- Establish free, tax-supported public schools for children of all classes - Instruct children in morality (based on Christian, Protestant ideals) - Establish non-denominational colleges & normal schools (teacher training)
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- built private schools & colleges - standardized textbooks (McGuffey Reader) - free common schools (in most of N. Eng.)
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- Horace Mann - Noah Webster - William McGuffey
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- property rights for married women - fairer treatment - voting rights - (many were also involved in abol. movement)
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- Seneca Falls Convention (1848), "Decl. of Sentiments" - College admissions & women's colleges (like Mount Holyoke) - property rights laws amended - Grimke's "Letter on the Condition of Women & the Equality of the Sexes"
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- Sarah & Angelina Grimke - Lucretia Mott - Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Susan B. Anthony
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- persuade drinkers to pledge total abstinence (teetotalers) - practical, helpful treatment of the disease - reduce social problems caused by alcohol - create a sober, industrious, Christian society
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- temperance became a path to middle class respectability - laid the foundation for prohibition - Maine enacted first prohibition law
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- American Temper- ance Society - "Washingtonians" - Lyman Beecher - Sylvester Graham
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- greater democratic participation, removing property restrictions for voting/officeholders - universal white male suffrage - replacement of congressional caucuses with open primary elections
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- nearly universal white manhood suffrage - party nominating conventions (1840)
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- Andrew Jackson - Martin Van Buren
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- abolition (some immediate, others moderate: compensated emancipation) - limit spread of slavery - help free blacks
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- Underground Railroad helped slaves escape - American Colonization Society helped small number of blacks resettle - The Liberator, The North Star, & other abolitionist papers
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- Garrison, Douglass - Harriet Tubman - Sojourner Truth - Wm. Still - Davids: Ruggles, Walker, Garnet - Elijah Lovejoy
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- Bring reform thru structure & discipline - Mental health care, more humane treatment of criminals & the insane - tax-funded institutions
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& Asylums
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- construction of penitentiaries - Auburn system in NY - reformed prisons in New England - new mental hospitals - professional treatment and state funding for mental health institutions
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- Dorothea Dix
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- institutions founded to help physically disabled (Gallaudet University)
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- Thomas Gallaudet - Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe
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289 Reform Period Charts
Reform Periods • Reconstruction
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Treatment of Freedmen
2
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- Reconstruction Amendments (13-15) - Civil Rights Act (1866, 71, 75) - Reconstruction Acts (1867) - Freedmen's Bureau - Ku Klux Klan Act (1871)
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- Thaddeus Stevens - Ulysses S. Grant - Charles Sumner - Benjamin Wade - Henry Winter Davis - Andrew Johnson
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- reparations or at least opportunity for economic independ., 40 acres and a mule - protection from abuse by violent whites - education, basic civil rights
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Poltical Corruption
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& Gilded Age
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Labor Movement
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Farmers
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- prevent machine politics & urban bossism - prevent patronage in politics - for Southerners during Reconstruction, to reduce the influence of Republican reconstructors (nicknamed "carpetbaggers, scalawags") and restore white Southern local self-rule
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- settlement house movement - Pendleton Act (1883, Civil Service Reform Act) - "Redemption" in the south
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- Jane Addams - Boss Tweed - Frances Perkins (worked in Hull House but later) - Jay Gould (Credit Mobilier Scandal) - James Blaine, "half-breeds," "mug-wumps," "stalwarts" - Roscoe Conkling
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- higher wages - better working conditions - abolition of child labor - limit working hours - limit influence of trusts - radicals: broad social programs and a more interventionist role for govt - radicals: new social contract and re- distribution of wealth
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- 8 hour workday in many states - strikes (1877 RR, Homestead 1892, Pullman 1894) - rise of labor unions (but limited by gov't, strikebreakers, scabs, and court injunctions) - Danbury Hatters case (1902) - not many gains in this era
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- Eugene Debs, IWW - Samuel Gompers, AFL - Mother Jones - Terence Powderly, KOL
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- lower fees for freight, storage, grain ele- vators - lower tariffs - inflationary monetary policies (such as "free silver" policy of bimetallism) - new banking system to extend credit more freely to farmers
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- successfully lobbied state legislatures & Congress to pass Granger Laws (required RRs to publish fares, Interstate Commerce Commission estab'd by the eponymous act) - didn't get US off of the gold standard, but 1898 discovery of gold in AK relieved farmers in debt, led to inflation
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- Southern Farmers' Alliance - National Grange
290 AP United States History
Reform Periods • Populism
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Extension of Democracy
Regulation of the Economy - Business
Regulation of the Economy -
Transportation/ Communication
Social Issues
3
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- “Restoration of the government to the people” - Direct popular election of US senators - Enacting of state laws by voters through referendum and initiatives
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- “Free silver”: unlimited coinage of silver (inflationary policy) to increase money supply - Graduated income tax - Eight-hour workday (for industrial workers) - Loans and federal warehouses for farmers
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- Public ownership of railroads by the US government - Requiring RRs to publish their rates and to stop offering rebates to corporate customers - Telegraph and telephone systems owned and operated by the gov't
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- Thomas Watson
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- Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawed “combinations in restraint of trade” - Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
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- Railroad regulation: Munn v. Illinois (but overturned by Wabash case)
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291 Reform Period Charts
Reform Periods • Progressivism
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Extension of Democracy
Honesty and Efficiency in Government
Regulation of the Economy - Business
Regulation of the Economy -
Transportation/ Communication
Social Issues
Conservation
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- direct election of senators - women's suffrage
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- 17th & 19th Amendments - recall, voter initiative, and referendum laws in many states
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- Susan B. Anthony - Carrie Chapman Catt
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- reduce influence of business on politics - end "spoils" & patronage in politics - end corruption
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- Muckrakers in McLure's and Harper's exposed corruption - Municipal Government Reform
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- reduce influence of monopolies & trusts - ensure safe food & drugs were available to the public
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- Clayton Anti-Trust Act: strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act to break monopolies (instead of labor unions) - Elkins Act, Mann-Elkins Act, Hepburn Act - 1906 Meat Inspection Act - 1907 Pure Food & Drug Act - FTC: policed unfair trade practice - Child Labor Act
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- Robert LaFollette
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- Anthracite Coal Strike: TR mediates union and government - Federal Farm Loan Act: established regional federal farm loan banks - Establishment of NAACP - National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), National Women's Party, League of Women Voters
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- W. E. B. Du Bois - Booker T. Washington - Alice Paul
292 AP United States History
Reform Periods • First New Deal
REFORM AREA RELIEF ACTIONS RECOVERY ACTIONS REFORM ACTIONS
Unemployed
Labor
Farmers
Banking/ Stock Market
Business Enterprises
Children/ Elderly
Government
5
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- Public Work Administration (PWA) work relief programs for roads and public buildings - Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) jobs for young men in forestry, flood control, conservation - Emergency Relief Appropriations Act: work programs
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- National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) reduce unemployment by spreading jobs as thinly as possible, reduce competition, regulate wages and hours - Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): gov't- owned company built schools, dams, power plants, and other businesses
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- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): paid farmers to reduce production and gave aid - Farm Credit Administration: low- interest farm loans and mortgages to indebted farmers
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- Bank Holiday
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- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): insures bank deposits to encourage people to use banks
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- Glass-Steagall Act: requires banks to disclose their behavior - Security and Exchange Act: creates Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) to police stock market
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- Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) gave federal money to the states and cities for aid
293 Reform Period Charts
Reform Periods • Second New Deal
REFORM AREA RELIEF ACTIONS RECOVERY ACTIONS REFORM ACTIONS
Unemployed
Labor
Farm
Banking/ Stock Market
Business Enterprises
Children/ Elderly
Government
6
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- Social Security Act: gov't pension payments to the elderly, unemployed, disabled, blind, and dependent mothers/ children
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- Works Progress Administration: hired manual laborers to build roads, bridges, public buildings (included Federal Arts Project)
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- National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act): creates NLRB, grants legal recognition to unions, allows unions to bargain collectively
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- Fair Labor Standards Act: minimum wage level (25 cents per hour) - work week of 44 hours - child labor banned - rise of CIO
294 AP United States History
Reform Periods • Great Society
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Civil Rights
Poverty
Education
Elderly
Healthcare
7
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- 1964 Civil Rights Act - Voting Right Act of 1965 - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) - 24th Amendment (bans poll taxes)
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- Office of Economic Opportunity - Billion-dollar budget to attack the poverty problem - community action programs - reduction of # of American families living in poverty - Medicaid/Medicare expansion Model Cities-renovation of city slums VISTA, Job Corps
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- Head Start (1964), edu/health for low-income children (longest-running program to address pov in history) - Increased funding for schools - Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 - Higher Education Act of 1965 - Bilingual Education Act of 1968 - National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities
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- Medicare & Medicaid
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- end legal segregation - ensure fair political representation of minorities - end de facto segregation (in workplace, housing, schooling)
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- MLK - Stokely Carmichael - Malcolm X - James L. Farmer - Medgar Evers
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- “Unconditional War on Poverty”: aid the 40 mil Americans below poverty line (The Other America, 1962) - Training to get people out of poverty permanently (not simply handouts but also vocational, educational training)
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- Sargent Shriver - Michael Harrington
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- Education com- missioner Francis Keppel
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- Medicare (1965), federal funding for healthcare costs of elderly
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- Education to aid the war on poverty - Alleviate gap in quality of education between regions
