Y490 Politics of the Y490 Politics of the InternetInternetSeptember 13, 2011September 13, 2011

Internet PioneersInternet Pioneers

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider: developed the ideaof a universal network while working at DARPA

Robert Taylor: succeeded Licklider at DARPAInformation Processing Techniques Office (IPTO)

He also was a big supporter oftime-sharing vs. batch processing computers.

Video

What Did Licklider Want?What Did Licklider Want?

The Department of Defense operated The Department of Defense operated computers or computer-like equipment for computers or computer-like equipment for many different functions:many different functions: Missiles and satellites, Strategic Air commandMissiles and satellites, Strategic Air command Battleship control systemsBattleship control systems Army field operationsArmy field operations

Licklider wanted all of them to be able to Licklider wanted all of them to be able to communicate with each othercommunicate with each other

More Internet PioneersMore Internet Pioneers

L-R: Vint Cerf, Robert Kahn, Len Kleinrock, and Larry Roberts –Team members from Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) and the Lincoln Labs at MIT and later at UCLA who created the first IMP and connected the first two nodes.

Key InnovationsKey Innovations

TCP/IP Routers and Packet SwitchesTCP/IP Routers and Packet Switches Local Area Networks (LANs) (LANs) Fiber Optics (big Internet pipes) (big Internet pipes) UNIX with TCP/IP kernel with TCP/IP kernel Integration of TCP/IP into all computersIntegration of TCP/IP into all computers Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) (HTML) Multimedia standards and protocols standards and protocols

TCP/IPTCP/IP

TCP = transfer control protocolTCP = transfer control protocol IP = Internet protocolIP = Internet protocol Pioneered by Vint Cerf and Bob KahnPioneered by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn

Three Types of SwitchingThree Types of Switching

Circuit Circuit MessageMessage PacketPacket

video on the difference betweencircuit and packet switching

What does a packet look What does a packet look like?like?

Advantages of Packet Switching Advantages of Packet Switching over Message Switchingover Message Switching

Packets all have the same sizePackets all have the same size No waiting for entire message to end No waiting for entire message to end

before sending next messagebefore sending next message More options in routingMore options in routing

Pioneers of Packet Pioneers of Packet SwitchingSwitching

Paul Baran Donald Davies

Baran was concerned about creating a network that couldsurvive a nuclear attack. Davies was looking for a moreefficient network that would work with time-sharing systems.Davies came up with the name; both given credit for theconcept.

EthernetEthernet

Developed by Developed by Robert Metcalfe and and others at others at Xerox PARC in 1973-75 in 1973-75

Connects computers locally and allows Connects computers locally and allows them to connect to the Internet from one them to connect to the Internet from one shared nodeshared node

Ethernet and the InternetEthernet and the Internet Ethernet made it possible for offices to Ethernet made it possible for offices to

network computers locally (via Local Area network computers locally (via Local Area Networks or LANs) without connecting them Networks or LANs) without connecting them directly to large, mainframe computersdirectly to large, mainframe computers

Wide Area Networks (WANs) did the same Wide Area Networks (WANs) did the same for organizations with multiple sitesfor organizations with multiple sites

The Internet was adapted for connecting The Internet was adapted for connecting LANs and WANs as well as larger computersLANs and WANs as well as larger computers

Fiber Optics and the Fiber Optics and the Internet BackboneInternet Backbone

In order to speed up In order to speed up first voice and later first voice and later data data communications on communications on the public switched the public switched network, the US network, the US and other countries and other countries moved from satellite moved from satellite and copper cable and copper cable networks to fiber networks to fiber optics networksoptics networks

Sergey Brin on TED

Undersea Fiber Optic Undersea Fiber Optic CablesCables

Fiber moves closer to Fiber moves closer to homehome

Fiber backboneFiber backbone Fiber to the curb (FTTC)Fiber to the curb (FTTC) Fiber to the home (FTTH)Fiber to the home (FTTH)

Pioneers of the Web: Pioneers of the Web: 19801980

Tim Berners-LeeTim Berners-Lee Robert CaillauRobert Caillau

HTML developed for scientists atThe CERN complex in Geneva

What is HTML?What is HTML?

Hypertext Markup LanguageHypertext Markup Language Predominant standard for creating web Predominant standard for creating web

pages and web sitespages and web sites These pages can be accessed by These pages can be accessed by

standard “web browsers”standard “web browsers” Permits the combination of text, graphics, Permits the combination of text, graphics,

and other media on a single page and and other media on a single page and links to other pageslinks to other pages

URLsURLs

Uniform Resource LocatorsUniform Resource Locators A system for locating uniform resource A system for locating uniform resource

names (URNs) on the Internetnames (URNs) on the Internet For example, the URL For example, the URL

http://www.indiana.edu identifies a http://www.indiana.edu identifies a resource that is obtainable via HTTP resource that is obtainable via HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) from a (hypertext transfer protocol) from a network called www.indiana.edunetwork called www.indiana.edu

World Wide WebWorld Wide Web

Berners-Lee and Cailliau proposed in Berners-Lee and Cailliau proposed in March 1989 the creation of what was to March 1989 the creation of what was to become the World Wide Web.become the World Wide Web.

They went on to create the World Wide They went on to create the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to make Web Consortium (W3C) to make technical decisions about it.technical decisions about it.

The Rise of Microcomputers The Rise of Microcomputers and Hacker Cultureand Hacker Culture

1976 Apple I computer sold to computer hobbyists 1976 Apple I computer sold to computer hobbyists Paul Allen and Bill Gates create a BASIC language Paul Allen and Bill Gates create a BASIC language

compiler for microcomputerscompiler for microcomputers 1981 IBM PC begins to compete in the microcomputer 1981 IBM PC begins to compete in the microcomputer

marketmarket

What motivated the PC What motivated the PC revolution?revolution?

Desire for the dispersion of computing Desire for the dispersion of computing power to “the people”power to “the people”

Avoiding dependence on large, Avoiding dependence on large, centralized computing systems owned by centralized computing systems owned by large organizationslarge organizations

Some Interesting Some Interesting Historical FactsHistorical Facts

Although Apple led the way to mass Although Apple led the way to mass consumer markets, it was overtaken by consumer markets, it was overtaken by PCs and PC-clones in the 1980sPCs and PC-clones in the 1980s

Microsoft was the main beneficiary of the Microsoft was the main beneficiary of the rise of PC clonesrise of PC clones

The switch from narrow band to broadband The switch from narrow band to broadband networks enabled the rise of web-based networks enabled the rise of web-based firms like Google and Facebookfirms like Google and Facebook

Good Questions in the Good Questions in the TextbookTextbook

How has the historical development of the How has the historical development of the Internet shaped its contemporary characteristics?Internet shaped its contemporary characteristics?

Is TCP/IP a radical communication technology?Is TCP/IP a radical communication technology? How important is the do-it-yourself, or hacker, How important is the do-it-yourself, or hacker,

ethos for making sense of the Internet’s ethos for making sense of the Internet’s development?development?

Assess the impact of the World Wide Web and Assess the impact of the World Wide Web and the graphical browser on the diffusion of the the graphical browser on the diffusion of the Internet.Internet.