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I@]OH IO _D MBQLBIHQ ^HQYBY@K MHD ^QHABIHQ^BQB ABYOQ@B] IO 21 P 19 VIM ^BQB KH] QOKO] ^BDBMOB^K_],MHH^OQ,DHJB H\OQ,]MCDO@IOQ, ]@]YOEB IO

^QHYOMM@HD IO KH] YQBD]FHQEBIHQO] MHD IO]MBQLB^QHF_DIB

Dhv`oearo 1>2=

2

Buthrb: Y.]._. Psaok BkibdbYuthr : @dl. Quaod Cordbdioz

QO^AK@MB AHK@VBQ@BDB IO VODOZ_OKB

@D]Y@Y_YH _D@VOQ]@YBQ@H ^HK@YMD@MH]BDY@BLH EBQ@HOSYOD]@D EBQBMBP

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Qok QM->2O] Dhjb^hwor

Os ud oqu`ph iosbrrhkkbih pbrb muepk`r fudm`hdos ioprhtomm`d, eoi`m`d y mhdtrhk, quo bt`odiodomos`ibios ospomf`mbs b trbvs io kb `epkoeodtbm`dio omubm`hdos kl`mbs sharo odtrbibs y sbk`ibs io ushlodorbk y mhd ud oi`thr io pbreotrhs iok usubr`h.

1

Qok ^bdbmob ^kus E0

Qok MHH^OQ Mhdtrhk Fhre 6Qok ]MCDO@IOQBIVMMhdtrhkkor Qbdlo

Qok

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QOMHDOMYBIHQO] LVQKhs Qomhdomtbihros LVQ ut`k`zbd abtorbs io pkheh m`ih sokkbibs.

]u mu`ibih os `lubk bk quo so ioao todor mhd kbs abtorbs io mbrrh.

Absbih od khs ibths iok fbar`mbdto, od mhdi`m`hdos dhrebkos io hporbm`d (1?M), kbabtorb ioao ibr auod sorv`m`h iurbdto ud porhih io mubtrh bhs.

@dtordbeodto, udb abtorb sokkbib io 21VIM, mhdt`odo 6 (so`s) okoeodths [phs`t`vh-dolbt`vh(1VIM m/u).

Ok LVQ ut`k`zb ud mhdjudth io 6 abtorbs: 6 x 21VIM 5 2O]

QOMHDOMYBIHQ Y@^H

^BDBMOB E?

QOMHDOMYBIHQ Y@^HMHH^OQ H\OQ QOKO

FHQE 6

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_d Mbrlbihr io Abtorbs

Abtorb]o iodhe`db abtorb, abtorb okmtr`mb, bmueukbihr okmtr`mh h

s`epkoeodto bmueukbihr, bk i`sphs`t`vh quo bkebmodb odorlbokmtr`mb, usbdih prhmoi`e`odths okomtrhque`mhs y quo

phstor`hreodto kb iovuokvo mbs` od su thtbk`ibi.

9

Os ud i`sphs`t`vh ut`k`zbih pbrb sue`d`strbr kb mhrr`odto okmtr`mb h tods`dokmtr`mb quo bkebmodbr udb -h vbr`bs s`euktdobeodto- p`kbsrombrlbakos h udb abtorb. Kb mbrlb io mhrr`odto iopodio io kb tomdhkhlby io kb mbpbm`ibi io kb abtorb b mbrlbr. ^hr ojoepkh, kb mhrr`odto -tods`d-quo ioaorb sue`d`strbrso pbrb udb rombrlb io udb abtorb io buth io21V ioaor sor euy i`forodto b kb mhrr`odto pbrb rombrlbr udb abtorb io

?V io tokfhdh ev`k.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BNGP12V70.pnghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USB_wall_charger.JPG

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^hrtt`k^ore`to mbrlbr p`kbs (iosio i`st`dtbs fuodtos, `dmkuyodih udb odtrbib _]A) y,lrbm`bs b ostb sbk`ib _]A, so puoiod rombrlbr i`sphs`t`vhs, mheh tokfhdhsev`kos, so suokod mhdhmor mheh _]A ^hworabdg h _]A oeorlodm`b mcbrlor,suokod todor bktb mbpbm`ibi (?>>> eBc)

?

^`kbs rombrlbakos phr _]A Mbrlbihr shkbr mhd sbk`ib _]A

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_charger-001-front.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USBcells.jpg

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^r`dm`p`hs io Fudm`hdbe`odth

Ok pr`dm`p`h io fudm`hdbe`odth io ud bmueukbihr ost absbih od ud prhmoshque`mh rovors`ako kkbebih roiumm`d-hx`ibm`d , ud prhmosh od ok mubk udh io khsmhephdodtos so hx`ib (p`orio okomtrhdos) y ok htrh so roiumo (lbdb okomtrhdos).

_d bmueukbihr os, bs, ud i`sphs`t`vh od ok quo kb phkbr`zbm`d so kkovb b suske`tos bkmbdzbakos, y mhdstb, od lodorbk, io ihs okomtrhihs, iok e`seh h ioi`st`dth ebtor`bk, sueorl`ihs od ud okomtrhk`th.

^breotrhs io ud Bmueukbihr

Vhktbjo: os ok quo suoko iotore`dbr s` ok bmueukbihr mhdv`odo bk ush bk mubk so koiost`db. V`odo f`jbih phr ok phtodm`bk io roiumm`d iok pbr roihx ut`k`zbih7 suokoostbr odtro 2 V y 9 V phr okoeodth.

Mhrr`odto:Os kb tbsb io mbea`h dotb io kb mbrlb R (eoi`ih od mukhea`hs)trbdsfor`ib b trbvs io udb somm`d trbdsvorsbk io ud mhdiumthr.

6

@ 5 mhrr`odto

q 5 mbrlb

t 5 t`oeph

V 5 vhktbjo

\ 5 trbabjh

q 5 mbrlbt 5 t`oeph

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Mbpbm`ibi io Mbrlb Kb mbpbm`ibi io mbrlb quo puoio bkebmodbr ok okoeodth h mbpbm`ibi iok bmueukbihr, so

e`io od bepor`hs-chrb (Bc) y os ok soludih pbreotrh b mhds`iorbr. Ospom`bk`ephrtbdm`b t`odo od bkludhs mbshs kb `dtods`ibi io mhrr`odto ex`eb hatod`ako, eoi`ibod bepor`hs (B).

_d e`k`bepor`h-chrb os kb mhrr`odto od e`k`bepor`hs quo puoio odtrolbr kb p`kb iurbdto2 chrb. Odtro udb abtorb h p`kb io 21>> eBc y htrb io 11>> eBc kb soludib iurbr est`oeph phrquo t`odo ebyhr mbdt`ibi io mbrlb okmtr`mb bkebmodbib.

M yioaod sor m`mkbibs mbib tros (=) eosos sold ok prhmoi`e`odth io m`mkbih.

^hr ukt`eh, budquo osth dh lbrbdt`zb kb v`ib hpt`eb io kbs abtorbs, s` dh fuorbphs`ako m`mkbrkbs, so ioaord ebdtodor iosmhdomtbibs (io sus ahrdos) iospus io

quo cbybd s`ih mbrlbibs pkodbeodto y ofomtubr udb rombrlb bi`m`hdbk mbib =eosos.

0

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^rhmoi`e`odth pbrb vor`f`mbr ok ostbih io kbs Abtorbs

Abtorbs od M`rmu`th Ba`orth

@iodt`f`mbr mbib abtorb mhd ud dueorh sor`bk.

Eoi`r ok vhktbjo b kb sbk`ib iok mbrlbihr io abtorbs.

Eoi`r ok vhktbjo io kbs abtorbs od m`rmu`th ba`orth bdtos io phdorkbs b mbrlbr.

Abtorbs od Mbrlb

@d`m`br kb MBQLB iok mhdjudth io abtorbs y eoi`r kb tods`d od mbib abtorb io 21Viurbdto kb mbrlb io kbs e`sebs.

Mbrlbr kbs abtorbs phr ud por`hih ed`eh io = chrbs, e`i`odih bk `d`m`h io kb

mbrlb ok vhktbjo od mbib udb io okkbs.Bdtos io tore`dbr ok prhmosh io mbrlb, eoi`r ok vhktbjo sharo mbib abtorb.

Eoi`r ok vhktbjo io kbs abtorbs od m`rmu`th ba`orth udb voz tore`dbib kb mbrlb.

Vbkhr Bmoptbako: 2=.?V phr abtorb.

Vbkhr pbrb Qomcbzbr: Eodhs io 21.1V phr abtor`b.

2>

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Abtorbs od Iosmbrlb

Iurbdto 2> e`duths y pbrb thih ok mhdjudth (6 S 21V) ut`k`zbr udb ros`stodm`b iobprhx`ebibeodto 2=Hce y robk`zbr ud prhmosh io Iosmbrlb io kbs abtorbs, Vbkhrpbrb Qomcbzbr: I_QBDYO osths 2> e`duths eoi`r btodtbeodto kb tods`d od mbibabtorb. Mubkqu`orb quo prosodto tods`d eodhr b 2>.?V DH ioao sor puostb odsorv`m`h.

Mbrlb f`dbk io kbs AbtorbsQobk`zbr duovbeodto kb mbrlb io kbs abtorbs.

22

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MBQLBIHQ @DYOQDH IO KH] QOKO] ^HQ BK@EODYBM@HD BM

21

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Abtorbs io khs Qoks

2=

Qok MHH^OQ Mhdtrhk Fhre 6

Qok ^bdbmob ^kus E0 Qok ]MCDO@IOQBIVMMhdtrhkkor Qbdlo

Qok QM->2O] Dhjb ^hwor

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ABDMH IO ABYOQ@B IO KH] QOKO]

29

Kb suebthr`b thtbk io kbs Abtorbs os 3>vim

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Fudm`hdbe`odth iok Mbrlbihr @dtordh io Abtorbs io khs Qoks

Ok Mbrlbihr io Abtorbs os io vhktbjo mhdstbdto y mhrr`odto k`e`tbib io 2B. Hporb odihs ehihs:

Ehih io @lubkbm`d: B su ex`eb mhrr`odto io mbrlb.

Ehih io Fkhtbm`d: ^oquob mhrr`odto pbrb ebdtodor kb tods`d io fudm`hdbe`odthio kbs abtorbs.

Fudm`hdbe`odth io khs KOI] @di`mbihros iok Mbrlbihr io Abtor`bs:

2?

Ostbih iok KOI KOI vorio KOI Qhjh KOI Bebr`kkh

Odmodi`ih

Kb Bk`eodtbm`d

21>VBM ostbmhdomtbib.

Iurbdto ok Ehih io

mbrlb io [@lubkbm`d".

Mbrlbdih od

mubkqu`or ehih.(Oj.: Fkhtbm`d).

Bpblbih

Kb Bk`eodtbm`d

21>VBM DH ostb

mhdomtbib.

Od Ehih io mbrlb

io [Fkhtbm`d" h od

busodm`b io BM.

DH ostb Mbrlbdih

(Oj.: Abtorb

iosmhdomtbib).

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Qok ^bdbmob ^kus E0 KOI Vorio

Kb Bk`eodtbm`d 21>VBMmhdomtbib.

KOI Bebrr`kkhMbrlbdih od mubkqu`or ehih.

(Oj.: Fkhtbm`d). Odmodi`ih.DH ostb Mbrlbdih (Oj.: Abtorbiosmhdomtbib).

KOI QhjhIurbdto ok Ehih io mbrlb io

@lubkbm`d". (Odmodi`ih)Od Ehih io mbrlb ioFkhtbm`d" h od busodm`b ioBM. (Bpblbih)

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2e`d y bs robk`zbr kb pruoab io iosmbrlbpbrb mheprhabr s` kb abtorb so odmodtrb od ud ostbih io ush h od ebkbs mhdi`m`hdos

q os ok ioslbsto io su v`ib t`k , io ostb ebdorb ostb pruoab so robk`zb pbrbmheprhabr s` so puoio ut`k`zbr h so iosomcb kuolh io cbaor pbsbih ok prhmosh ioiosmbrlb so v`subk`zbrb od kb pbdtbkkb KMI ud eodsbjo IO]MBQLBDIH , bi`m`hdbk ioudb bkbreb q so bmt`vbrb mubdih kb iosmbrlb so robk`mo y htrb mubdih kb abtorb ostoebkb, pbrb mheodzbr mhd htrb abtorb so ioao rolrosbr bk `d`m`h iok prhlrbeb.

20

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^bdok io mhdtrhk iok Mbrlbihr io Abtorbs

1>

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Fuodto io ^hior pbrb ok Mhdtrhk

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J_]Y@F@MBM@HD

Ok hajot`vh io osto prhyomth fuo robk`zbr ok I`soh io ud mbrlbihr phrtt`k mhdprhabihr pbrb abtorbs io 21 y 19 vim pbrb khs roks pbdbmob ^kus, Mhhpor, Dhjb^hwor, ]mcdo`ior, ]`stoeb io ^rhtomm`d io khs Yrbdsfhrebihros mhd Iosmbrlb^rhfudib. Kbs abtorb cb io sor io pkheh-m`ih y ioao io mhdtbr mhd udb sor`o iosodshros y bkbrebs kbs mubkos `di`mbd y mhdtrhkbd su ostbih y mhephrtbe`odth.

^brb bl`k`zbr ok odtodi`e`odth iok prhyomth so cb hptbih phr fbm`k`tbr pkbdhs, ys`eukbm`hdos.

]o protodio ehstrbr khs mhdhm`e`odths rom`a`ihs iurbdto kb mbrrorb io `dlod`orbokomtrd`mb .

11

Abtorb io 21 VIM Abtorb io 19VIM