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From Design to Implementation Blair Shoniker, MA, MCIP, RPP Alice Varkey, P.Eng.
Zero Waste in Schools
Overview
Background
Diversion Infrastructure
Case Studies
Policies, Education, and Barriers
Financial Considerations
1
2
3
4
5
Summary 6
Questions & Answers 7
Options for Handling Waste
Was
te
Disposal at Landfill
Recycling
Source Separated Organics Processing
Composting
Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
Energy from Waste
Waste
Some key numbers to set the Stage
2012 waste disposal in the US*
– 22 million tons metals; 34% recovered
– 69 million tons paper; 65% recovered
– 36 million tons food waste; 5% recovered
*USEPA (2012)
– “If 50% of the food waste generated each year in the U.S. was
anaerobically digested, enough electricity would be generated
to power over 2.5 million homes for a year.” (EPA)
Some key numbers to set the Stage
– “Approximately 1.32 billion tonnes of food is lost or wasted
annually, equivalent to one-third of food produced for human
consumption” (FAO, 2011)
Recycling in Florida
http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/nonhaz/municipal/hierarchy.htm
Florida DEP’s 75% Recycling Goal
– In 2008, Florida established a new statewide
recycling goal of 75% to be achieved by the
year 2020
– Targets municipal solid waste including
wastes from residential, commercial, and
institutional sectors
– Statewide recycling rate currently 49%
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, “and Recover”
Recycling in Florida Schools
Florida DEP:
If Florida K-12 schools achieved a
recycling rate of 75%, approximately 6%
of Florida’s statewide goal could be
achieved.
75% Recycling Goal Report
Florida Department of Environmental
Protection
January 4, 2010
Recycling in Florida Schools
How can schools achieve 75% Recycling
Goal?
– Up-front planning
• Designing recycling and diversion infrastructure into a new
school
– Retrofitting existing schools
– Implementation of policies and strategies
– Focus on diversion of organics (based on current recycling
practices at schools)
Estimate of Organic Waste Florida
Each Student
0.5 lbs. waste / school day
Organic fraction:
32%
Each School
1,000 students
School Days/ Year
200
32,000 lbs.
organic waste per year per school
Source: 75% Recycling Goal Report, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, January 4, 2010
Why Divert Organics?
– Reduction in landfill gas – methane, greenhouse
gas (GHG)
– Increases the capacity/life of existing landfills
– Converting organics to compost – waste as a
resource, useable product, organic matter back
to soil
• Creating compost reduces reliance on petroleum-based
fertilizers
Why Divert Organics/Compost at Schools?
Innovative and Sustainable Thinkers –
Benefits/ Objectives of Diverting Organics/
Composting
– Educate; include composting and sustainability as
a component in school curriculum
– Align with existing student-led Zero Waste
initiatives
– Practice resource conservation and recovery
– Generate a useful and beneficial product for the
school
– Realise savings: collection/disposal costs and
compost costs
What Factors should be Considered?
– “If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it”
• Volume of waste generated
• Type of waste generated
• Location of site
• Size of site
• Costs
– Methods of Collecting Material within School
– Methods of Composting
• On-site composting
– Vermicomposting
– In-vessel composting
• Commercial composting
• Combination of above
– Access for Collection Vehicles
– Storage Area for Collected material
Incorporating Diversion Infrastructure into your Blueprints – Collection
Collection within the Building
– WSG Tri-sorter
• Utilized in a number of Multi-
Residential, Commercial and
Institutional buildings
• One chute with 3 end points to
separate Waste, Recyclables
and Organics
• Has been implemented as a
retrofit in older buildings
• Makes for a centralized location
for organics and recycling
collection (cafeteria and levels
above)
(http://www.wastesolutions.ca)
Incorporating Diversion Infrastructure into your Blueprints – Collection
Collection within the Building
– Durabac Organic Waste
Container
• Utilized in a variety of
Commercial and Institutional
buildings
• Designed for lateral and/or rear
feeding chutes
• Easily implemented as a retrofit,
as long as space is available
(http://www.durabac.ca)
Incorporating Diversion Infrastructure into your Blueprints – Access and Storage
– Provide adequate space for
storage of material and bins as
well as collection vehicles to
access waste containers.
– Front-end loaders are typical for
collection vehicles and larger
bins
– Keep it simple and convenient
– Adapt to their environment
• Make it easier for food service
employees by adapting to the
way they are currently working
• Create a strategy with the staff,
not for them.
Small-Scale on-site Solutions
– May use similar internal collection
methods/ infrastructure described,
but organic material would be stored
and “processed” on-site.
– Benefits are:
• Closed-loop school from an organics
perspective
• Can create education programs/
course units for all grades around
recycling, life cycle processes
• Creates a product (compost) that
could be utilized within school
gardens or elsewhere within the
community
(http://www.awakeningseedschool.org)
Smaller, Local Solutions – Vermicomposting
Technology
Just worms! (Red Wrigglers are best) & Bin
Limited food sources can be processed
Requires smaller footprint than others
Red Wrigglers can eat about half their own
body weight in food per day.
http://www.vermicompost.net
http://robyntheblogedition.blogspot.ca/
Smaller, Local Solutions – In-Vessel
Technology
Earth Tub
Includes biofilter for odor
Can recycle leachate (process water) back in
to compost
Compost between 40 lbs and 500 lbs per day
Minimal space requirements
http://www.compostingtechnology.com
Smaller, Local Solutions – In-Vessel
Technology
Big Hanna
Can compost all food wastes (meat, dairy, etc)
Requires bigger footprint than others
Scalable – can compost between 160-220 lbs
or larger units can process more than 5,000
lbs per week
http://www.bighanna.com
On-Site Composting University of Florida, Florida
Description
Partnership: Student-run cooperative organized by the
BioEnergy and Sustainable Technology (BEST) Laboratory
Installation of ComposTumbler, Earth Machine and Soilsaver
Classic Composter
• Easy manual mixing
• 2 separate chambers, phased composting
• Simple, doesn’t require power
• Vents at the top and bottom to allow air flow through the compost
Operations
• Feestock: food waste from dorms, campus events (no meats/oils)
• Mixing
• Finished compost
• Vermicomposting available
Education
Completed audits for schools in Florida
Allows for diversion of waste from landfill and case studies Source: University of Florida , Biogas, BioEnergy and Sustainable
Technology, 2014
On-Site Composting City of Eugene Schools, Oregon
Description
Partnership: City of Eugene, EPA, and schools (Elementary,
Middle, and High Schools)
Installation of Earth Tub (In-vessel composting) in six schools
in 2002
• Air flow
• Leachate
• Siting, Plumbing, Electrical
• Biofilter
Operations
• Feestock: meat products, paper napkins, fruits, vegetables, etc…
• Sorting
• Finished compost
Education
Schools diverted a total of 11 tons of putrescible waste per year
Sustainable Disposal at Eugene Schools Best Practices Manual
Source: Sustainable Disposal at Eugene Schools Best Practices
Manual, City of Eugene Solid Waste and Recycling Program, Nov
2002
On-Site Composting King County Schools, Washington
Description Partnership: King County Solid Waste Division, Schools, and Businesses
Pilot program of several small scale systems since 2003
Installation of three different systems in nine schools
• Earth Tub
• BioStack
• Worm Wigwams
King County Solid Waste Division recommends:
• Schools of all sizes consider on-site in-vessel composting systems
• Early planning is key
Program Promotion, Training and Education
Average food scraps diverted in each school with Earth Tub system: 45 to 203 lbs/ month
Source: http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/garbage-
recycling/onsite.asp
On-Site Composting McGill University
Description
Mission: Implementing a campus-wide composting
infrastructure for every McGill buidling and residence
McGill University – Big Hanna industrial composter
McGill Gorilla Composting
Operations
• Feestock: cafeteria food waste including meat, fish,
and dairy products
• Finished compost
Looking to start a pilot project for collection of coffee
cups and soup bowls
Already processed more than 15 tons of food waste
(up to 440 lbs/ day); installed in 2010
Source: http://www.gorilla.mcgill.ca
On-Site Composting University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Description
Mission: To advance sustainability on campus and beyond.
UBC Vancouver (49,000 students) – large in-vessel composter
Operations
• Feestock: food waste, residual paper products, animal bedding,
wood, yard waste, and sawdust
• Collection of green bins (32 gallons each)
• Capital Cost $800K + $400K (land)
• Two full time + one part time employees
• Finished compost
Zero Waste Action Plan
UBC Vancouver diverts more than 4 tons per day of organic
waste per day; composting facility in operation since 2004
Sources: Implementing a Composting System at UBC Okanagan:
A Feasibility Study, Sarah Ehman, April 30, 2008 and
http://www.buildingoperations.ubc.ca/sustainability/composting/
On-Site Composting University of Ohio
Description Mission: To promote sustainability and energy
conservation efforts across its campuses; to become
carbon neutral by 2075
Ohio University – large in-vessel composting system
Operations
• Tunnel controls air flow, moisture, and temperature
• Feestock: food waste including meat and dairy,
biodegradable service-ware and landscape
waste • Capital Cost $356K + $400K (site modifications)
• Two full time + five part time employees
• Finished compost
Ohio University Sustainability Plan, 2011
Students encouraged to contact Office of
Sustainability with research requests as they relate to
the Compost Facility
Ohio University has largest in-vessel composting
system at any college or University in the US;
installed in 2009 and expanded in 2012
Source: http://www.ohio.edu/sustainability/programs/compost.cfm
Commercial Composting City of Guelph Facility
Description
Completed in 2012
33,000 tons source-separated
organics (SSO)/year processing
capacity
4 Phase 1 and 3 Phase 2 compost
tunnels
Maturation hall
Biofilter odor treatment & stack
Commercial Anaerobic Digestion City of Toronto Disco Road Facility
Description
82,000 tons/year SSO
150,000 tons/year generated by City
City-owned, privately operated
Constructed on a landfill
Barriers, Policies & Education
Barriers to Implementation
• The “Gross” factor
• Pests/flies
• Lack of space (particularly for established Institutional buildings)
• Time
Implementation in Isolation
• Cannot be implemented in isolation of other supporting policies
• Need educational/engagement aspect
• Find a “Champion” who will be the go to person.
• Everyone has to be on board
– Students
– Staff (including teachers, cafeteria and custodial)
– Administration
Financial Considerations
Capital Costs
– Low = Vermicomposting (Worms and Bin)
– Middle = Collection Infrastructure, processing off-site by Private
company
– High = Collection Infrastructure and In-Vessel system
• $300-$500k
Operating Costs
– Vermicomposting (1 staff member) is cheapest, low maintenance
– Collection Infrastructure and In-Vessel Systems will require periodic maintenance and more staff time to manage
Recovering Costs
– EPA Grants – under Sustainability or GHG banner
– Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP)
– Potential sale of compost material generated
Summary
– Diversion of organic material away from landfills reduces the
amount of GHG generated and converts organics into a
beneficial by-product
– Diverting/ Composting within the Florida School system will
contribute to the overall 75% state-wide recycling goal
– Implementation of Collection Infrastructure, adequate
access and storage are key design considerations
– Small-Scale In-Vessel composting technology is scalable
and can be tailored to fit the needs of your school
– Educating the next leaders of the country on the importance
of diverting waste from landfills can and should start within
our school system
Questions/Contacts
Blair Shoniker [email protected]
Phone: (905) 830-5656
www.craworld.com
Alice Varkey [email protected]
Phone: (813) 971-3882
Pensacola
Tampa Altamonte
Springs
West Palm
Beach
Fort Myers