Reform Charts Reform Periods • Jacksonian REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE Education Womens' Rights Temperance Extension of Democracy Anti-Slavery Movement Prisons Wards of the State Name _____________________
A timeline chart for teachers to use to help students review and understand key eras of social reform in American history. Useful for helping students review for the AP US History exam.
Citation preview
288 AP United States History
Reform Charts
Reform Periods • Jacksonian
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Education
Womens' Rights
Temperance
Extension of Democracy
Anti-Slavery Movement
Prisons
Wards of the State
1
Name _____________________
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Establish free, tax-supported public schools for children of all classes - Instruct children in morality (based on Christian, Protestant ideals) - Establish non-denominational colleges & normal schools (teacher training)
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- built private schools & colleges - standardized textbooks (McGuffey Reader) - free common schools (in most of N. Eng.)
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Horace Mann - Noah Webster - William McGuffey
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- property rights for married women - fairer treatment - voting rights - (many were also involved in abol. movement)
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Seneca Falls Convention (1848), "Decl. of Sentiments" - College admissions & women's colleges (like Mount Holyoke) - property rights laws amended - Grimke's "Letter on the Condition of Women & the Equality of the Sexes"
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Sarah & Angelina Grimke - Lucretia Mott - Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Susan B. Anthony
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- persuade drinkers to pledge total abstinence (teetotalers) - practical, helpful treatment of the disease - reduce social problems caused by alcohol - create a sober, industrious, Christian society
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- temperance became a path to middle class respectability - laid the foundation for prohibition - Maine enacted first prohibition law
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- American Temper- ance Society - "Washingtonians" - Lyman Beecher - Sylvester Graham
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- greater democratic participation, removing property restrictions for voting/officeholders - universal white male suffrage - replacement of congressional caucuses with open primary elections
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- nearly universal white manhood suffrage - party nominating conventions (1840)
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Andrew Jackson - Martin Van Buren
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- abolition (some immediate, others moderate: compensated emancipation) - limit spread of slavery - help free blacks
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Underground Railroad helped slaves escape - American Colonization Society helped small number of blacks resettle - The Liberator, The North Star, & other abolitionist papers
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Garrison, Douglass - Harriet Tubman - Sojourner Truth - Wm. Still - Davids: Ruggles, Walker, Garnet - Elijah Lovejoy
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Bring reform thru structure & discipline - Mental health care, more humane treatment of criminals & the insane - tax-funded institutions
Reznick
Typewritten Text
& Asylums
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- construction of penitentiaries - Auburn system in NY - reformed prisons in New England - new mental hospitals - professional treatment and state funding for mental health institutions
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Dorothea Dix
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- institutions founded to help physically disabled (Gallaudet University)
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Thomas Gallaudet - Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe
Reznick
Typewritten Text
289 Reform Period Charts
Reform Periods • Reconstruction
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Treatment of Freedmen
2
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Reconstruction Amendments (13-15) - Civil Rights Act (1866, 71, 75) - Reconstruction Acts (1867) - Freedmen's Bureau - Ku Klux Klan Act (1871)
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Thaddeus Stevens - Ulysses S. Grant - Charles Sumner - Benjamin Wade - Henry Winter Davis - Andrew Johnson
Reznick
Line
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- reparations or at least opportunity for economic independ., 40 acres and a mule - protection from abuse by violent whites - education, basic civil rights
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Poltical Corruption
Reznick
Typewritten Text
& Gilded Age
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Labor Movement
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Farmers
Reznick
Line
Reznick
Line
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- prevent machine politics & urban bossism - prevent patronage in politics - for Southerners during Reconstruction, to reduce the influence of Republican reconstructors (nicknamed "carpetbaggers, scalawags") and restore white Southern local self-rule
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- settlement house movement - Pendleton Act (1883, Civil Service Reform Act) - "Redemption" in the south
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Jane Addams - Boss Tweed - Frances Perkins (worked in Hull House but later) - Jay Gould (Credit Mobilier Scandal) - James Blaine, "half-breeds," "mug-wumps," "stalwarts" - Roscoe Conkling
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- higher wages - better working conditions - abolition of child labor - limit working hours - limit influence of trusts - radicals: broad social programs and a more interventionist role for govt - radicals: new social contract and re- distribution of wealth
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- 8 hour workday in many states - strikes (1877 RR, Homestead 1892, Pullman 1894) - rise of labor unions (but limited by gov't, strikebreakers, scabs, and court injunctions) - Danbury Hatters case (1902) - not many gains in this era
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Eugene Debs, IWW - Samuel Gompers, AFL - Mother Jones - Terence Powderly, KOL
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- lower fees for freight, storage, grain ele- vators - lower tariffs - inflationary monetary policies (such as "free silver" policy of bimetallism) - new banking system to extend credit more freely to farmers
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- successfully lobbied state legislatures & Congress to pass Granger Laws (required RRs to publish fares, Interstate Commerce Commission estab'd by the eponymous act) - didn't get US off of the gold standard, but 1898 discovery of gold in AK relieved farmers in debt, led to inflation
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Southern Farmers' Alliance - National Grange
290 AP United States History
Reform Periods • Populism
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Extension of Democracy
Regulation of the Economy - Business
Regulation of the Economy -
Transportation/ Communication
Social Issues
3
Reznick
Typewritten Text
A105
Text Box
- “Restoration of the government to the people” - Direct popular election of US senators - Enacting of state laws by voters through referendum and initiatives
A105
Text Box
- “Free silver”: unlimited coinage of silver (inflationary policy) to increase money supply - Graduated income tax - Eight-hour workday (for industrial workers) - Loans and federal warehouses for farmers
A105
Text Box
- Public ownership of railroads by the US government - Requiring RRs to publish their rates and to stop offering rebates to corporate customers - Telegraph and telephone systems owned and operated by the gov't
A105
Text Box
- Thomas Watson
A105
Text Box
- Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawed “combinations in restraint of trade” - Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
A105
Text Box
- Railroad regulation: Munn v. Illinois (but overturned by Wabash case)
A105
Text Box
291 Reform Period Charts
Reform Periods • Progressivism
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Extension of Democracy
Honesty and Efficiency in Government
Regulation of the Economy - Business
Regulation of the Economy -
Transportation/ Communication
Social Issues
Conservation
4
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- direct election of senators - women's suffrage
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- 17th & 19th Amendments - recall, voter initiative, and referendum laws in many states
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Susan B. Anthony - Carrie Chapman Catt
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- reduce influence of business on politics - end "spoils" & patronage in politics - end corruption
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Muckrakers in McLure's and Harper's exposed corruption - Municipal Government Reform
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- reduce influence of monopolies & trusts - ensure safe food & drugs were available to the public
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Clayton Anti-Trust Act: strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act to break monopolies (instead of labor unions) - Elkins Act, Mann-Elkins Act, Hepburn Act - 1906 Meat Inspection Act - 1907 Pure Food & Drug Act - FTC: policed unfair trade practice - Child Labor Act
Reznick
Typewritten Text
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Robert LaFollette
A105
Text Box
- Anthracite Coal Strike: TR mediates union and government - Federal Farm Loan Act: established regional federal farm loan banks - Establishment of NAACP - National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), National Women's Party, League of Women Voters
A105
Text Box
- W. E. B. Du Bois - Booker T. Washington - Alice Paul
292 AP United States History
Reform Periods • First New Deal
REFORM AREA RELIEF ACTIONS RECOVERY ACTIONS REFORM ACTIONS
Unemployed
Labor
Farmers
Banking/ Stock Market
Business Enterprises
Children/ Elderly
Government
5
A105
Text Box
- Public Work Administration (PWA) work relief programs for roads and public buildings - Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) jobs for young men in forestry, flood control, conservation - Emergency Relief Appropriations Act: work programs
A105
Text Box
- National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) reduce unemployment by spreading jobs as thinly as possible, reduce competition, regulate wages and hours - Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): gov't- owned company built schools, dams, power plants, and other businesses
A105
Text Box
- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): paid farmers to reduce production and gave aid - Farm Credit Administration: low- interest farm loans and mortgages to indebted farmers
A105
Text Box
- Bank Holiday
A105
Text Box
- Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): insures bank deposits to encourage people to use banks
A105
Text Box
- Glass-Steagall Act: requires banks to disclose their behavior - Security and Exchange Act: creates Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) to police stock market
A105
Text Box
- Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) gave federal money to the states and cities for aid
293 Reform Period Charts
Reform Periods • Second New Deal
REFORM AREA RELIEF ACTIONS RECOVERY ACTIONS REFORM ACTIONS
Unemployed
Labor
Farm
Banking/ Stock Market
Business Enterprises
Children/ Elderly
Government
6
A105
Text Box
- Social Security Act: gov't pension payments to the elderly, unemployed, disabled, blind, and dependent mothers/ children
A105
Text Box
- Works Progress Administration: hired manual laborers to build roads, bridges, public buildings (included Federal Arts Project)
A105
Text Box
- National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act): creates NLRB, grants legal recognition to unions, allows unions to bargain collectively
A105
Text Box
- Fair Labor Standards Act: minimum wage level (25 cents per hour) - work week of 44 hours - child labor banned - rise of CIO
294 AP United States History
Reform Periods • Great Society
REFORM AREA GOALS ACCOMPLISHMENTS KEY PEOPLE
Civil Rights
Poverty
Education
Elderly
Healthcare
7
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- 1964 Civil Rights Act - Voting Right Act of 1965 - Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) - 24th Amendment (bans poll taxes)
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Office of Economic Opportunity - Billion-dollar budget to attack the poverty problem - community action programs - reduction of # of American families living in poverty - Medicaid/Medicare expansion Model Cities-renovation of city slums VISTA, Job Corps
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Head Start (1964), edu/health for low-income children (longest-running program to address pov in history) - Increased funding for schools - Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 - Higher Education Act of 1965 - Bilingual Education Act of 1968 - National Endowment for the Arts, National Endowment for the Humanities
Reznick
Typewritten Text
- Medicare & Medicaid
A105
Text Box
- end legal segregation - ensure fair political representation of minorities - end de facto segregation (in workplace, housing, schooling)
A105
Text Box
- MLK - Stokely Carmichael - Malcolm X - James L. Farmer - Medgar Evers
A105
Text Box
- “Unconditional War on Poverty”: aid the 40 mil Americans below poverty line (The Other America, 1962) - Training to get people out of poverty permanently (not simply handouts but also vocational, educational training)
A105
Text Box
- Sargent Shriver - Michael Harrington
A105
Text Box
- Education com- missioner Francis Keppel
A105
Text Box
- Medicare (1965), federal funding for healthcare costs of elderly
A105
Text Box
- Education to aid the war on poverty - Alleviate gap in quality of education between regions
