Yoan darfio gunanda

8/12/2019 Yoan darfio gunanda

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A Study on Anger Expression

By

Yoan darfio gunanda


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Anger expressed less overtly

towards people we dislike because of

combined feelings of anger-hostilityblend and is expressed more overtly

towards people we care for because

of anger-sadnessblend

Hypothesis


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Developing the hypothesis...

Personal observation and experience

Anger towards a person cared for

Realized that each time anger was

expressed in the past was always towards a

person liked

Anger towards a person disliked was almost

never expressed


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Design and methodology

Correlational designto test if:

correlationbetween anger expressed

towards people welikeand feelings of

sadnesstowards people welike

vs

correlation between anger expressed

towards people we dislikeand feelings of

hostilitytowards people we dislike


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Dependent Variables

Three dependent variables:

ANGER

SADNESS

HOSTILITY


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Participants

26 students of Acadia University

volunteered to participate

13 males and 13 females

Age range 18-23

Place: Student Union Building (SUB) Why? Library? NO! People are studying!

WE WANT PARTICIPANTSNOT..THE

BEATS!


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Materials

Informed Consent

4 Questionnaires created on our own:

Demographic Questionnaire

Anger Expression Questionnaire

Sadness Sadness Questionnaire Hostility Questionnaire

Debriefing after completing the

questionnaires


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Questionnaires

Demographic Questionnaire:collect info to

describe sample such as age, gender,

nationality, marital status characteristics ofparental home and educational level

Gender controlled as quasi independent

variable


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Anger Expression, Sadness

and Hostility Questionnaires

Each of the questionnaires contained 10

questions

5 referred to people we care for

5 referred to people we dislike

Questions appeared counterbalanced with

one question about people we like followed

by a question about people we dislike


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Rating Scale Each of 10 items measured on a 4-point

scale

1= almost never, 2= sometimes, 3= often,

4= almost always

All questionnaires yielded two separate

scores (people we like vs people we dislike)

with possible scores ranging from 5 to 20


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Anger Expression Questionnaire

I yell at my parents, whom I respect, when they criticise me.

If I am annoyed with a schoolmate, whom I do not hold in high regard, I will make a point to show

my frustration.

I argue with my siblings, whom I care for, when we disagree.

If I come into contact with someone, whom I believe has been unfair to me, I will show that I amangry.

In a relationship I often argue with my partner, whom I care for (i.e. girlfriend, boyfriend, spouse,

etc.) when we disagree.

If a stranger is rude to me in a public place (restaurant, shopping mall, etc.) I will react negatively.

In an argument with my friends, whom I care for, I often show my frustrations.

When a stranger purposely bumps into me aggressively without apologising I will attack the stranger

verbally or physically to show my frustration.

I do not hesitate to show my favourite professor that I am angry over an unfair mark.

If my professor, whom I feel negatively towards, gives me an unfair mark, I will confront him or her

and express my anger.


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Sadness Questionnaire

I feel sad when I disagree with my partner, whom I care for (boyfriend, girlfriend, spouse,

etc.).

I feel sad when my roommate, whom I dislike, takes advantage of me and treats me

unfairly.

I feel sad when my parents, whom I like, treat me unfairly. I feel sad when a classmate, whom I dislike, mocks me in front of the class.

I feel depressed when I find out my friend, whom I care for, has lied to me.

I feel sad and put off when a professor, whom I dislike, criticises me.

I feel sad when my siblings, whom I care for, are unfair to me.

I feel sad when an acquaintance, whom I dislike, treats me unfairly.

I feel sad when a professor, whom I respect, embarrasses me.

I feel sad when I feel a stranger purposely bumps into me aggressively without

apologising.


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Hostility Questionnaire

I resent the fact that a classmate, whom I dislike, has scored higher than me on an exam/

assignment.

I resent my best friend, whom I care for, because she is generally more successful than me

(i.e. academics, sports, relationships, etc.)

I have negative feelings towards a professor, whom I dislike because he or she has givenme an unfair mark in the past.

I have negative feelings towards a sibling, whom I like because I believe they get more

attention from my parents.

I hold feelings of suspicion towards people I believe to be dishonest towards me.

I am suspicious of my partner, whom I care for (boyfriend, girlfriend, spouse, etc.),

because I believe they have not been completely honest with me in the past.

I feel irritated by the fact that my roommate, whom I dislike, has left our room untidy. I am irritated because I think my parents, whom I like, are trying to control my life.

I am cold (verbally) towards people I dislike.

I am cold (verbally) towards people I care for because they have upset me.


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Pilot Study

Small sample: 4 males and 4 females

mean age 23 years

Small sample because some questionnaires

obtained were eliminated since

inappropriately completed

SO: changed the wording of some questions

to be more accurate and for results to be

more valid

Control time & location to avoid confounds


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Results...

2-tailed T-test:

Comparing means betweenpeople we like

andpeople we dislike

Anger:t(25) = .609, p


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Table: Results of correlation analysis-

Pearsons correlation Table 1

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient for Emotional Blends of Anger, Sadness, and Hostility

Emotional Blend p r

.

Dislike (anger & hostility) .055 .38

Like(anger & hostility) .008 .51 Dislike(sadness & anger) .88 -.032

Like(sadness & anger) .66 .092

Dislike(sadness & hostility) .042 .053

Like(sadness & hostility) .75 .067

_____________________________________________________________________


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Results: Discussion

Correlational analysis:

No relationship between overt anger

expressionand sadnessfor people we like

No relationship between overt anger

expressionand hostilitybetween people we

dislike

BUT moderately positive correlation

between overt anger expressionand

hostilityfor people we like


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Unexpected correlation

Hostility for PWL vs. Anger Expression for PW

LIKEHOST

16141210864

16

14

12

10

8

6

4


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Suggestions...

Control other confounding variables:

mood of subjects (i.e. depressed)

individual differences (i.e. cultural)

larger sample size

specify population of interest


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Problems associated with

correlational research

Cannot apply causation

Directionality problem

Third variable problem

Limited sample = threats external validity


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Uniqueness of this study...

Questionnaires were created on our own

The two emotional blends: anger-sadness,

anger-hostility

Population from which sample was derived:

different nationalities (Canadian, Asian,

African, European)


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Applications of this study

Emotional blends to be studied in

the future in order to understand

anger expression.


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