition
of steady state of litter pool,
equal C02 release to atmosphere.
it should decompose to provide
4.2 ESTIMATION OF CROP RELATED PARAMETERS
4.2.1 CROP-WISE HARVEST INDEX OR ECONOMIC YIELD TO CROP BIOMASS
RATIOS.
In order to obtain crop biomass or NPP estimates from crop
yields and/or production data, appropriate economic yield to crop
biomass ratios are needed. The harvest index (HI) concept, as
used here, considers both belowground and aboveground biomass.
However, it was not possible to obtain information of litterfall
in many crops and in those cases HI would underestimate NPP and
crop biomass. In.case of annual crops estimated NPP and biomassp
are same, while for perennials the definition of HI adopted here
is the ratio of economic yield to NPP. A survey of literature for
field experiments conducted in India, reporting crop yield and
biomass data was carried out.
A complete crop-wise listing of 105 Indian and 13 foreign
references used for obtaining average HI value is given in
The results are summarized in Table 4.2, whereAppendix II.conversion factors (CF) i.e. inverse of average HI for 38 crop
and separately for HYV and old cultivars for five crops
and maize) are summarized. A large
species
(wheat, rice, jowar, bajra,
range in HI from 0.076 to 0.619 can be observed. As a group, root
while oilseeds crops have lower HI.and tuber crops have high HI,
related to the energy requirement for convertingThis being
carbohydrate primary photosynthates to oil (Penning do Vries,
67
1 (84)
1983). While the information on crop groups like cereals, pulses,
sugar and starch crops, root and tuber crops
there is a lack of
vegetables and condiments &
As HYV {High Yielding Varieties) attain higher yields due
to better partitioning of the dry matter to economic part, their
estimated conversion factors are lower than for old cultivars.
oilseeds, fibres,
and plantation crops could be obtained,
studies in India related to fruits,
spices.
relating economicTable 4.2 Estimated conversion factors for
yield to annual net primary production
CFCROPVariety CF CFCROPCROP
FRUITSBananaPapayaCashewnutMangoCitrusGuavaApplePineappleGrapes
OILSEEDSGroundnutSesameRape&MustardSafflowerNigerSunflowerSoybeanCastorLinseed
CEREALSWheat 2.073.12
4.354.444.85
13.155.463.783.503.18
2.954.652.713.422.953.285.294.387.872.824. 206.90
HYVNAOLDNARice HYVNAOLD
1.92BarleyJowar NAHYV
NAOLDNABa jra
Maize
HYVNAOLD
HYVCONDIMENTS & SPICES
Black pepper NAChilliesTurmericCorianderCardamomGarlicGinger
ROOT CROPSTapiocaPotatoSweet potato
OLD1.941.411.61
RagiSmall Millets 4.98 2.70
NANAPULSES
Gram NAVEGETABLESGuarseedOnionCabbageTomatoCauliflower
2.766.02
Other pulses 3.78
1.72NATurNA1.53
1.651.90 DRUGS, DYES & NARCOTICS
TobaccoIndigoOpium
PLANTATION CROPS
Arecanut -TeaCoffeeCoconutRubberCocoa
2.33NANANA5.98
1.691.904.67
NAFIBRESCottonJuteMestaSannhemp
3.834.71 SUGAR
Sugarcane 3.81NANANA
NA : Not available
63
1 (85)
flow in Indian agroecosystem byPrevious study on energy
Mitchell (1979) estimated net primary production based on HI of
sources. The HI valuesonly 12 crops obtained from only 7
presented here can be considered more appropriate for national
level NPP estimation. These HI when compared with those reported
by Sharp et al. (1975) for USA showed lower economic production
except in case of soybean and Lieth and Aselmann (1983) for
Germany, except in case of tobacco.
4.2.2 ESTIMATION OF STATE-LEVEL LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD
For each crop a mean duration for which it grows was
obtained from literature search. This is given in Table
(Section 3.4). The state-wise crop area were used for estimating
an aggregated length of growing period for the years 1975-76 and
1985-86 for the states of India. These are summarized in Table
4.5 and Figures 22 & 23. The mean figure for various states for
1975-76 was 0.4673 and for 1985-86 was 0.4992. 16 states in 1975-
76 and 15 states in 1985-86 had higher value than mean figure.
3.1
The three states with highest LGP were Kerala, Lakshadweep and
Andaman Nicobar Islands, while Rajasthan, Gujarat, Nagaland and
at the bottom of this scale. In theDadra Nagar Haveli were
intervening period estimated LGP showed considerable positive
Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Tripura, Uttarchange for Kerala,
West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Diu & Daman andPradesh,
Pondicherry.
for Gujarat, Manipur and Dadra Nagar Haveli. This could be due to
lower rainfall in these states in 1985-86 in comparison to 1975-
Also a few cases of decrease in LGP were observed
1 signifies multiple cropping or
Low number signifies single
76. A number close to
preponderance of perennial crops.
69
1 (86)
related to low rainfall ancThe low number is alsocropping.
under developed irrigation potential.
RELATION WITHCROP MPP AND ITSSECULAR CffANGES IN4.3
TECIINOLOGICA , CHANCES
factorsconversionIn order to estimate the NPP of crops,
(inverse of harvest index) are needed.
temporal behaviour of crop NPP during the
1989-90. Many new and HYV cultivars
to studyhere the aim was
Aperiod
which have higV £ÿ r >>
tioning of biomass to economic part have been
The average HI for e
of HI of old and HYV cul
releasee
7ed by farmers in this period. J fsfI
/3Jobtained as weighted mean
ratio of HYV to traditional cultivar yielrweights are
under these two categories. Although HI values
were available, a comparison of area sown under these
f or
underGSA showed that 91-94 percent of total
accounted by them. Changes in
1990 are plotted in Figure 11.
3r03
yearly crop NPP between
that NPP has increasedthe resultsclear fromIt is
2.4 times increase inconsiderably during this period. There is
2.88 tcha-1) from 2.65 t DM/ha in 1950-51 to 6.39NPP (1.19 to
t DM/ha in 1989-90, A linear regression of crop NPP against year
(Figure 12) is :
= -156.366 + 0.0814 Y-;
( R2 = 0.9344, N
• = Net Primary Productivity (t DM/ha) in year j,
j = Year (1951,
NPP-s 1l
40, SEE 0.25 )
where, NPPÿ
, 1990)Y -4
70
1 (87)
ESTIMATED NPP & TOTAL CROP BIOMASSPRODUCTION IN INDIA, 1951-1990
NPP (t/ha) TOTAL CROP BIOMASS (Mt)7.0 950
s- NPP (t/ha)
TOTAL BIOMASS (Mt)
6.5-j- 850
6.0 -
L 7505.5 -
B
- 6505.0 -
4.5 -- 550
4.0 -
u 4503.5 ~
- 3503.0 -
2.5 250rTT7 I
1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991
YEARFigure 11
1 (88)
GROWTH IN CROP NPP IN INDIA (1951-1990)
NPP (t/ha)
6 -
5 -
4-
3 -
2 1 TTIT
1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991
YEAR1951
Figure 12
72
1 (89)
The estimated crop NPP also shows significant year-to-year
the rainfall occurs in monsoon (June tovariability. In India,
September) and a substantial part of agricultural production is
determined by rainfall. A comparison of Figure 12 with rainfall
index given by Parthasarthy et aJL- (1988) clearly shows that
years of low NPP in comparison to trend (viz., 1966-67,
1974-75, 1979-80, 1982-83) also correspond to drought years
(i.e., rainfall less than 80 percent of long term average).
1972-73,
The increased crop NPP could be related to improvements in
agricultural technology particularly :
Increase in the irrigated crop proportion defined as
irrigated area as percent of net sown area (IRF),
cropping intensity (Cl) (ratio of gross sown
to net sown area), which is related to availability of
irrigation,
(iii) Increase in the inputs of N - fertilizer application per
net sown area (NFA), and
(i)
Increase in(ii)
the fertilizer inputs of NPK - fertilizer
application per net sown area (TFA) .(iv) Increase in
The estimated parameters of simple linear regression between
independent variates (year, cropping intensity,
irrigated percent, N-application and NPK-application) are given
in Table 4.3. The NPP which is a dependent variate had a overall
of 4.13 tDM/yr (40 observations) and a standard deviation of
0.973 (CV 23.56). The linear regression explains more than 91
percent of the variation in NPP in all the cases. The correlation
coefficients among these variates are shown in Table 4.4.
NPP and five
mean
All
73
• *
1 (90)
coefficients are highly significant at l per cent level. The
values of slope of linear regression of NPP with Cl and irrigated
proportion are highly significant (probability of error, P <
0.001).Table 4.3 Parameters of simple linear regression between crop NPP
and indicators of technology change (1951-1990)
Independentvariate
Parameters of linear regression with NPP
Mean Std.dev. R2X100 Int. Slope SEE/Y x 100
Year 1970.00 11.54 93,44 -156.37 0.0814 6,19
Cl (%)
IRF (%)
118.41 4.98 94.54 -18.37 0.1899 5.64
22.92 4.96 92.37 -0.20 0.1886 6,68
NFA (kg/ha) 15.19 15.50
TFA (kg/ha) 22.68 23.67
92.08 3.21 0.0602 6.80
91.74 3.23 0.0393 6.94
Std. dev. : Standard deviation, Cl : Cropping intensity, IRF :
Irrigation fraction, NFA : N-Fertiliser Application/NSA, TFA :
Total Fertilizer Application/NSA, Int : Intercept, SEE : Standard
Error of Y estimate, Y : Mean of dependent variate
Table 4.4 Coefficients of correlation among NPP, Cl, IRF, NFA
and TFA for India
IRF NFACl TFA
0.961 0.9590.972 0.958NPP
0.976 0.969 0.965Cl
0.977 0.973IRF
0.999NFA
{All correlations are significant at 1% level)
(See Table 4.3 for abbreviations)
74
*
*
1 (91)
equations between NPP and IKF and NPP andLinear reqression
CI are as:
NPP (t/ha) = -0.1977 + 0.1886 IRFj
(R2 = 0.9237, N = 40, SEE = 0.2757)
= -18.3673 + 0.18997 Clj
(R2 = 0.9454, N = 40,
NPP (t/ha)
SEE = 0.233)
line is shown inThe scatter plot and fitted regression
for relation between NPP and IRF and in Figure 14 forFigure 13
NPP and CI.
were significantly correlated,
irrigation increased cropping intensity has been observed in mosu
The two independent variates used here, IRF and Cl
generally with spread ofas
parts of India.
Bivariate plots of NPP and NFA and NPP and TFA showed the
relationship between them to be non-linear (figure 15 and 16). A
negative exponential equation was then fitted, it has the forin.
-cNFA
-cTFA
)NPP = a (1 - be
)beNPP = a (1
close similarity to Mitscherlich equation
to study crop yield response to
The estimated coefficients obtaining by
This form bears
is generally
fertiliser application.
simple least square regression to the linearized version
of above equations as :
usedwhich
fitting
In (1- NPP/a) = In b - cNFA
In (1- NPP/a) = In b - cTFA
are:
75
*
1 (92)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NPP & IRRIGATED
FRACTION, INDIA, 1951-1990
NPP (t/ha)7
3
6 -3
3
I
5 - 9
li a
m3
4 H
ai
9
3 - a
mm
2i
17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33IRRIGATED FRACTION (%)
Figure 13
76
1 (93)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CROPPING INTENSITY
& CROP NPP, INDIA, 1951-1990
.r.
*
NPP (t/ha)7
3
6 - I
a3
a
5 -a
a
aI
a i
4 - i
'ia
""HI
aa
a i
a LJ
3 - a
a9
I
2 T
110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128CROPPING INTENSITY (%)
Figure 14
77
1 (94)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN N-FERTILIZERCONSUMPTION & CROP NPP, INDIA, 1951-1990'
‘
NPP (t/ha)7
6 J
1 0 3
15 J
a
*4 - a3
3
9
*
3 -99
2 I i I II Ttl
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
N-CONSUMPTION (kg/ha)32 36 40 44 48 52
Figure 15
V
78
1 (95)
RELATION OF N & NPK FERTILIZERCONSUMPTION WITH CROP NPP, 1951-1990
NPP (t/ha)
++6 -
5 ~
• + ”h
+4 - +* 4" *
*' +3 -
N-CONSUMPTION
“h NPK-CONSUMPTION
2 T
4030 5020 60100 70 80
CONSUMPTION (kg/ha)Figure 16
79
1 (96)
0.5928 + 0.02044 NFA
(R2 = 0.9340, N = 40, SEE = 0.2598)
0.5789 + 0.01458 TFA
(R2 = 0.9336, N = 40, SEE = 0.2606)
In (1- NPP/7.57)
In (1- NPP/7.35)
A linear regression of crop NPP with N-consumption and with
NPK-consumption showed higher standard error
percent) than estimated by non-linear equations (6.29 and 6.31
percent) . The latter also explained higher percent of variation
in crop NPP. The parameter 'a' which is the asymptotic maximum
value of NPP lies in the range 7.35-7.57 t DM/ha/yr.
(6.80 and 6.94
The estimated regression lines are shown in Figure 16 and
they clearly show that to obtain further similar increase in crop
the N and NPK fertilizer application requirement would be
The four technology variables are themselves also
making it difficult to separate the effects of
from another by the regression approach.
NPP,
still higher.
correlated. Thus,
one
CROP NPP AND FACTORSSPATIAL/REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN
CONTROLLING THESE DIFFERENCES
4.4
Using state-wise crop statistics for the years 1975-76 and
estimated for different states to study
The spatial pattern of NPP is
1985-86, crop NPP was
spatial/regional differences.
expected to be determined by climatic characteristics (rainfall,
crops grown, cultural practicessolar radiation),temperature,
(HYV area proportion, irrigated proportion, cropping intensity c*
The totalsoil characteristics, etc.application) ,fertilizer
area of the crops
in roost of the states/union territories except Kerala,
considered account almost 90 percent of the GSA
Sikkim,
30
1 (97)
Daman, which cover 55-90 percent of, Delhi and Goa, Diu,Tripura
GSA. The major characteristics of agroecosystem in various states
Cl, NFA, TFA, LGP and estimated crop NPP areas indicated by IRF,
given in Table 4.5 and the variation in all these parameters in
terms of range, mean, standard deviation and CV is summarized in
characterizeTable 4.6. An additional parameter used to
agroecosystem differences amongst state is length of growing
The observed range of Cl wasperiod (LGP see section 4.2.2).
100.88 in Nagaland (1975-76) and 100.69 in Gujarat (1985-86) at
lower end to 195.16 in Pondicherry (1975-76) and 171.82 in Punjab
(1985-86) at higher end. The IRF varied from 5.56 (1975-76) and
83.87 (1975-76) in4.0 (1985-86) in Dadra Nagar Haveli to
Pondicherry and 87.92 (1985-86) in Punjab. The range of N-
application per NSA was 0.62 kg/ha (1975-76) in Nagaland and 0.//
kg/ha (1985-86) in Mizoram to 74.19 kg/ha (1975-76) and 285.71
kg/ha (1985-86) in Pondicherry for the years 1975-76 and 1985-86,
respectively. The state-wise estimated crop NPP varied in 1975-76
from 2.66 t/ha (M.P.) to 14.44 t/ha (Pondicherry) and in 1985-86
from 2.45 t/ha (Rajasthan) to 20.44 t/ha (Pondicherry).
wise values of crop NPP for 1985-86 are shown in Figure 17.
State-
The
found in Pondicherry where major part of the
covered with perennial crops. During regression
highest NPP was
cropped area was
analysis, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh and Lakshadweep for
were not taken into account1985-86 and also Sikkim for 1975-76,
due to lack of complete information.
table indicates that highest CV among states is
fertilizer application variables (NFA, TFA) and
by cropping intensity.
The summary
exhibited by
fittedThe scatter plot andleast
81
1 (98)
Table 4.5 State-wise estimated crop NPP, LGP and cultural factors (Irrigation fraction,
ping intensity and N - fertilizer application) for the years 1975-76 and 1985-86
crop-
SNo State/U.T. Crop NPP( t/ha )
LGP NFA(kg/ha )
LGP ClIRF(%> <%)
1976 1986 1976 1986 1976 19861976 1986 1976 19861 2 11 123 1094 5 6 7 8
1 Andhra Pradesh 0.4069 0.4166 30,76 33,93 115,99.116,04 28-71 54.56 4.25 4.84
2 Assam 3.44 4.19 5.560.4871 0.6077 22.00 21.14 122.19 140.21 1.38
3 Bihar 0.4845 0.5007 32.59 36.47 133.26 136.60 13.38 45.64 4.17 4.95
4 Gujarat 0.3655 0.3547 14.64 23.61 105.59 100.69 11.15 29.79 3.40 2.92
5 Haryana 0.5048 0.5234 48.40 61.89 150.41 155.02 23.81 82.04 7.40 9.49
6 Himachal Pradesh 0.5572 0.5650 16.13 16.47 165.59 167.07 11.11 30.53 6.54 6.35
7 Jammu & Kashmir 0.4628 0.4871 43.52 42.35 133.00 140.71 12.68 34.02 4.92 6.30
8 Karnataka 0,3912 0.4063 13.18 16.47 107.71 109.58 13.24 29.07 3.70 4.49
9 Kerala 0.9379 0.9607 10.42 13.51 136.18 130.81 14.80 27.29 7.52 6.61
10 Madhya Pradesh 0.3952 0.3978
0.3759 0.3979
9.64 15.39 114.11 118.56 3,98 13.04 2.66 2.96
11' Maharashtra 9.87 10.34 107.68 112.93 9.45 22.58 3.42 3.62
( Contd. )
82
1 (99)
21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
12 Manipur 0.6005 0.5235 46.43 53.57 150.00 131.43 7.14 27.86 7.74 7.02
13 Meghalaya
Nagaland
Orissa
0.4495 0.4549 24.71 25.91 116.67 109.84 6.90 8.29 3.58 4,67
14 0.3756 0.4099 32.74 27.72 100.88 107.07 0.62 0.98 3.48 3.1615 0.4696 0.5364 16.54 26.46 126.01 146.43 5.87 13.77 3.90 5.37
16 Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
0.5246 0.6094 75.06 87.92 150.43 171.81 58.75 187.56 9.59 14.2317 0.3514 0.3616 16.86 19,97 113.51 116.53 4.22 10.33 2.70 2.4418 0.0000 0.6435 00.00 16.84 000.00 141.05 0.00 6.53 0.00 4,84
19 Tamil Nadu 0.4475 0.4682 42.83 43.88 120.80 119.65
158.75 165.23
34.66 66.48 7.24 8.9320 Tripura 0.6249 0.6826 12.50 11.33 0.83 13.67 5.66 6.4421 Uttar Pradesh 0.4738 0.5181 46.12 57.28 147.48 147.78 22.64 85.97 7.78 10.2622 West Bengal 0-4822
0.8153
Arunachal PradeshO.4208
0.5682 24.07 35.78
0.00 00.00
20.00 18.64
128.67 149.54
103.13 104.88
113.04 126.27
13.90 48.10 4.94
00.00
6.9823 ANI 0.8287
1.46 3.53 2.6324 0.4633
00.00 0.85 3.15 5.9325 DNH 0.3828 0.3748 5.56 4.00
62.65 83.93
105.56 104.00
144.58 144.64
00.00 9.60
43.37 120.53
3.04 4.7026 Delhi 0.4726 0.47965.90 8.85
( Contd.)
83
1 (100)
21 3 4 5 6 7 98 10 11 12
27 Goa, Diu & Daman 0.5617 0.5937 6.02 8.78 104.51 106.76 20.30 22.30 5.49 6.43
28 Mizoram 0.4250 0.4423 12.31 12.31 104.62 109.23 00.00
83.87 85.71 195.16 164.29 74.19 285.71 14.44 20.44
0.00 00.00 100.00 100.00 00.00
0.77 3.81 2.7029 Pondicherry
30 Lakshadweep
0.6557 0.6900
1.0000 0.0000 0.00 5.44 6.62
NSA = Net Sown Area, GA - Geographical area, NIA = Net Irrigated Area, GSA
= Net Primary Productivity, LGP
= Dadra Nagar Haveli.
- Gross Sown Area,NF = Nitrogen Fertilizer Application,
Period, ANI
NPP
= Andaman Nicobar Island, DNH
- Length of Growing
84
1 (101)
a
STATE-WISE CROP NPP (t/ha) IN INDIA, 1985-86
. A,\
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i p
Iv *m Pp4 *p
4 *_,i -ft
ft ft # P
ft-afIp
4 *44Ift
P *4P
1ri
p
ft"ft"4
1H.
+ ** 4.84Jft
p * r
* 4ft
AP» «ÿ. ./ _ÿ p
ija
p
4
4.49 rKA yGO a
i * *a
K
"ft ** fta
p ft »
*'pL#
ft aBi
»*ft
20,44 »' * *t a - , *J‘ * '
I
PO8
8.93fi a
ft
t* r
T
6.8V-. TN4 ft
*ft
KE p
r
“ #44
*.a4
PÿI
17i
Figure
85 I
t
/ft
*
1 (102)
andstandard deviationmeantable for range,
different states of India4.6 SummaryTable
CV for
CV(%)Std. Dev.MeanRangeParameter Period
47.7582.5585.3614.442.661975-76NPP57.2663.7126.4820.442.451985-86
17.56422.589100.88 - 195.16 128.611975-76Cl
15.98421.063100.69 - 171.81 131.781985-86
71.43420.62183.87 28.875.561975-76IRF
72.31023.54087.92 32.564.001985-86
110.96617.96374.19 16.190.621975-76NFA
134.35361.4800.77 - 285.71 45.761985-86
116.768125.80 23.33 27.2430.971975-76TFA
144.967528.57 71.49 103.6401.361985-86
CV = Coefficient of Variation
regression line is shown in Figure 18 for relationship between
crop NPP and IRF and Figure 19 for relationship between crop NPP
and Cl. Between 1975-76 and 1985-86, the inter-state differences
in all the parameters including crop NPP increased except for
The proportional increase for fertilizercropping intensity.
application variations (NFA,TFA) was the highest as mean value
increased nearly three-fold (Figure 20 and 21). Increase in Cl by
1 percent increased crop NPP by 95 kg/ha in 1975-7 6 and 117 kg/ha
in 1985-86 (Table 4.8). A similar increase in IRF increased crop
NPP by 95 kg/ha in 1975-76 and 126 kg/ha in 1985-86. Application
of 1 kg/ha of N, P and K fertilizer increased 7.9 kg/ha NPP in
1975-76 which decreased to 3.3 kg/ha in 1985-86. Whereas, appli¬
cation of only N - fertilizer increased 11.5 kg/ha of NPP in
86
1 (103)
STATE-WISE RELATiIRRIGATED FRACTION .-v-i,'
Mk .
}QP Xjp *3j 1J “
NPP (t/ha)
20- —” 1986-86
H- 1975-76
- POOLED.16-
H~ a
12 -
a
4=--ta
8 - + .s---Vit
* ++ +~hm
. +t4 -
0-
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90IRRIGATED FRACTION (%)
Figure IS
87
1 (104)
STATE-WISE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CROPPINGINTENSITY AND CROP NPP
NPP (t/ha)
20 ~1985-86
1975-76
16 J POOLED
12 -
+____*ÿ"
8 --h+
+.+ +4- +JF + +-h4-If . *+-
0 T i I I I
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
CROPPING INTENSITY (%)170 180 190 200
Figure 1888
1 (105)
STATE-WISE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENN-CONSUMPTION AND CROP NPP
NPP (t/ha)
A*
20 •
16*
4~ r**r*
12
r
,'4-«*ÿ
8 -4*
4-1985-86*ft
+4 w -4- 1975ÿ79
POOLED
0 T—r "T-T T l T T T T
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
N-CONSUMPTION (kg/ha)Figure 20
STATE-WISE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
NPK-CONSUMPTION AND CROP NPP
NPP (t/ha)
Pjf
J
20 -f*
j1
£
A
16 - f
-K' m
*
12 -
*
4' •v m
8 - + *. 4-'4’ -ÿ*>
1985-86
-+- 1975-76
F
I-k 4- ’44.
ft-
POOLED
T-1- r_!T0 "T
350 400 450 500 550200 250 300
NPK-CONSUMPTION (kg/ha)0 50 100 150
21Figure
89
1 (106)
1975-76 and 5.6 kg/ha in 1985-86. Crop NPP and LGP showed
poor correlation (Figure 22 and 23).
Simple correlation coefficient between the four cultural
factors, LGP and crop NPP and among the cultural factors are
given in Table 4.7. Most of the correlations were significant at
1 per cent level except when otherwise indicated. These factors
are themselves also correlated since under irrigated conditions,
Cl increases and the technological inputs including N-fertilizer
application are higher on irrigated lands than unirrigated
(Dhawan, 1988). Crop NPP had highest correlation with fertilizer
applications and was followed by Cl (1975-76) and IRE (1985-86).
Multiple regression parameters and coefficients for predicting
crop NPP using all three variables as independent and subsets of
two variables as independent were estimated (Table 4.9). The
partial F of irrigated fraction was not significant in presence
of NF. This could be due to high positive correlation between
these variables. The best regression for forecasting NPP for
cultural factors for 1975-76 was :
NPP (t/ha) = -4.113 + 0.071NF + 0.064CI
(0.014) (0.0114)
(R2 = 0.857, N = 24, SEE = 1.051)
and for 1985-86 was :
NPP (t/ha) = -0.927 + 0.049NF + 0.393CI
(0.005) (0.0132)
(R2 = 0.901, N = 28, SEE = 1.235)
90
1 (107)
STATE-WISE LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD(LGP) AND CROP NPP, INDIA, 1975-76
N (t/ha)
20 -
16 -
*
12 -
8 - »9
9
am
.:i
9
4 H a9n3 *
0 -| IIi
0.70.60.5 0.80.3 0.4 0.9 1
LGPFigure 22
1 (108)
STATE-WISE LENGTH OF GROWING PERIOD
(LGP) AND CROP NPP, INDIA, 1985-86
NPP (t/ha)i
3
m
< I
12 ~
3
3
3
8 ~
9939
9
39 3
4 - .«
0 1 I
0.5 0.6 0.70.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 1
LGPFigure 23
92
1 (109)
Table 4.7 Coefficients of correlation among NPP, CIf IRF, NFA,
TFA and LGP
(All correlations
otherwise)
Parameter
are significant at 1% except when indicatec
Period Cl IRF NFA TFA LGP
NPP 1975-76 0.842 0.765 0.801 0.832 0.400**
1985-86 0.664 0.798 0.931 0.925 0.336**
Cl 1975-76 0.663 0.555 0.550 0.203ns
1985-86 0.558 0.545 0.487 0.407**
IRF 1975-76 0.815 0.734 0.168ns
1985-86 0.848 0.759 0.135ns
NFA 1975-76 0.975 0. 224ns
1985-86 0.982 0.192ns
TFA 1975-76 0.310ns
1985-86 0.233ns
Significance level : ** -5%, ns = not significant
Table 4.8 Parameters of linear regression between culture
factors and state-wise crop NPP
R2 Intercept SlopeParameter Period SEE SEE/Y ( % )
Cl 1975-76 0.709 6.906 0.095 1.434 26.754
1985-86 0.440 -8.930 0.117 2.881 44.460
IRF 1975-76 0.585 2.618 0.095 1.713 31.959
1985-86 0.636 2.388 0.126 2.324 35.864
NFA 1975-76 0.642 3.506 0.115 1.627 30.354
3.9111985-86 0.866 0.056 1.409 21.744
TFA 1975-76 0.691 3.546 0.079 1.510 28.172
1985-86 0.855 4.115 0.033 1.467 22.639
(For abbreviations see Table 4.5)
93
1 (110)
Table 4.9 Parameters of linear and multiple regression between NPP and LGP, Cl, IRF, NFA, TFA
R2SNo. Data set Independentvariate ( s )
( s .e. ) b2 ( s.e. ) b3 ( s.e )SEE a
1975-76 LGP1985-86 LGP
1 0.1600.113
2.3703.630
2.0701.550
6.280(2.770)
9.120(4.920)**
AAA
2 1975-76 Cl1985-86 ClPooled Cl
0.7090.4400.519
1.4342.8812.294
6.906-8.930-7.992
0.095(0.012)
0,117(0.026)
0.107(0.014)
3 1975-76 IRF1985-86 IRFPooled IRF
0.5850.6360.609
1.7132.3242.069
2.6182.3882.426
0.095(0.016 )
0.126(0.019)0.114(0.013 )
4 1975-761985-86Pooled
NFANFANFA
0.6420.8660,744
1.6271. 4091.690
3.5063.9114.162
0.115(0,018)0.056(0.004 )
0.058(0,005)
5 1975-761985-86Pooled
TFATFATFA
0.6910,855
0.735
1.5101.4671.721
3.5464.1154.335
0.079(0.011)0.033(0.003)0.034(0.003)
0.071(0.014)0,049(0.005)0.046( 0.004 )
6 1975-761985-86Pooled
Cl, NFACl, NFACl, NFA
0,857
0.9010 .868
1.0511.2351.227
-4.113-0.927-3.266
0.064 ( 0 .0114 )
0.039(0.0132)****0 .0596 { 0.009 )
7 1975-761935-86Pooled
Cl, IRF, NFA 0.857Cl, IRF, NFA 0.902Cl, IRF, NFA 0.871
1.0771.2571- 226
-4.130-0.940-3.018
0.065(0.013)0.04(0.014 ) ** * *0.055(0.009)
-0 * n?}n( ni 8l95)ns £*072(0.021)0.01( 0.019 ) ns 0.051(0.007)0.0129(0.0125)* 0.042(0.005)
A A * A *
Significance level ; A A A A * = 0.005, * * * * 0.010, * * * = 0.05, A A = 0.10, * = 0.40
94
1 (111)
AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND ITS PARTITIONING4.5
annual total cropthe above conversion factors,Using
biomass produced These results(Figure 11) .
from atmosphere to crops
1950-51 to 406.95 TgC in 1989-90.
was estimated
hasindicate that flux of carbon
increased from 142.55 TgC in
This biomass was partitioned into three compartments,
economic biomass , aboveground and belowground residues at harvest
biomass )
also gives crop group-wise
Cereals contribute maximum to the total biomass i.e.,
viz.,
is(root economic part is included in economic
summarized in Table 4.10, which
summary.
about 50 percent of the total biomass, then sugar crops about: 20
followed by pulses and oilseeds, while the
In 1950-51,
22 percent and
rest of crop groups make only minor contributions.
the 142.55 TgC of crop biomass pool was partitioned in three
are
compartments of economic biomass, aboveground and belowground
28.27, 63.02 and 8.71 percent, respectively. Anresidues as
improved partitioning to economic biomass changed these values to
59.93 and 8.45 percent, respectively in 1989-90. The large31.62,
fraction in economic biomass is due to HYV cultivars.
4.6 CONSUMER BIOMASS CARBON POOL
carbon pool and consumer carbon flux to humans in
estimated by Dadhwal et al. (1993) for the period 1951-
The updated values are given here.
Consumer
India was
1986.
Human Biomass and Carbon
livestock (including poultry) are the main
agroecosystem. India with only 2.20 percent of
Human and
consumers m
95
1 (112)
Estimated total crop biomass and its partitioning (1950-51 & 1989-90)Table 4.10
(Tg)
BEGROUND RESIDUES CARBONECONOMIC YLD ABGROUND RESIDUESTOTAL BIOMASS
CROP GROUP1951 199019901951199019511951 19901951 1990
72.0112.61
7.502.44
26.900.88
202.5719.5026.959.00
104.974.470.271.86
37.705.126.674.53
11.631.480 .090.42
13.473.351.861.232.980.29
274.2027.0937.5210.46
160.412.330.121.88
109.4217.239.952.76
41.110.51
160.03 450.1528.0216.66
CerealsPulsesOilseedsFibresSugar cropsRoot & TuberVegetablesFruitsCondiments
& SpicesDrugs,Dyes
& NarcoticsPlantation
CropsFodder
37.14 138.257.444.851.42
15.691.15
11.1215.71
5.0161.226.120.401.84
43.3359.9020.005.41
59.78 233.261.95 9.93
0.614.14 3.720.845.498.27 1.94
1.710.480.320.090.50 2.011.07 3.81 0.48 1.47
0.25 0.530.530.250.140.55 1.18 0.51 0.070.24
6.0916.00
1.933.56
,1.996.97
0.381.54
1.7613.17
4.9030.23
2,290.79
6.711.78
4.4315.50
13.5335.56#
Total 190.11 524.64301.65 875.39 73.98 135.74 393.9285.27 276.78 26.26
Corr .Total * 316.78 904.33 89.55 285.93 199.65 541.98 27.58 76.42 142.55 406.91
ABGROUND : ABOVE GROUND, BEGROUND : BELOW GROUND, 1951 : 1950-51, 1990 : 1989-90
* Corrected for sown area of crops for which conversion factors were not available
# Pertains to 1988-89
96
1 (113)
global terrestrial area of 149.3 x 10ÿ
percent of global human (1989) and 4.83 percent of global
livestock (average for 1984-86) population( WRI, 1990). Thus,
relatively more significant role will be played by consumers in
the carbon cycle in India.
sq. km. supports 15.75
Human population of India was 361 million in 1951, increased
to 843.9 million in 1991 (Figure 5). This increase has been
accompanied by change in age distribution (Figure 6), with larger
fraction of the population in the younger age groups. The infor¬
mation of age-weight relationship shows human bioma
with the increase in age upto 20-24 years and then gradually
decreases, as population is highest in this age group. The infor¬
mation of age-wise population,
increasesss
age dependent live weight and
moisture fraction was used to estimate the human dry biomass
4*
between 1951 and 1991 at ten year's intervals and results
shown in Table 4.11.
are
Table 4.11 Estimated human biomass and carbon
YEAR AGE DISTRIBUTION(Million)
BIOMASS(Tg)
CARBON(Tg)
>45 TOTAL15-45<15 TOTAL TOTAL
59.8 361.1135.3 166.21951 5.428 2.443
65.5 439.2180.5 193.21961 6.346 2.856
230.9 234.6 82.6 548.21971 r7.875 3.544
263.1 287.6 114.6 685.21981 9.902 4.456
N A 843.9N A1991 N A 12.196* 5.488*
N A : Not availableIi
* Assuming same per capita average biomass as in 1981.i '
97
1 (114)
biomass carbon pool increased from 2.443 TgC in 1951
Assuming the age distribution of 1981 for
population of 843.9 millions for which detailed tables are
not available as yet, estimated size of pool for 1991 is 5.488
TgC. The increase in pool represents a net annual sink of 41.3
GgCa-1 during 1951 to 1961, which increased to 91.2 GgCa 1 during
1971-1981, while it was 67.1 GgCa-1 for 1951-1981 period. A
decrease in per capita C pool from 6.765 kgC in 1951 to 6.465 kgC
in 1971 occurred mainly due to increase in proportion of
population under 15 years from 37.5 percent in 1951 to 42.1
percent in 1971. In 1981, due to decrease in proportion of under
15 years population to 38.4 percent, the per capita pool
increased to 6.503 kgC.
Human
to 4.456 TgC in 1981.
1991
Livestock and Poultry Biomass and Carbon
Livestock and poultry population has increased from 292.8
millions and 73.5 millions in 1951 to 451.3 millions and 350
millions in 1990, respectively (Figure 8). This increase is not
distributed equally among the various livestock. Mean live weight
of livestock adopted in this study and many previous studies is
given in Appendix 3 . Livestock biomass for various categories
estimated for 1982 only. Assuming the proportionate values of
1982, biomass was estimated for other years for which break-up
for various categories was not available. During the period 1951-
1990 the livestock biomass C pool increased by 50 percent from
4.715 TgC to 7.047 TgC (Table 4.12).
was
In comparison, the poultry
biomass C pool which was very small at 13 GgC in 1951, increased
by 385 percent to 63 GgC in 1990. The livestock C pool is bigger
93
1 (115)
between the two has narrowed in thethan human, although the gap
study period.
livestock biomass and carbonTable 4.12 Estimated
POPULATION DRY BIOMASS CARBONYEAR
(Tg)(Million) (Tg)
4.715Livestock 1951 10.477292.8
5.79612.8801972 353.3
6.85215.226419.61982
7.04715.6611990 451.3
Poultry 0.0130.0281951 73.5
0.0250.0551972 138.5
0.0370.0831982 207.7
0.0630.1401990 350.0
4.7 CARBON FLUX DUE TO USE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS
The animal products are used in various forms such as meat,
milk for food, wool and leather for short-term storage pools;m
dung for fuel/non commercial energy source. Here the flow of C
from livestock to humans in the form of food and clothing/storage
products was estimated.
C - flux from livestock to short term storage pool in the
form of wool increased from 5.95 GgC in 1950-51 to 9.14 GgC in
1989-90 (Table 4.13). Other fluxes of C from livestock are those
associated with human consumption. The carbon flux to humans from
consumer biomass in the form of meat, milk and eggs was estimated
for the period 1951-1990 (Table 4.13). The C flux of human
99
1 (116)
consumption products from livestock and poultry increased from
1.203 TgC in 1951 to 3.736 TgC in 1990.
increase in edible C flux in
livestock c pool. Thus,
This represents 3.11 fold
comparison to 1.5 fold increase in
humans now appropriate a larger
proportion of c flux through livestock in comparison to 1951.
Table 4.13 Estimated biomass and carbon in animal products
PRODUCT YEAR UNIT PRODUCTION BIOMASS CARBON
Milk 1951 (Tg) 17.00 2.55 1.15
1990 (Tg) 51.45 7.72 3.47
Wool 1951 (Gg) 14.00 11.90 5.95
( Clean) 1990 (Gg) 21.50 18.27 9.14
Meat 1951 (Gg) 514.00 96.22 43.30
1989 (Gg) 1584.00 296.52 133.44
Eggs* 1951 (Tg) 0.101 0.026 0.012
1990 (Tg) 1.111 0.289 0.130
* 1 Egg = 0.055 kg
4.8 FISH BIOMASS AND CARBON
Total fish catch in India has increased from 9.28 Mt in the
decade 1951-60 to 28.608 Mt during 1981-90. The inland fish catch
is growing faster than average catch rate and contributed 40.5
percent during 1981-90 to the total fish catch in comparison to
28.4 percent in the period 1951-60 (Table 4.14).
and fish products are exported also. Of the total fish-catch a
part is used to feed the livestock in the form of fishmeal.
Carbon flux from inland aquatic NPP and marine NPP to humans show
The marine fish
from 71 GgC in 1950-51 to 326 GgC in4.6 fold increase i.e.,
100
1 (117)
\0 { >11
while C flux to livestock show 9.05 fold increase.1989-90,
Table 4.14 Estimated decadal totals of marine and inland fish
and carbon between 1951 and 1990
1981-901951-60 1971-80DECADEMmf* ** **
Fish catch (106t)
Marine
1961-70
17.02313.6566.644 8.323
Inland
Total
Fish drv biomass (106t)
Marine
11.5852.635 7.9514.963
28.60821.6079.279 13 .286
3.4052.7311.329 1,665
Inland 2.3171,5900.527 0,993
Total 5.7224.3211.856 2.658
6Carbon 10 t
Marine 1.365 1.7030.8320.665
0.795 1.1580.4960.263Inland
1.328 2.160 2.8610.928Total
4.9 EXPORT/IMPORT
Indian agroecosystem is studied alongwith humanWhen
it is important to consider the agricultural products
not consumed in India and also import of agricultural
produced in other ecosystems outside India,
consumers
which are
products which
but consumed in India.
are
export/import of foodgrains and majorA study of
agricultural products at five year intervals during the period
1961 and 1990, converted to dry biomass and carbon values is
India is a major exporter of tea, coffee,given in Table 4.15.
101
1 (118)
Table 4.15 Quantity of export /import of agricultural products (dry biomass) from India(Gg)
1981 19861971 19761961 1966 1990
FOODGRAINSExport 452.036.37 742.77 413.3030.83 44.8741.30
(203.42) (185.98)(2.87) (13.87) (18.58) (20.19) (334.25)
3484,71 7212.15 3054.12 6781.56Import 20.46 707.92280.86
(9.21)(1568.12) (3245.47) (1374.35) (3051.70) (318.56)(126.39)
FIBRESExport 759.81 1136.46 724.47540.33 258.54 309.69691.92
(341.91) (511.41) (243.15) (311.36) (326.01) (116.34) (139.36)
Import 314.34 148.80 130.20 53.01 13.02 28.55 26.23
(141.45) (66.96) (58.89) (23.85) (5.86) (12.85) (11.80)
OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTSExport 801.38 1447.17 1409.04 1370.26 1375.10 1243.41 3220.12
(360.62) (651.23) (634.07) (616,62)
231.57
(618.79) (559.53) (1449.06)
Import 245.52 250.17 138.57 872.34 2.05 324.76(104.21) (110.48) (112.57) (62.36) (392.55) (0.92) (146.14)
( Contd. )
102
1 (119)
19861976 19811961 1966 1971 1990
ANIMAL PRODUCTSExport 11.83 21.3940.68 38.7638.92 41.78
< 9.62 ><18.86) (18.03) (17.57) <5.32)(19.12)
51.14 19.9037.39 95.18Import 54.6378.15 154.39
<9.95)(24.53)(25.33) (43.87)(17.14) (35.19) (70.59)
FISH (Fresh & simply preserved)5.70 37.474.204.20Export 3.90 15.609.00
(2.10) (18.73)(2.85) (7.80) (2.10)(1.95) (4.50)
Import
TOTAL
1979.57 3980.581613.94 2657.28 2041.45 2161.41 2858.37Export
(919.42) (973.54) (1286.47) (891.01) (1793.13)(727.12) (1196.49)
4068.01 7684.62 7027.77 1261.39 102.21 1078.813588.89Import
(1830.91) (3458.10) (1616.11) (3163.24) (568.66) (46.50) (486.45)
1596.98 1877.36 2901.77NET EXPORT
(717.81) (844.51) (1306.68)
2454.07 5027.34 1547.44 4866.36NET IMPORT
(1103.79) (2261.61) (696.69) (2189.70)
Agric:Agricultural, Figures in parentheses indicate carbon content.
103
1 (120)
fresh and preserved fish etc.spices, oilseeds,cotton, jute,
Amongst the important agricultural commodities imported in India
milk and milk preparations, wool, etc. Itare foodgrains, oil,
shows that for the period 1961 (1.103 TgC) to 1976 (2.19 TgC)
tothere was net biomass as well as carbon import especially due
The export/import data shows large year to
A trend in decreasing foodgrain
foodgrain imports.
year variability (Figure 10).
import, fibre export/import can be seen. Thus, during the period
1981 (0.7 TgC) to 1990 (1.31 TgC), India was a net exporter of
carbon from the agroecosystem to other nations.
would be a net importer of carbon as there are large imports for
energy uses in the form of petroleum (crude and products) and for
However, India
forest products, news prints, etc.
4.10 USES OF AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS/CARBON
The partitioning of crop biomass to major compartments for
Thisfor 1951 and 1990 is summarized in Table 4.10.crop groups
crop biomass serves the following purposes (i) food for humans,
(ii) feed/fodder for livestock, (iii) incorporated into
medium storage pools related to (human activity as cloths, other
thatching material for shelter, rubber products, etc.,
short to
fibres,
(iv) burnt as fuel, ( v) burnt as crop residues in the field, (vi)
(vii) stored as food product orsoil additives,incorporated
traded (exports), (viii) as belowground residues decompose in
as
situ.
biomass produced from agricultural crops amounted to
1951 and 406.95 TgC in 1990. Out of which 40.3 TgC
128.67 TgC (1990) of economic pool was available
Total
142.55 TgC in
(1951) and
104
1 (121)
Only a small portion (1-2
consumed by livestock,
mainly for consumption by human.
percent) of grain production in India is
in contrast to world average of 38 percent {WRJ, 1992).which is,
Whereas, 8.25 TgC (1951) and 20.99 TgC (1990) was available for
fodder crops, foodgrains,
which decreased by
livestock consumption mainly from
vegetable wastes, bagasse, etc.,
20.5 percent in 1951 to 16.3 percent in 1990.
consumption increased from 57.5 percent to 59.2 percent during
the same period.
oilcake,
Whereas, human
About 4 percent of economic pool was used as
0.654 TgC (1951) and 2.05 TgC (1990) of economic
etc. ) and 6.63
seed. Whereas,
coir, rubber,pool go into storage pool (fibres,
TgC (1951) and 24.68 TgC (1990) had other uses,
detailed estimation of total carbon flux to humans for
losses, wastes,
etc. The
food is described later.
1951 and 34.39While root biomass, estimated as 12.4 TgC in
the field after harvest (except
matter content of the
TgC in 1990, which was left in
root and tuber crops) adds to the organic
carbon in thereleasesafter decomposition
unestimated amount would have been contributed to
whichsoil,
atmosphere. An
soil organic pool by root death in this period.
after harvesting the crop wasleftEstimated crop residues,
and 243.89 TgC (1990). Assuming 10 percent crop89.8 TgC (1951)
biomass from
the fertility of soil.
biomass estimated
150.94 TgC (1990)
thatching 2.73 TgC
(1951) and 36.14 TgC (1990)
cereals and pulses was left on farm, which added to
theSinha & Hegde (1987) ratios,Using
available for fodder was 58.06 TgC (1951) and
fuel 10.87 TgC (1951) and 38.68 TgC (1990),
(1951) and 6.87 TgC (1990), manure 12.51 TgC
other uses 5.67 TgC (1951) and 11. 26
105
1 (122)
from aboveground residues 60-65 percent
available for livestock consumption as fodder.
Although, these values were underestimated as fodder was also
available to livestock from other ecosystems.
TgC (1990). Hence,
biomass was
4,11 ESTIMATED TOTAL HUMAN CONSUMPTION FROM CROP BIOMASS,
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS AND FISH
The human food intake from crop dry biomass amounted to
25.05 TgC in 1951 and 76.05 TgC in 1990, while 1.21 TgC (1951)
and 3.73 TgC (1990) from livestock products and 0.07 TgC (1951)
and 0.326 TgC (1990) from fish (Table 4.16) also were consumed by
humans. Thus, the total flux to humans increased from 26.33 TgC
in 1951 to 80.11 TgC in 1990. The relative contribution of
various products from livestock and poultry to human food is
consistent with the vegetarian status of human population in
India, as milk and milk products constituted 89.6 percent of C
flux in 1951 which was reduced to 85.5 percent in 1990. The flux
of C of animal origin to humans would be higher than values
reported here, due to contribution from hunting. However,
reliable statistics for this source were not available and was
not estimated. This flux must have decreased in recent past due
to reduction in forest cover and conservation legislations.
The population of India has increased from 361.1 million in
1951 to 843.9 million in 1991. The estimated per capita human
consumption was 198 gC/day in 1951 and 260 gC/day in 1990. There
is two fold increase in population even though,
consumption has increased by 31.3 percent,
production and livestock products.
per capita
due to increased crop
106
1 (123)
Table 4.16 Estimated total human consumption from crop biomass, livestock products and fish(Tg)
CROP GROUP ECO.PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS HUMAN FOOD(DRY) REMARKS
199019511951 1990 1951 1990
12.5 % seed, feed, wastes, etc.
1% (1951) & 2% (1990) Livestock5 % seed loss, 40 % oil, 60 %
cake
45.36 136.38+4.8 +0.317Foodgrains 50.82
Ed.oilseedsOil
170.62
4.751.80
15.903.86
•* •* * ** * *•*2.660.72Neg +0.292
Fibres5% seed loss, 30% of cotton seed
used for oil extraction, .Of the total cane production 40%
diverted to jaggery making of
which 9% is j50% to sugaris sugar, 27 % bagasse, 2.7%molasses; & 10% to cane juice ofwhich is 50% juice & 50% bagasse.
3.920.34
222.6389.058.01
111.3212.2422.2611.13
SeedOil
Sugarcane
1.01 « ••* * •0.18
19.80* * ** « »
5,1157.0522.822.05
28.523.145.702.85
JM •*jaggery, 50% bagasse;making of which 11-sJ * * *
SM •* *
S * •4
CJ 4*4
JU •44
Fruits &Vegetables 25% transport and other losses.7.243.54+0.00932.1414.89 * 4 *
Condiments& Spices 10% seed and other losses.1.440.421.84 -0.037 -0.1120.54
Drugs, Dyes& Narcotics
Tobacco 20% for chewing.0.0920.0590.57 -0.046 -0.0710.36
0.0940.0210.21 -0.003 -0.1160.02 •44
Coffee( Contd. )
107
1 (124)
CTg )
PRODUCT ECO. PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS HUMAN FOOD ( DRY ) REMARKS
1951 1990 1951 1990 19901951
3852,00* 9283.00*Drinking 179.10* 464.15*Pith
Coconut 5 % for drinking, 60 % consumedfresh, 40 % for oil.
* * • * * *
* * ** #ÿ
0.8370.5030 .335
2,171.30 +0.0090.87 ...
CopraOil
0.3520.080
0.9110.208
* * ** *
* *
Sub-total I 55.67 169.005
Milk 17.00 51.45 +0.021 2.57 7.72 t t ** •
0.096 0.297 22 % bone.Meat 0.514 1.58 * * *
0.2890.0260.101Egg 1.11 # * ** * *
8.3062.692Sub-total II
0.142 0.652 5 % (1951) & 10 % (1990) asfish meal.-0.0370.75 3.68Fish * * *
0.142 0.652Sub-total III
58.500 177.962Grand Total
Eco.- Economic, JM - Jaggery making , J - Jaggery, SM Sugar making,Million number,*
CJ - Cane juice, JU - Juice, Neg. - Negligible.S - Sugar,
108
1 (125)
TO ATMOSPHERE DUE TO FOSSIL FUEL BURNING AND CEMENT4.12 C FLUX
PRODUCTION
and cementemissions by fossil fuel burning
manufacture were estimated from mid 19th to the present century.
Production of coal has increased by 5.7 times during last 4 0
years and coal accounts almost 60 percent of fossil fuel burning
in India. Natural gas flared also showed tremendous increase of
115.5 times during last 30 years. The estimated C release due to
industrial and other human activities is rising rapidly as it was
23.18, 39.23, 60.48, 93.21 and 172.69 TgC in 1951, 1961, 1971,
1981 and 1990, respectively. Cumulative C release values for
coal, lignite, petroleum, natural gas and cement are given in
Carbon
Table 4.17.
Table 4.17 Cumulative C — release from fossil fuels and cement
Period Cumulative Carbon(Tg)
1860-1990Coal 2623.02
Lignite 1951-1990 40.26
1925-1990Petroleum 659.36
1960-1990 58.13Natural gas
1914-1990 88.47Cement
The growth rates for coal, lignite, petroleum,
39.79, 9.44, 30.25 and 8.76,
natural gas
respectively
8.79, 4.99,
are given in Table
4.18. As compared to global growth rates (Table 4.19), growth
rates for India were higher, still the per capita C release
and cement were 4.59,
during the period 1951-70, which increased to 5.68,
respectively during 1971-90,13.89 and 6.15,
was
109
1 (126)
Table 4.18 Flux of C, growth rates and cumulative C - release in India by fossil fuels
andcement production, 1950-51 to 1989-90
Flux ( TgC )
1950-51 1970-71 1989-90
Annual growth rate(%) Cumulative C ( Tg )
1951-70 1971-90 1951-901951-70 1971-90
Coal 20.03 41.78 115.04 4.59 5.68 616.03 1394.92 2010.95
Lignite
Petroleum
00.01 00.94 3.54 39.79 33.948.79 6.32 40.26
2.84 15.07 39.49 9.44 4 .99 133.67 480.19 613.86
Natural gas* 0.08
Cement
00.72 8.74 30.25 13.89 53.964.16 58.12
0.30 1.97 5.87 8.76 6.15 20.60 65.09 85.69
*1961-1970
Table 4.19 Global estimates of CO2 emission from fossil fuel burning
Annual growth rate<%)Flux (TgC)
1950-51 1970-71 1988-89 1951-70 1971-89
Cumulative C (Tg)
1951-70 1971-89 1951-89
Solid fuels 1137.01 1570.96 2391.92 1.69 2.55 26973.80 36708.24 63682.04
478.98 1945.96 2418.94Liquid fuels
Gas fuels
0.47 19574.50 42980.90 62555.407.29
138.92 641.92 1001.91 8.26 2.05 6302.67 15303.22 21605.90
19.92 84.06 152.02 3.107.29 919.49 2230.89 3150.38Cement
110
1 (127)
lower in India (Figure 24 and 3).
The contribution of India to the global anthropogenic C
release increased during the period 1971-90 (1.91 percent)
compared to the period 1951-70 (1.51 percent) (Table 4.20 and
Figure 25), where solid fuels contributed maximum, followed by
cement, liquid fuels and minimum by gas fuels, but during 1971-90
Contributionperiod its growth rate was higher than other fuels.
of coal to C flux was higher, but it decreased from 86 percent in
consumption of other fuels1950-51 to 67 percent in 1989-90,
have increased with time.
as
Table 4.20 Contribution of India to the global anthorpogenic C-
release
(%)
1971-901951-70
3.5692.307Solid fuels
1.0250.683Liquid fuels
Gas fuels 0.2960.096
2.6552.240Cement
1.9081.507Total
AGRICULTURAL CARBON STORAGE POOL4.13
of agroecosystem products (such as cotton,
coir, wool) which enter into
lifetimes were considered (Table 4.21).
estimating the increase in pool size is given
Except for natural rubber, the pool sizes in
independent of assumption of 1951 pool size (case 1=0
A large number
sannhemp, rubber,jute, mesta,.9
storage pools of various
The procedure for
in Section 3.13'
t1990 were
L
111V
\ >.
f LW
1 (128)
C-RELEASE DUE TO FOSSIL FUEL BURNING ANDCEMENT PRODUCTION IN INDIA, 1860-1990
Mt C200100 = e
4
10 E
3
2
/1 E 1
/
0.1 d1 GAS
2 GAS+LIGNITE
3 GAS+L.IG+CEMENT
4 GAS+LIG+CEM+PETROLEUM
5 GAS+LIG+CEM+PET+COAL
I
0.01 E /
0.001 T f T TT I T T T I T
I8601870188018901900 1910 19201930194019601960 1970 19801990
YEARFigure 24
112
1 (129)
CONTRIBUTION OF INDIA TO GLOBALANTHROPOGENIC C-RELEASE
PERCENT4
i 1951-70
i i 1
. . 1971-90I :i
I-3
i!I
;
.— <: ir-
mi s i[ m: .: :2I !':
ifjpljmrnMM:
.
§5p
M.'-.T:--5- r
P|igjfcs
mm
r>\>K-
|P
1: t
r®! :: /
1 :
Hi•: :r * >>:]
-JtSreS '
IT; ;E. ;
;
*p®WH§m
ipitis I* :
JH;:
:-.-
0ÿ 21:; I !
SOLID FUELS LIQUID FUELS GAS FUELS CEMENT PROD. TOTAL
Figure 25
113
1 (130)
case 2 = steady state value at 1950 production rate) (Figure 26).
the C - sink strength depends on the initial pool sizeHowever,
assumption with higher sink strengths being obtained for case 1.
The analysis of four major crop products which entered the
short/mid term storage pool indicated the total C pool of 6.985
TgC, this compares with 0.175 TgC being annually transferred to
the pool. The total C sink strengths as obtained for case 2,
which gives lower estimates for the two periods 1951-70 and 1971-
90 was 0.136 and 0.120 TgCa-1, The actual value may lie between
0.093 to 0.140 TgC. Of the total C, the contribution of four
products is 31, 54, 7.8 and 7.2 percent for cotton, other fibres,
natural rubber and coir, respectively. Global C storage pool size
in 1990 was 55.67 TgC (Figure 27). Thus, the global flux of C
during the period 1971-1990 was 0.917 TgCa which was under
Indian values, as all the storageestimated as compared to
products were not considered here.
Agricultural storage pool (Plant products)
Pool size (TgC)
Table 4.21
Flux (TgCa -1)Case
1990 1950-1970 1970-199019701950
0.0410.0342.291.480.80MCotton
1.1-1.7 1.8-2.60.6-0.9L,H
0.092 0.0392.68 3.460.85Jute+Mesta M
2.2-3.1 2.8-4.00.6-1.0L,H+Sannhemp
0.003 0.0060.500,380.31MCoir
0.4-0.60.3-0.50.2-0.4L,H
0.0340.0070.890.210.08MNatural
0.6-1.10.1-0.3L,H 0.04-0.1
2.031.6-2. 4
Rubber
0.136 0.1204.753.8-5.5
7.145.6-8.3
MTotalL,H
114
1 (131)
PRODUCTION AND STORAGE OF AGRICULTURALPLANT PRODUCTS IN INDIA, 1951-1990
Mt C9
1
PRODUCTION
LOW STORAGE
MED STORAGE
Q- HIG STORAGE
8 -
7 -r-1
6i v
\
5 - \|
M-+vi v4"
f"
4 -i {.ÿ
II-L"
5:1'- f
3 - _ÿ
--
2 -r5
JZ.
1 ~
£
0 T i TT r-
1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976
YEAR.— indicates Initial value at 1950 o
Figure 26
1981 1986 1991
115
1 (132)
GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL C-STORAGE POOL
1961-1990
Mt C80
PRODUCTION-70 i
f- LOW STORAGE lri
%r- MED STORAGE1
60 - l
Ix i • P
1s- HIG STORAGE ii
xI/Si/750 -1 '1
V'I ' 1X I X
[
1 4
i ii- 1 I I tI I
40 - ii
l/ T IJ r
1 iIM' <X
''Iz.[X
V|\7TS i\ y / a'I 'i a
1 NNja I
30 ta I1 Ix III
| i1r .
20 -
10 - A
A-
l0 -r :TT T T Ti
i r r i LI iI I rli1m
1976
YEAR1981 19861971 199119661961
Figure 27
116
jf-