1

Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with pre-Triassic ancestors

• New data from numerous detailed mass-spectrometric studies have detected triaromatic dinosteroids in

Precambrian to Cenozoic rock samples.

• Triaromatic dinosteroids are organic geochemicals

derived from dinosterols, compounds known in modern organisms to be the nearly exclusive widely occurring products of dinoflagellates.

Geology; February 1996; v. 24; no. 2; p. 159-162

J. Michael Moldowan et al.

33

Proterozoic Acritarchs

34

Adnatosphaeridium

29 30

Hystrichosphaeridium

Fossil Dinoflagellates: Hystrichospheres

Oldest: Triassic (200 MYA)

PHYLOGENY

ALVEOLATES

35

ALVEOLI

713HABITAT

36

Karenia37Peridinium

16

17ENDOSYMBIONTS: ZOOXANTHELLAE

28

NUTRITION

29

Autotrophy Heterotrophy

22

23

PISCIVORES

Pfiesteria

6 Red Tide Neurotoxic ShellfishPoisoning

15

BIOLUMINESCENCE

Ocellus

40

5

Desmokont Dinokont

Dinoflagellate Growth Forms

2

“Shells”

3

“Grooves”

Flagellae

Transverse Flagellum(Axoneme, Striated Filament)

Fig. 7.8 in Lee 1999

Longitudinal Flagellum(Axoneme, R-Fiber)

Fig. 7.6 in Lee 1999

Fig. 11-1 Graham and Wilcox 2000

Amphiesma

4Thecal Plates, Sutures

Fig. 7.10 in Lee 1999

Pusule

Nucleus, Chromosomes

Figs. 11.21 in Wilcox et al. 2008

Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Fig. 11.24, 11.26 in Graham et al. 2008

Fig. 11-26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Fig. 7.14 in Lee 1999

“Ejectiles”: Trichocysts

“Ejectiles”: Mucocysts

Fig. 11.15 in Graham et al. 2008

“Ejectiles”: Nematocysts (~ “Cnidocysts”)

Fig. 11.16 in Graham et al. 200949

Eyespot42

Katodinium

43

Woloszynskia

Figs. 11.35, 11.36 in Graham et al. 2008

Fig. 11-20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

40

Ocellus

Ocellus (Hyalosome, Pigment Cup)

Fig. 11.38 in Graham et al. 2008

Bioluminescence (Scintillons)

Fig. 11.32 in Graham et al. 2008

44

(Luciferan, Luciferan-Binding-Protein, Luciferase)

Bioluminescence

24

25

26

27

28

NUTRITION

Phagocytosis / Engulfment

45Noctiluna

Figs. 11-29, 11-30 in Wilcox et al. 2008

Feeding Tubes(Phagopods)

Feeding Tubes(Peduncle)

Fig. 11.28 in Wilcox et al. 2008

Feeding Veils (Pallium)

Fig. 3.5 in Wilcox et al. 2008

46 Plastids, Pigments

Fig. 11.34 in Wilcox et al. 2008 47

                                                     

             

                                                                      

             

                                                                    

             

Fig. 19. LM of Prorocentrum lima. The cell has a central pyrenoid with a starch sheath (the ring-like

structure). © Mona Hoppenrath 

Fig. 20. TEM detail of the pyrenoid (py) surrounded by starch in Symbiodinium sp. © Gert Hansen  

Fig. 21. TEM showing a cross section through a cell of Heterocapsa rotundata. The pyrenoid (py) is not traversed by thylacoids of the chloroplast and not surrounded by starch. ©

Gert Hansen

Pyrenoids, Storage Products

(Secondary, Tertiary Endosymbiosis)

47

Endosymbiont: Red Alga Endosymbiont: Diatom,Cryptomonad

Multiple Chloroplast Origins

2 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/BOT201/Algae/Dinoflagellate% 20panel%20Hokudai.gif

1 http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/Images/Mastigophora/Glenodinium/sp_04c.jpg

3 http://www.daviddarling.info/images/dinoflagellate.gif

4 http://www.aad.gov.au/Asset/em_unit/images/dino1.jpg

5 http://www.nmnh.si.edu/highlight/sem/highlight/dinos/images/fig_a_bbig.jpg

6 http://www.lifeinfreshwater.org.uk/Resource%20Images/habitat/ Red%20Tide.jpg

7 http://www.silvercity.org/Page_1/lake_roberts.jpg

8 http://www.preisvergleich.org/pimages/SKULL-CROSSBONES-2_88__ D-828.265_40.jpg

9 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Liver_superior.jpg

11 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=21135

10 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b2/ SynapseIllustration2.png/350px-SynapseIllustration2.png

12 http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/images/courses/s00bis1c/Dinoflagellate.jpg

13 http://eric.boissard.free.fr/Pictures/oceanwaves.jpg

14 http://omp.gso.uri.edu/discovery/biota/Inverts/surfclm1.jpg

15http://pro.corbis.com/images/42-19878430.jpg?size=67&uid=%7BAF833BF1-09C5-4340-8E21-5D1D9566349E%7D

16 http://www.bigelow.org/reefwatch2001/coral_reefs/images/ glossary/symbiotic.jpg

18 http://www.sbg.ac.at/ipk/avstudio/pierofun/png/scans/zooxanth.jpg

17 http://www.epa.gov/bioindicators/images/coral/S_Bleaching.jpg

21 http://www.seaslugforum.net/images/zoox1e.jpg

20 http://www.underwater.com.au/content/6154/nudibranch.jpg

22 http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/foodweb/pfiesteriafishsores.jpg

23 http://www.hpl.umces.edu/faculty/roman/biweekly_pfiesteria_picture.JPG

24 http://encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/Ceratium_hirundinella.jpg

25 http://abacus.bates.edu/people/orgs/running/RunningPhotos/sun-cartoon.gif

27 http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/lucidkeys/ types_of_flagellates/images/tfp_chilomonas2_ugw.jpg

26 http://universe-review.ca/I10-23-chlorella.gif

28 http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/diatoms.jpg

29 http://www.phoenix.org.br/images/Dinoflagelado_ Adnatosphaeridium.gif

30 http://www.kingston.ac.uk/geolsci/prg/images/photos/ hystrichosphaeridium.jpg

31 http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309051274/html/images/img00037.jpg

32 http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/tcochran/BioImages/ciliate.jpg

33 http://www.palaeos.com/Proterozoic/Images/RoperAcritarchs.jpg

34 http://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/contents/4100/4118/fig15.gif

35 http://www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/allen/ch08/mimg/01a-pmen810227-11m.jpg

36 http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/manatee/RedTide_Karenia.jpg

37http://silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other%20Algae/Other_jpegs/ Peridinium_Key268.jpg

38 http://cimt.ucsc.edu/images/HAB%20ID/dinoflagellate/Dinos.jpg

39 http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/mme/movies/ProtozoanIngested.jpg

40 http://billeder-billedbasen.emu.dk/annotated/53/5B/9731.jpg

41 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445&usg=__crjTBEMxXApXU3v Hmpr1bD536TM=&h=250&w=471&sz=42&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid= iApAqe-i_JHakM:&tbnh=68&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3 Dtransverse%2Bflagellum%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

42 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/lajistoraporttiarkisto/2002/en_GB/804/_files/12076504320047742/default/1_Gymnodinium_sp._1a40_41.6_x_59.2_um_fp06592002.jpg

43 http://www.fimr.fi/en/tietoa/algaline_seuranta/lajistoraportit/ lajistoraporttiarkisto/2005/en_GB/2528/_files/12076504320052782/default/cf._Scrippsiella_hangoei.jpg

44 http://www.bio.utk.edu/vonarnim/images/BRET.jpg

45 http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/noctiluca.jpg

46 http://tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/dinochlorotemtol.200a.jpg

47 http://www.pnas.org/content/99/18/11558/F1.large.jpg

48 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445

49 http://tolweb.org/Dinoflagellates/2445

50 http://www.int-res.com/uploads/pics/featureame45_big.jpg