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ZoologyAn Introduction
Zoology
• Study of animals• In this class- Important Kingdoms-
Protista- some animallike organisms
considered to be evol. precursors to animals
ANIMALIA- are ANIMALS• Latin “zoa” or “zoo”- means animal
Kingdom Protista
• Single celled• Eukaryotic• Ingest or produce
food• Some animallike
What is an Animal?• Are members of Kingdom Animalia• Are multicellular• Are Eukaryotic • Are Heterotrophs• Lack cell walls
• Usually have a method of
movement
• Most reproduce sexually
• Require oxygen
What is an Animal?• Multicellular: Having more than one cell • Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell
contain a nucleus
• Heterotroph: Organisms that obtains
energy from the foods it consumes; also
called a consumer.
Important Latin roots
• Cyte= cell taxon=unit• Zoa or zoo= animal omy= lar/rules• Demo= people nomen=name• Epi=on or on top clature=system• Coel=cavity pori=pore• Oid=like fera= to have or
bear• Ation= to form cephala=head• Homologous= similar in origin
2 Types of Animals• Invertebrates: Animals that do not
have a backbone or a vertebral column
• Vertebrates: Animals that has a
vertebral column, or backbone
What Animals Do to Survive
• Animals carry out the following essential functions:
1. Feed
2. Respire
3. Circulation
4. Excrete
5. Respond
6. Move
7. Reproduce
Essential Functions
1. Feeding: Animals feed in a large variety of ways.
– Carnivore: Eats meat ONLY
– Herbivore: Eats plants ONLY
– Omnivore: Eats meat & plants
– Detritivore: Feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter called detritus (Includes poop).
Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
• Some animals form symbiotic relationships.
Symbiosis: Is the relationship in which two species live closely together
a. Mutualism
b. Commensalism
c. Parasitism
Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
a. Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.
Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
b. Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Barnacles on a Whale
Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
c. Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it.
Essential Functions2. Respiration: Whether they live in water or
on land, all animals respire, which means they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
– Some can rely on diffusion of these substances through their skin
– Most have evolved complex tissues and organ systems for respiration
Essential Functions3. Circulation: Many aquatic animals
(ex: aquatic worms) rely solely on diffusion to transport oxygen & waste.
• Larger animals have some kind of circulatory system to move materials around within their bodies.
Essential Functions
4. Excretion: A primary waste produce of cellular metabolism is ammonia, a poisonous substance that contains nitrogen.
– A buildup of ammonia & other wastes would kill an animal
– Animals have excretory system that either eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.
Essential Functions
5. Response: Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells.
– Nerve cells hook up together to form a nervous system
– Some nerve cells are receptors that respond to sound, light, and other stimuli
– The arrangement of nerve cells in the body changes dramatically from phylum to phylum
Essential Functions6. Movement: Some live their entire
lives attached to a single spot.
– Most are motile meaning that they move
Essential Functions
7. Reproduction: Most reproduce sexually by producing gametes.
– Maintains genetic diversity in populations
– Helps species evolve when the environment changes
– Many reproduce asexually & allows to increase numbers rapidly (inverts.)
Describe the Body Plans of Animals
1. Symmetry: balance in body proportions
3 Types
Asymmetrical-
Irregular shape Radial symmetry: can be divided along any plane to produce 2 halves which look alike
Bilateral: can be divided only one way to produce mirror image halves
Symmetry
Asymmetrical: Has no definite shape.
Symmetry
Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in a circle like the spokes of a wheel.
Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry: If divided lengthwise in half, both sides will match.
Bilateral Symmetry • Includes worms, insects & vertebrates
• Have external body parts that repeat on
either side of the body
What type of symmetry?
Bilateral Symmetry
• Anterior End = Front End
• Posterior End = Back End
• Dorsal Side = Upper Side
• Ventral Side = Lower Side
2. Body arrangements:
a. anterior: head region(front on upright man)
b. posterior: tail region (back on upright man)
c. dorsal: back or top
d. ventral: abdomen(belly) or bottom
Anatomical Terms (cont)• Medial
- close to the middle
• Lateral– Close to the side or
movement away from middle
• Distal– Away from the main part
• Proximal– Close to the main part
Anatomical Terms (cont)
• Oral– End with the mouth
• Aboral– Opposite end of the mouth
• Cephalic– Toward head
• Caudal– Toward tail
3. Body Development
• As embryo develops, three germ
layers form:
a. Ectoderm• becomes nervous system, epidermis of the skin,
pituitary, lens of eye
b. Mesoderm• becomes muscles, skeleton, notochord, circulatory
system, kidney, reproductive system
c. Endoderm
• becomes lining of digestive tract, liver, pancreas, epithelial lining of lungs, many endocrine glands
a. Acoelomates- no body cavity lined with mesoderm
• EX: sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms
4. Body Cavities
b. Pseudocoelomates- partial body cavity lined with mesoderm
• “Tube within a tube” body plan
• EX: roundworms
c. Coelomates- true body cavity lined with mesoderm
• EX: all other animals
Advantages of a body cavity (coelom or pseudocoelom):
• Fluid in cavity helps distribute food, wastes, hormones, etc. from one end of animal to the other
• Better distribution allows animal to grow larger • A place to put things, like new organs
5. Cephalization-concentration of sense organs- developed nervous system
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM OVERVIEW
• Invertebrates-no backbone• Vertebrates or Chordates-backbone
Section 29-1
RadialSymmetry
Deuterostome Development
Coelom
Pseudocoelom
Protostome Development
RadialSymmetry
Three Germ Layers;Bilateral Symmetry
Tissues
Multicellularity
Chordates Echinoderms Arthropods
Annelids Mollusks
Roundworms
Flatworms
Cnidarians
Sponges
Single-celled ancestor
Invertebrate Cladogram
Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Zygote cleaves to become blastula and then forms gastrula. The blastopore of the gastrula can become either the mouth or the anus of the organism
• Protostome- Blastopore becomes the mouth. Ex-Annelids, Mollusks and arthropods
• Deuterostome- Blastopore becomes anus. Ex-Chordates
40
Embryonic Development
• Protostome– Blastopore becomes mouth
• Deuterostome– Blastopore becomes anus
The End