1
Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors
• New data from numerous detailed mass-spectrometric studies have detected triaromatic dinosteroids in
Precambrian to Cenozoic rock samples.
• Triaromatic dinosteroids are organic geochemicals
derived from dinosterols, compounds known in modern organisms to be the nearly exclusive widely occurring products of dinoflagellates.
Geology; February 1996; v. 24; no. 2; p. 159-162
J. Michael Moldowan et al.
33
Proterozoic Acritarchs
34
Adnatosphaeridium
29 30
Hystrichosphaeridium
Fossil Dinoflagellates: Hystrichospheres
Oldest: Triassic (200 MYA)
PHYLOGENY
ALVEOLATES
35
ALVEOLI
713HABITAT
36
Karenia37Peridinium
16
17ENDOSYMBIONTS: ZOOXANTHELLAE
28
NUTRITION
29
Autotrophy Heterotrophy
22
23
PISCIVORES
Pfiesteria
6 Red Tide Neurotoxic ShellfishPoisoning
15
BIOLUMINESCENCE
Ocellus
40
5
Desmokont Dinokont
Dinoflagellate Growth Forms
2
“Shells”
3
“Grooves”
Flagellae
Transverse Flagellum(Axoneme, Striated Filament)
Fig. 7.8 in Lee 1999
Longitudinal Flagellum(Axoneme, R-Fiber)
Fig. 7.6 in Lee 1999
Fig. 11-1 Graham and Wilcox 2000
Amphiesma
4Thecal Plates, Sutures
Fig. 7.10 in Lee 1999
Pusule
Nucleus, Chromosomes
Figs. 11.21 in Wilcox et al. 2008
Mitosis, Cytokinesis
Fig. 11.24, 11.26 in Graham et al. 2008
Fig. 11-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Fig. 7.14 in Lee 1999
“Ejectiles”: Trichocysts
“Ejectiles”: Mucocysts
Fig. 11.15 in Graham et al. 2008
“Ejectiles”: Nematocysts (~ “Cnidocysts”)
Fig. 11.16 in Graham et al. 200949
Eyespot42
Katodinium
43
Woloszynskia
Figs. 11.35, 11.36 in Graham et al. 2008
Fig. 11-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000
40
Ocellus
Ocellus (Hyalosome, Pigment Cup)
Fig. 11.38 in Graham et al. 2008
Bioluminescence (Scintillons)
Fig. 11.32 in Graham et al. 2008
44
(Luciferan, Luciferan-Binding-Protein, Luciferase)
Bioluminescence
24
25
26
27
28
NUTRITION
Phagocytosis / Engulfment
45Noctiluna
Figs. 11-29, 11-30 in Wilcox et al. 2008
Feeding Tubes(Phagopods)
Feeding Tubes(Peduncle)
Fig. 11.28 in Wilcox et al. 2008
Feeding Veils (Pallium)
Fig. 3.5 in Wilcox et al. 2008
46 Plastids, Pigments
Fig. 11.34 in Wilcox et al. 2008 47
Fig. 19. LM of Prorocentrum lima. The cell has a central pyrenoid with a starch sheath (the ring-like
structure). © Mona Hoppenrath
Fig. 20. TEM detail of the pyrenoid (py) surrounded by starch in Symbiodinium sp. © Gert Hansen
Fig. 21. TEM showing a cross section through a cell of Heterocapsa rotundata. The pyrenoid (py) is not traversed by thylacoids of the chloroplast and not surrounded by starch. ©
Gert Hansen
Pyrenoids, Storage Products
(Secondary, Tertiary Endosymbiosis)
47
Endosymbiont: Red Alga Endosymbiont: Diatom,Cryptomonad
Multiple Chloroplast Origins
2 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/BOT201/Algae/Dinoflagellate% 20panel%20Hokudai.gif
1 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Mastigophora/Glenodinium/sp_04c.jpg
3 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/dinoflagellate.gif
4 http://www.aad.gov.au/Asset/em_unit/images/dino1.jpg
5 http://www.nmnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/highlight/dinos/images/fig_a_bbig.jpg
6 http://www.lifeinfreshwater.org.uk/Resource%20Images/habitat/ Red%20Tide.jpg
7 http://www.silvercity.org/Page_1/lake_roberts.jpg
8 http://www.preisvergleich.org/pimages/SKULL-CROSSBONES-2_88__ D-828.265_40.jpg
9 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Liver_superior.jpg
11 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=21135
10 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/ SynapseIllustration2.png/350px-SynapseIllustration2.png
12 http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/images/courses/s00bis1c/Dinoflagellate.jpg
13 http://eric.boissard.free.fr/Pictures/oceanwaves.jpg
14 http://omp.gso.uri.edu/discovery/biota/Inverts/surfclm1.jpg
15http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-19878430.jpg?size=67&uid=%7BAF833BF1-09C5-4340-8E21-5D1D9566349E%7D
16 http://www.bigelow.org/reefwatch2001/coral_reefs/images/ glossary/symbiotic.jpg
18 http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/png/scans/zooxanth.jpg
17 http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/images/coral/S_Bleaching.jpg
21 http://www.seaslugforum.net/images/zoox1e.jpg
20 http://www.underwater.com.au/content/6154/nudibranch.jpg
22 http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/foodweb/pfiesteriafishsores.jpg
23 http://www.hpl.umces.edu/faculty/roman/biweekly_pfiesteria_picture.JPG
24 http://encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg
25 http://abacus.bates.edu/people/orgs/running/RunningPhotos/sun-cartoon.gif
27 http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/lucidkeys/ types_of_flagellates/images/tfp_chilomonas2_ugw.jpg
26 http://universe-review.ca/I10-23-chlorella.gif
28 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/diatoms.jpg
29 http://www.phoenix.org.br/images/Dinoflagelado_ Adnatosphaeridium.gif
30 http://www.kingston.ac.uk/geolsci/prg/images/photos/ hystrichosphaeridium.jpg
31 http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309051274/html/images/img00037.jpg
32 http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/tcochran/BioImages/ciliate.jpg
33 http://www.palaeos.com/Proterozoic/Images/RoperAcritarchs.jpg
34 http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/contents/4100/4118/fig15.gif
35 http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/allen/ch08/mimg/01a-pmen810227-11m.jpg
36 http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/manatee/RedTide_Karenia.jpg
37http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Peridinium_Key268.jpg
38 http://cimt.ucsc.edu/images/HAB%20ID/dinoflagellate/Dinos.jpg
39 http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/mme/movies/ProtozoanIngested.jpg
40 http://billeder-billedbasen.emu.dk/annotated/53/5B/9731.jpg
41 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445&usg=__crjTBEMxXApXU3v Hmpr1bD536TM=&h=250&w=471&sz=42&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid= iApAqe-i_JHakM:&tbnh=68&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3 Dtransverse%2Bflagellum%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
42 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/lajistoraporttiarkisto/2002/en_GB/804/_files/12076504320047742/default/1_Gymnodinium_sp._1a40_41.6_x_59.2_um_fp06592002.jpg
43 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/ lajistoraporttiarkisto/2005/en_GB/2528/_files/12076504320052782/default/cf._Scrippsiella_hangoei.jpg
44 http://www.bio.utk.edu/vonarnim/images/BRET.jpg
45 http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/noctiluca.jpg
46 http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/dinochlorotemtol.200a.jpg
47 http://www.pnas.org/content/99/18/11558/F1.large.jpg
48 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445
49 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445
50 http://www.int-res.com/uploads/pics/featureame45_big.jpg