Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
XII. PUBLICATIONS
PUBLICATIONS
Kinhal V. & Parthasarathy N . (2008)Secondary succession and resource use In tropical
fallows. A case study from the Corornandel coast of south India. Land Degradufron &
Dr~~oloprnenf DOI: 10 I 002lldr.868
Kinhal V. & Parthasarathy N. (2008) Ecology of a d~oec~ous palm Phoen~xpus~lla
(Arecaceae), endem~c to Corornandel coast of Lnd~a. Indran Journal of Scrence and
Technologv 1, 1-7 ( httv:lIwww.~nd~st.orn)
SECONDARY SUCCESSION AND RESOURCE USE IN TROPICAL FALLOWS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE COROMANDEL COAST OF
SOUTH INDIA
VIIAY4I.AXMI K lN l l41 . AND N PARTHASARATttY
I h ~ t ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ 8 <#I 1, tt$wz, urul tn\tnt,,fn, , ,><,I \, , o a r $ P,,tr,l,, Ihrn 1 !r!tr! T,,! Ptrd~, h,,,r, &,jf!14 / , , d , ~ ,
.\t{\l Rl\(.T
,\er~iullural Iallou\ \~l l ,~gc r<inlmon\ md drgrdilctl Inre\l\ ur\r ar 1mp~nd111 iummon urrnnlunll\ y~t,prn, iru,ulic\ II!rc)~ghctu~ 1ndt.t hut due 1,' Ihrtr degr.bdrcl \ i ~ l u \ Ihr\ .iic ,<,n\~Jcncd r, 'u,wri~nds ha%lng l~ l t l c rli,nr,n\tL \.llui. .\nd p,,,~ htcul~~cr\~l) A *ludi on rcr i>nd~r\ ,uiccrk!<,n st., i<,ni l~ic~rJ ?I! .lyrtcullurrl r.~ll<~\r.\ ar>und Puduihcrrt l ~ ~ i l l r rcr Iru 11,r ~r$dl l \ .c ,map irf ' u .~ \ l r l~nd\ Chir>no\rqurncr< 1.1 Illtlr \ire\ aped 2 4 10 and 50 vcm\ nclr u\ed 10 Inwill!alr ih.tngr 11,
I~WCIC. c#)mpOs!lt(>n and .thund.tn<c irlnberprit<c unlh I ~ncdrh\ tcne\r and 10 examlnz k t r economgr u\c .\ ic,mpmt~m $11 Iilc-lcirn*. *pci t c \ r~rhnc\r ltnd di\r.lril\ III~I~C\ \h,n\bcd Ihrl hnhucc<,u\ \pcile\ d o ~ n ~ o a d up 10 IOlh !CJI
re!r Ilum w h ~ h p l n l dn \ucir.*8ol, bod! *pr\!r, heirme mmrr cmmtm 11 ur, in the Slhh yrat u r c lhrl \hruh\ rud =iond.tq lrcz %prclr\ Itiiunlii# III t~u i lc r ln l clunlpr k k d n l c dun~~t iml A ilu*ler rn.tl)\t\ h.wd on Bra!-Curiv ~~niO.mlr ~ndch +how\ s ~'t , \ l~l i l ld l ~C\EIII~IIICIII 111 ( C ~ C L ~ I I I I P IIIII~U~II Illn~.. th~xlgh 50th ycdr pklol, ~huucd nc iotlrcrpcnrc ul lh lhc In>pcal r ln cvrrgrrcn t< r r \ l ITI)F.~I hul thc p ~ t n ~ 3p.A ii>mp,ncnl .mJ!\,sdemonntra~c~ 1 chan~c In inmmuntr\ w u t lure trim ~!.l*hl.lnd\ I I L \ ~ I U ~ .lnd * C C O ~ ~ J I \ ircr \~CI.IC\ ~OIRI~JIILC I'rcunic t~iadul l \ 131 fne pnmrn Ittrc\~ \p . '~c\ I<,und III thc i Iunlp\ tid,~alcr d lil\l ralc nl u~ond.r! \u<ic\\lon i<rl\~di.itny 111.11 prd,tng md rcwurcc rr.~no\dl cx~urrcd ~n Ihe uter 1 he pcwni~.tl %.lIuc of lhr urrlclandr ~r c l l d ~ l l l iron, Illc ldcl I h ~ l N per 'clll $01 recorded *pei~c< hd\c %unomtc urc uhscli underilne* I l v tacil for 1hct1 \u\latnahlt ul!l17.11!i?n lm k l l t r ni.ul.,gcnicni <,I h~<treu,ur~,c\ rdlhrr 1h4n iontcntng Ihrni Inlo mon<rul~urr\ I (blnnghl 1 ?(HI8 kahn Wdc\ X Fun, I.td
\ lud~e\o l l uc<~ndrr! ~ o ~ i r * \ l i > a w h ~ c h rdn hr del l i~cd .ir ~ h ~ n p e In rpecle* cul i iphl l lon and ~ h u a h ~ l c e (McCoc~L.
lc lOJ~. l o undefirand the tlvnam~cs o l ;I Idnd\cdpz .rnd riiorc pwt~cularl!. l o prcd~cr the capahtlity of \ec<mdar)
. i ~ ~ c c \ \ ~ o ~ ~ ; r l lorc\t, III restmatton 111 drplxdcd t~opt< .~ l cnr lronmcnb (Zhuang and Corlctl. 1997. M!,tc~ and
U"~lAer. 1997. Shell 19W Blanc cr o l ?lWKl. KI\CI.I ci r i l ?(KNl. 1.u c.1~1. ?(XlZ. Koh!a \b~. 2O(Wl. JW a \~ l lah le
lll l ln rarlou\ Inlplcr
la Indl8 l l r r c havr hccn rcldl~\cl ! fcu ~ t u d i c ~ LIII ~cc011d.11\ \uccc\\ll>n conipdlcd 10 the \a \ l d l ~ c r b ~ t \ ot l o ~ e * l l i pe* \rcn Mort ol ~ h c \ c \luJle\ ~ H \ C I ~ u \ e d on tlic nioi \ l Iore\t\ prevall~ng 111 Werlern Ghat\ (George riui I W I. I'.~uul. lVKKl or nonhuc\~ern Indl8 tR.10 and R.~rn~ l r l \ l in . t~~ . 19871 A pr r \ IOU* rtud! of rucccshlon In 1Ir I l<~plcdl
clr! cvcrgrmn forcrtr tl'DEFl In Sonh .\rcul and S11t1th 4 r i o l areas rccuded e1g111 auccess~onal $!apes 1cud111g tnln:
lhc Arlrrrclu spp ddoni~naled g a r s slapr It, lhc L,~I~I.I\ cv~ l r r i~ured hy Alhr:~rr u~norrl-A<cr<ar l o r r f q ~ l r l r ~ r u
iornniunlrlea (Drhholk.lr. I%?)
D r g r d d ldn i l~ In lndla are conpldered ,I% k l l i g sera1 In nature, having olrglndred due lo;lh,!ndoned cull~\dtlon or deprildallnn 111 lorerlr, rrsulllnp In $lu\\l.lnd* 'lnd con\~dered a*d~rlunaxcq lMr\ra. IYSY) Many rtudlz* h;rre hesn condueled 111 thc\c prd\\l,lncla to rv.~lunlr~ llir cllecl or frdnng an specte\ dr\crs~t) hl i~mds pr(ducl~v~ry ISlngh and Mishra I'MO. Suan~an and Slnph. 1074 Pandry and Slnph I'PI? Sdkradl tO0hi"), urhlch arc ~n keepcnp u ~ t h \ludler f n~m olhcr regton\ l l le Screngcl~ In Alrlca (Me Naughton, t971J. 1093. Hcl\L! I0921
Howevrr r~udlr, on iecondar\ *uctc*non pathw.ly\ In d e ~ r l k Rnnrtlr\ .tnd d y n a m ~ ~ ~ <,\el llmr ro k t l c r undcr\tand ~ h c pr rxru (11 rcvcgculrbm arc I'cklng from IAI\ pan and rh~ \ could k u x d rn the 1c\tora11o11 ol dceredcd I~mda Mort 111 [he depr;drd land, rrr 'ur\telitnd\'. a* the? are a~mm,~nl! L,IIIc~. \ct\c ;I* Lommoli prupcrt! t c ~ o r s ~ c ~ In l n d ~ r uuln:. 111 lhclr dcpr~drllon. rhe! dt~1(~101Ier hrfli return\ 10 ilielr u\cr\ hcnic cml) the ~ r d l p ( ~ ) t .lnd ~nlrrmedl,~~! hq)u~ch~ild\ uw thcni lor Indilcr and fuclulnld Such '!~,~*lrl.t~id~' COIII~I~UII. 1~1
c~nph~!inurtl ; I \ ~ I .~~i~lrnul.tllon .tnd 10 I C 2 pcr icli! al Ihc III~UI~C ~ \~CLI~I I I ) for ~ h c nlr.11 pnori li,,lIi.~ I~XY' . ' I [Q< Pdllcrn\ ol urc \dr) ulth gender u ~ t h \\unlen hang recolded a* the prcdoniinut rewurcc llirrr In H~tn,~ch~i Pradc\h tHcrke\ (I (11. 101)Xt
'Ha\telmd~' In Intlladre e\tl~n.i~cd '11 113 X I r i~~ l l lon hecure* acinununc lur ?(I 17 percent ol tile I<NI.I~ 1 . d nrcd accord~tig 10 Ihc Ndtlondi hd\LlJndr I~i!cril~~r! I?qccl, undr~trkcn hy Ndllollal Rerniuc Sco*ln; Agcnc) i?(KX)) The Idrld ~ ~ u n r r \ h ~ p I\ prndtc I.lilr~n Irsd. ~~l lrgcl l levc~iuc ldnd or Iorc\ls The negatl\c lriidgc 01 llic \~d\lcldnd\ har mrured l h ~ l 11 ha* Ir111g been 4 1dr:et ICII \.irlou\ development whome\ h) the Cmtrdl dnd Sutc po\rlnmcnt\ The IIJ~III~ uldc Slaral Inrr*ll\ p r ~ ~ g ~ d r n ~ n ~ ~ l tucrd ol \uppl!llig fiKkle~ dnd fuel for rhz Irr.11 ptrplc UJ\ dl!encd lor ~1lnirnc1~1.1I and ~ndu\~rl.~i 11% ~Siltph IYKO The Comprcliena~rc Wd\tcldnd Dc\clr~pnic~~l Pr,~lcil In Tanill Nddu lnrnrtsd 111 ZIX)?-?(KIl \ceL\ to Ic,l\o .I hundred Ihourdnd herwrcc (11 cornniunrl\ Idn& c~ iur]wrac\ k*rde\ pnkrle ud\leland*, u ithuilt l1*1111g knch l \ lor the I a a l people iSarvuan a d bidhapslr~ 2IYlit I he lalcrt and the hlggcsl llucdl $0 IJI lo the lkx~l ppul,rlton \ Jcce'ir lo 'u.l\trlandr for urutrurt henehti I\ the proporal lo ure I I niilllon hcclsre\ol 'usrteldndr t7pe1 LCIII 01 Ihe cullltdble clrea rn thecountry) tor mo~~ncul !u~c~ol Jurn,phu h) 2012 111 ru11pls hioluels, lo rncel l11dl.i \dlrn ~odchle\c l0percen1 hlsndofb~o-d~esel h) ?(I10 tM~\l inarid .4wasth1 !mi
Re\ IOU\ \~udlc\ 11n [he rally to ~i i lddlr \~dpr\ of \ucccr*nn hare \hovli that gluing ern reduce erdrr toter rnd Iaruur e\lrhl~\hn~eat of uind) planl* h\ rcduclnf conlprlltlon frtmi grrwe* and r t d tlf lire* md Impro\lng d~ r j x r \ . ~ I t t l wed* ill u(nui\ \pec~e\ hv f rmng mln~dl* (Van -2uLen !MX) Klques el ol 2(NI I On rlic otlicr had. WII~IIUI an! d~\lurhdr~ic In 20 !c.lr\ .I i lhlwd cdnup! ul \hruh\ ua* prtduied In Pdpua SCU Gulncd ~Cc~rlcll IYX7i and d ilo\etl LIIIOP! 111 I~WI W I I ~ high ~CII~III~* \ \d\ p~ed~ctcd In the mmr time In Purnu Rlco tRl\rr,t er ul . ?(XMll ;and 50 \L..II, In H11ng KIIII~ prtxlucrd .I L.tlnlpr I~,lrrl doi i i~~~,~tcd h! l~gh l dcnla~idln: llcc *pci!c, (Zl iu~~ng dod C~rl lr l l . IW71
Pl.rnt;~ta~lii .lnd r \ \~ \ ted kccondr! \ilcir\\lon m.rn<lge to Hnun\h u'hrn ,I ldndccapr I \ plotcilrd hul 111 light 01 lhc heas! ~r\ourcc u\c 1h,11 rgrrcultur~l I.tIIo\i\ ,$re *uh~ecl lo. l h ~ r \lud! uaa carrledoul lo delcrtnlnc Ihc course nl accond,lr) ruLirr\loo t1l.11 w o r a here UIIII ~ I ic IOIIOWIII~ ohlect~\c\
I lo IIRIL 1~11 IJI tut~lorer ol >p.clc\. ihr Inilc,t\c in wmd) \pcclc* ~n rrlnc. ICI con\clgncc uttli rhe ~ l r n i , ~ ~ lorc\l 111 tho *red. Ihr (1DEI.I ,lnJ tdl laipltt\crncnl In \ o ~ l co~ld~~lonz in llmc
2 io ~SYI* the m n m l l i YPIUC 01 \}X~IL, ll1.11 (~teur 111 thr dgr~cuIlumI Iallou,b
STI'D\r ,\KEA AND METHODS
Vry~rarron
br l le r puhl~>hcd work\. dc\c.r~h~rtg ~ h c \cgcl.~troit of Ihe clud! m a , hair co~nlnenled 011 the dcc~.ided ~ 1 . 1 1 ~ of much of the area Champt~~~i wid Seth (10681 recorded (TDF,F) [Type 71C11 and (TDEF) CTypr 7IDS I1 r\ the conlnlon vepctnllnn found on rhc Colornitndel coast Irom Ramanalhapuram in \nuth to V~.ihakhapatnarn tn the nonh Mehu-Homnjl (19731 cluhhrng the urea inln the A/~I:IN u m m m e \ . dewhe5 11 phy\lo%Romlcdily orcumnp
mo\tly dh \crubwu~dland or thlcket. lhe Irtler bang contlnuou\ cbrden*e HI, II\I 191 c h s l d c l ~ ' r l ~ t ~ ~ . preterenttal and d~lferent~al yecles h.1~ more rhruh, than treer Blawo and I.e:ns 119721 found 1111 dl) etergleen foresrt" IC l i , ~ rnp~~~ t i d~ id Setl~. IOfW . hul lu11 Lllids 01 th~cket*--thr I'olnt C.~llrnere type .III~ l l ~ c Mankkdtiarn type d~milnuled hy \h~uh\ The! lound lhat rad~ant herbs accounled lo1 mitre than SO pcr eelit \hr l~h\ dnd undmhrubs !? ]x r ccnl. clllnhcr\ 17 per cell1 wtlh tree\ accoununp lor lu\l I I per cent 111 the ~ ~ L I C \ Kciem htud~es fcrur~ng UII thc tore\r\ prewr\ed a, wnred grove,. r a ~ r d tree\ und Ildnil* the pred<~rnlnant ur~iKf\ rpccle, (Ydnhawathy .~nd Serh~ 1997. Kcddt and I'i~~lhawri~lh!. ?Oll3. Vcnhdlc\udrdn 'tnd I'r~lhn\rrathy. 2001 H,IIII dnd Pdflhs\aralhy. !IHM) Sln'e Pulhupet. d \~art%d prow I\ llle Ileareat Iorert foniidt~on to our rtudy area 11 a c t \ ~horcn .i\ the panble ' C l l l l l ' l \ '
r11c Icgwn II.I* an a\crdpe dr! ~ I I IXI 01 6-8 mcmthh uit l i d nlc,ln renudl ~ainldl l i r l l l ) i3 + h'l 701111ri Cl~rndle data .~\dll.~hlc I i ~ r I'uduihcrr! lor ~ h c p;ht de~ddr (1W?- !(Ul1i. rr\c.il .I tnc,in .lnnudl Icnilwiatolc ill 29 5 1 ? 45 C I~~.IIII .md f '~r l I~.~\,~r,~t l i ! 20liU>1
l he \lud\ I\ h C l ~ d on r i l ~ r ~ m o ~ e q ~ ~ e n c r \ (11 ap r l cu l t ~~ r~ l f ~ l l o u 9. dyed ? 4. 10 and 511 !ear\ to dehne dlflerrnt \t.!pr\ (11 ieccc\\lon Each \Itr hr* three plot, a\ doc* the c l~n i ' ~ \ tnrc*t
f.ne *tud! we& were c h u m ln and dr~~und Puduchem I I ? 07 h 79 51' t) on the Cnromandrl coart of l nd~a I'ulhupt.~ .I \c,lred grnm rill (TIIEFl I, I~u'aled I5 km lnnnli o l f 'udl lchel~ I I2 03' N 79 51' E. with a speclec, I I ~ IIII~\\ 01 ? \ lrcc rpc~ lc* . I l I t ~ n ghh ~I'~rtha\ardth! m d Scrh~. IW7! .id 1X llilns ~ ~ C I C \ :.I cnl dhh (Kcddy and P.inli.~varslh\ ?IWI1l 'The 2 \ear <?Id ute I ? drre\l dnd 4 year old \11e (2 acre\! are Iwaled I ? krli ue\tofPuducherry .~nd tlic I 0 \enr old \ I I~ (2-7 dele51 I* 5 Lm nnnh o l Puduchrrn and the olde4 \I!e I, I ~ d l r d u lthln the Pondlcherq 1'111\rr\11\ c ~ n ~ p u r i - llWI.~~rc*l. l(1 kl i i nonholPuduiherr) touli 411 \ltcr ;arc pn\drc pnlpcrr! the ? ycrrold \ere
\\.I\ r n . tpr~c~~l t l~ra l held !he J urdr old and In year old atcr Here (;~\annne Itrrnira \ t l \~iulture-pldntn~on ic,lnlncm In thc Icpllon Thc 111rcc *I!<* &ere sgcd drpend~np on the !ex\ the! have k e n letl ls l lou Pan of the I'ond~che~n Unl\er\~l! c;mipcl\ I\ rllll lel l a\ Cuheu phntatlon u h ~ r h wdh planted le\r thm 50 !errs ago and has lint kc11 ~ntrr-culr~ssted allow~np n.~ttlral regcnerauon
Threc 10 . l l )~ i i : ~IIII, \\ere r\tihhl~\licd In each *Ire Tu tac~lltate d.ltd <ollccrlon each plot un\ huh-d~~ided Into I IWl~uh. i~~~. i i I r .~ l~~.~l I I III I,) \lud\ .~llpldnt \peclc\ dhmc I c~r i ;III~ JI the haw'ol Ihepl.tnr clli.ct~icl) coverlng \I~ruh* ,ind Irrc, In the lcll.hand Garner 01 each pl111 a 3 25 A 2 n ~ ' gnd ua, \uh-dl\ldcd inlo IOU quadrats o f i l 5 , 0 25 111' 111 u h t r l ~ all p l rn l \ . f~aw\ . herb\. \hruhs. c l l n l k l r nnd tree, were counted I hr \egetallon da!a III~ ludcd ~r lunt and so\el c\t~mdted .I, rare (Ic\* than 2 5 per ccnti. 25 pr cent. 5(l p c ~ ccnt. 7 i per cent and 100 per LCIII ($1 111c \ i ~ h qu~dr.11 1 l ~ r l ~ c ~ f h t III all Ihc \ ~ ~ c I c \ CIIC~IUI~~CICL~ ucrc tc~ordcd In c.rh \oh-qusdrrt Ten w l l \dmplr. i 10 , 10 * 111Lrn'i uer r ~ .~~ l lec lcd I r on edih plol l n~ red rlli~roughl! w d a \111glc urnpie i a k n from the \ . ~n r 10 dclcn~i~ne hrr~l ualcr holding CJ~~ICII ) , dnd orgilnlc c r r h ~ n LIIIIICII~ h! 1.o*\ tin I gn l t l ~ l i at 5.50 C 10 dclrrn~lnc tlic ccononilr trlu, ($1 thc TDEF pLnt q u , ~ l ~ t a ~ r e ddtd Iron1 ;I non-go\~ernrnrnt
orp*lnl,.ttinn Thc P~~chundtluld~n B~n~c*ou rce~ C'cntlr. 4urov1llc ul l ich dcu'unic~lt* hcrhrl nicd~cln.tl u ~ r s o f l w d l ~I.II~I\ uric 11\cd Litcrvtea> (11 nppr i r~~~i~d le l ! MKI trud1t11111.11 I ied l~ t \ Iro111 411 ~a \ t c \ and c~ rsd r hsvc k e n ducamcn~ctl w e e 1005, for mole t11.1n I 0 y d n . ln a region cu\rllnp 3lMJ \tllngrs. spanned hy Puducherr! In the w t h . M~~.ikLunam IJO kln mmh o l Puduche~r). I and Tlndl\anan (JOLI~I X C S ~ 01 Puduckn) I There data were 41$0 ~upplemenled h! reronddr! data lrolii Iwa l lloras (Nalr and Heor\. 1YK3l The NGO hd\ u? tar found 452 pldnt\ o l the rcplon In hate ~ned l c~~ id l u\e< These plants arr ~ourced h) the vddtttonal healerr trtim conlmon Iwopcn! rrrourccq. lncludlt~g udslrldnd\ illid \cared g ~ o \ e \
~LIIII Alulli r t i
for ani~l!u\. grawr . \edge\. hrrhr. herhaemu, cllmher\ and under\hruh* \\ere conr~dered nr Iierhaccnu\ apcles. dtld rhruhr. w~nniy c l ~ n l k r s (118t18a). pi~i lsl l le c l ~ rnk rs md \hmh and t m \ WCK 111c1udcd In ktd! ,peeler
1 lyrrngh I HXUl J h n Wtls! & .(ld Ird
'lo c u n d r r chdnge In cunlmu?tty clructule we ~<~nr tdr . r rd H111'* nunihcr 1111 (I c number of sper.te*l. 'tnd \~wur . * dlvel\tty hj u%llig Shannon-Wecne~'\ Indc\ .~nd Slmp*on's ~t idrx (lil)~ lor hcrh.~ceous spccfe*. utd!
\IWLW\ ~ n d lor lordl \cgetallolt for each wre lB~~ t -d~vc rs~ l ) Profe\*lr~ndl ?LX)?I l'ur111lbc1 111 hie-fom~r herb,. pr.lr\e\ \cilpe\. herbd~rou\ ~ l ~ m h e r \ , under \h~b* \hruh* cltmbera paraslllc i Ilmhzr* .lnd \IIN~ and uzer tluough Itie *ordl *lager u i l \ \ ~ud~ed to e \ ~ a h l ~ ~ h w l ~ e ~ h c ~ ~ G K K ~ ! qrLtes gained J~rttln.inr.e 'l'helr phglo:eoyraphl~aI dlrtr~hutlon ud\ c~~nr~dered toc~. \Ince cu~lter hers\ nrr told 10 hr. populdtcd h! u ~dc\prerd weed! \pecle\ l o rhou clrnrcrgcncc 111 the cl~md\. rclat~sc dcn \ t t ~c~ (11 pldtit\ \\TIC L I ~ to Scncrdlr 4 \~~nt ld t i t \ 111dtt1x U\III~ Hrzt!-Curt~+ \11nll~r11) ~ndex, u\cd III ~ l u ~ t e r unaly\ts and 111 d I'rln~lpdl Cumpcrnclil Anal!\i\ pcrlorliicd lor all the plot\ ofthc \clc\ .tad Pul l iupt loteat I H~o-dl\er\tty Y r o l s ~ ~ ~ o n d l !IX)2) Age nr, repre*\cd u ~ t h ~1 wdcr holdtng ~rpac l t ) dnd org,tntli ~ ' l ~ h i l n LOIIICIII to \CP II there ud\ .tn) .~inel~or.tt~on (11 \of1 conditton u ~ t h \ucrcarloli
l 'hz CIIII \ numhct tHO) lo1 '111 \pecle* ~ncted*ed tl<rin i I 5 3 , lo 57 trom thr 2nd teal 4th \ r r l 10th ?enr relc\ m t l lc l l 10 3X lor the 5Ulh vcar \err HtII'\ HO for hcrh, u.ir tii.l\tlnum In the younge5l \ere 143 spec~es) m d decre~lcd till 11 ud\ led\l In the 5O1h !err \ere (101 whtlc IitII'\ HO Irtt u ( d ) \pecle* ~ncrsated froln the !nunee\[ \ere 18 *pe~ IC\I tooldrrt wre (28 \pc~he\l T~ iu l l ! 104 r1xcIr\ uerc rr~orded, of whlrh 65 urre hemaceoua specte\ and W uerc un<rl! qk!~lc\ 1 ldhle I1 A totdl 01 Ih tdmtllc\ u l l h Y7 generd welt' re<<lrded Rvaceae Kuhlacs~c. P.~p~l~oa;~icdc t u p h ~ r h l ~ k ~ ~ ~ c and ('onvolvulacc.~c drr lhc mo*i rpccloqe nnd dhund.tnl ldm~llc, Dtiicrcnt Idm~llc* .Irr .~hundant In \pec111c m e \ . with Lamlaccae and Ma Iv~~eae ~oncentrdted ~n the Ilr*l t nu \ere\. wh~le Ebend~cdc and KU~~CCIIP drr l)rc\cnl on)!. In the oldc\l wre $ p i l e \ Ilhc ju$mtnlrm lrlt~tr~tlfr!ilunt o l Olcdccde and Pkorl l l l p u v l l r ~ 111 Arrcdccde n,hllr precml In esrller serer dre ahunddnl onl? In the oldc\r relr
51mp\c111 \ \ / D l .~nd Shnnlr~n * tndcr H' tFtgurc I 1 i Ie~rrd\c\ Iron1 thc !oungs\l !<I lllc oldot rcre lor hcrh, ,i
decredrinp trend I\ alui seen In total plant dl\er\tt) hut wtth the lowe\t vdlue recorded for the lOth ).ear =re. tor wwrl! \px le \ hoth the 111dtce\ Increase from 2nd !ex to 50th !ear old sere. w ~ t h J dtp III \due for the 10th !ear *ere I ldhlc I1 The rlxcle, rdnk abundance cwve (hgure ?I *how\ d log-normal dt\rr~hunnn Tot all here* 4 II*~ of thr \pc lc \ . thc~r u\c\ and d~ \ t~~hu t t oo rangc I\ g \ c n 111 Ap lwl~d~x A
In ~ h c L.IW (,I the lherh~<cr~t~\ y r3ue\ , herb\ m d tllclt gr.t\*cr r,ontrthute to grcrirl \pet I r r rtchne\\ and dre more tilltnctou\ In thc III\I I~ ICC \CIU\ (Table I I ) Shrub, 9 1 . Itlipllldnl In all ht11 thc \ L I U ~ ~ C \ I kcre u'h~lc tree) S ~ C I C ~ itrc IIICI\I nuIrtcrou\ In lht. i(lth tea ( 10 speclea) and Slhh \cat \ere\ (12 qwcts\i L l h ~ n f the len mo\t dbundanl speclea
<IN('( Ih'ilON ANU RL,SOt KC1 1'61 Ih lUDl4N MRI( I I l I H \ I I A t I OU'i
nllr ~ < m r ~ d c r . ~ t n > ~ ~ Hi' I[lund lhal III Ihc 2nd ?car 4111 !c.rr dlld IOlb !csl turc, I~crh* l l le S[)omn,o<r /rryrd(r H r ~ l ~ r v r r l~rrhcrr~I<r .and E\rrl~ulrrr olorrordcr uerc I[>IIIIIIII~ I hc domln.~nt :raw\ urre dlttercnt ln caih \err I .~i ir tr ,%n~ ~ r $ i r r i < i dnd Pi,'r.lr~rr\ ~rrdrcu k l n p i ~ ~ l n n a ~ n III thc 2nd ) e a dnd 4th !err ,ere\. along with I)rp~lur~u /?I< ornr~ dnd I r r ~ ~ h r r ~ r t l t ~ <tirrrlr. ,I rdgc 111 thc 2nd )err wrc dnd & ~ ~ l ~ r ~ ~ x h l o ~ ~ pvrrirtu dnd C~!~orlori Ix~rhcrr In thc 4th ) c d ~ \crc 7.111 y.!>\c, IILC \r?\ridu irtut t o ,~nd tirrrrryr,y,,n cunlorlrr, Ic.~turc ~lnlong thc tcn mo\t nhundant *perle* 111 lhe 4th ! en ,111d 10th year \ere rerpecl~\el! 2nd uintlnue lo do~~llnrnr cvvn In !he 50th )ear w e I11 the I01h \ cw \err \hruh, I~ l r . \ r~u r r r r r~o Iruc y ~ r rns and Ik,dor~o<u \ r u i ~ \ u .~IICI la thc 50111 hear %re J onx r~~r r~~~ l r s rn I' /v~~\r/lu. Currt~rtrrrpue~ y,rlr,>sa and D II.~ ow along H I I ~ a pnmdr) fore*^ trer I)ro,p\r,r, lvrrva tar bur!/olra are .~hundanl
In the 10th !cdr xre. l l~err were three planted ayue \ (Te<rtl~xr yrerrtdr\. Klr't~u ~cr~ryulert~rs and C' lrrrurc~u~ uhli11 \ur\~\erl sllcr rh,~ndosmco~ 4~11~111 ho11,~rrrr 10. Aluctu uarrl rt1r]c,r1111\ ale exot~c !nviL\l\e apcteh Ut,r~w I~JII ~r,r$~rlhrr~r~rr. I \ i ,r~rjrr~~rrru. Chlo~rtr 11ori rm rcrcnrn and 11 /<.r~co \ hr~rloiro anlong crces and G\nrrrcnw ~ \ l i n r r r . 4 l ~ r ~ ~ r rucorclcd In lllc 50th ) r r r r r r ale \pcctcr commt,nl! lound In TDEF iVcnkatcruarrn snd Pdrths\arath!. !(MI3 Man1 snd P;lnha$aralh) UlMl 'The o~her tree hpc~le\ rero~clcd ci\pptnd~x A ) are Ilghl tolerant \ci tmdar) \pi v r l l lc 01 ru I rur~q~l~ locu. - I ~ ~ r r r r i r r u rr~d~cu. Brrdelra c rc~n111uro 61r.1r11u ~~rn\-rduea Mc~rrrrrlii l,vi,nc rtl, .~nd Irirrrrtr,, ct*rrrlr<u
Flfurr ? The R.nl rhu,t&nir r.unc\ lw \mrur vrul urge.
I AND II$~vRAI>ATITI(lY & DI.\'l'l.OWhWiT 19 1-14 t2lKD1 WI lnlmmJr
put 1~14 aq4r ql~n pa~vla~~o~ i[a\lll\ud JII, ,,?n.uJ, \noaJr9q.aq iq pziuurmup a~a srs( 4101 PUI' 111t II:.I~ pui aqi awaH uaxr! aql qlty ~IIM palr1~uo.a <1>\11r:alr [lr alr rix~xlr I\~JO~ -IqlLql 's~xnpuosa\ aq~ I~II~ \/~\III\~x~
Inq rlxl: I*J~ aqi q1.n palalauu~ ila.\111,3au alc \al.-ni* JUI i~~~puo,.n pull \q~q\ Ausw ,q~q n \IN'' 1,111 ,141 111tn p.?lP[JUO1 i/3\1)1\0d XR \.??UPpUllqP ,\>l?.xf\ \llllI17l~L)J5H 3Ull ~<ll<llql UI)IIPIJ~J\ JII UOI\\JJ~O~~ illlntlq\ I\,lJlll
aq~ pur ur.?q~ uaanly UI \at( q.xqn ..>la\ l\.?pln "41 tunnj \?I.>\ 221111 laillPa 41 \alr~l~d.n ~t z1n51.l~ .>q.l, \,old ldnqlnd 01 Jr[lwl~ I\r?l rl lvai ~p), 10 i l$qd [IUJ' lad XL #I
E 1o1d lxlnqlnd 111 J~~I~UI\ ow SI ma( 1110)' lo I 101d lelll \noq* radn111y ot ua\ lraplll aq1 JII llo~l~rdlu~.? v UJJ\
~aqro sqi [[r OII~I'~I\\IP I\W \I JJ~\IEJ~( 114~ 2111 jot told kiorur aql uo party ~JIJNI\U~J (t alni1.11 wrldr~~l~uap agl UI pal.?auaJ \I pua11 \rt~ \uulida~\a awe\ an. uaql qinuq~ 'uul*\aa>nr UI lxau \xa\ OI JP~IUII\ ~JOU 3u1.y \.m\ ylln .am I\aplool isalunoi UIUJJ ~IIJI
lrblc IY 511n1liult) lnafnl ~ccd~rdlng 10 !la Bldi -C'url~+ Sla~~lnrn! Illdi.\ ilrl pcrccntagcl l a p101r i t 1 l o u ~ rr1.11 rugc, dnd , i l ~ n i ~ r ~r(~ncrcntrd h> Puthupci '
-. . -. . -- - 2v1-1 2vr.2 3 7 . 3 4~1.1 4!1-2 J\I 1 Illyr I Illy-! I I ~ I ? l l r . ~ 1 ?O!t-2 !Oyr-i I'ulllu-I Pulhu-2 Pulhu-3
I ; !\I I l q IU ZOHJ 3.1 '4 Lh0q l l 12 IS h5 11 XI, ?H l h 24 81 1 19 111~) 11lnl l i l l l l 0 1 ~ 1 I 1 \ 1 2 1'4 52 17hcJ 17'15 1 I 14 104X ??(X !7611 1117! 2 % OIU llfX1 OIUI OIXI
2!1 1 1 1 65 i 4 f ~ l h ~ ~ 288'1 1411 5 ( ~ 2 7 2 O ~ X I 111~) f l l ~ i 0 1 ~ 1 1 4t1 I lH l h 1'1 hU 2.1 74 40 lU 1042 ? I Wl 0 29 0 05 I I I X I 11 iKl IlIHl 9 4,r 1 1527 28 511 ?')14 ?7K2 I?Zh V I2 005 l l l l i IIIII OIWI 10 4 $ 1 1 !4(11 ?Ill31 14 14 - 7 (5 !IN OIII IIlKl IIIYI ll lXl 11 111\r1 62117 UCJO I? 3 0 15117 115~1 1 1 1 0 flIK1 IIIKI
I l l $ : 'I? hi1 2867 1207 11!1 Olli O l l ~ IllXl III!~ 1 27 ?! 1 2 1 4 0112 IIIKI OINI IIIXI
/ 3 l f l \ l l ? Y i l 1114 11' 21' 8 - 8 ?(I M ? LJX 1 6: 11 74
' I 70 I 7' 1 I l l >I 311 24 11
. . 55 C)i
. - - - - -
~ r t ~ n d die,. lhr older~ >'re UIIII Inorz ~ h u ~ d . l n c r rrl \c~ond.rr! I lcr <pcilc\ and h u h ~ I* nc:dl~\cl) cllncldtcd UIIII ~ h r ilr*! .I\I~ 211d P(I\IIIVCI! U I I ~ Ihr * C ~ O I I ~ dnd ~ h r lure\[ plulr are ncga!ltsl! cumlaled U I I ~ h o ~ h u c r
Pi11 <I<,I/ kur tor,
I hrrc u ~ \ no \ lgn~hr;~nl cunrl.~llnn he iu r rn dgr .~nd hoth Ihc \IIII laclor\. though orgnn~c carh>n *hou,ed an
~n<lcd\cd Ibrr~ugh !he \cre\c? I p c ~ cr111. 1 ? p c ~ rcn!. ! 4 pi ern! 1 3 pel ccnl. 3 7 pel ccnl for 2nd ycd~. 4th yet.
C 2gra v r c i 3 4 year rrrri 0 10 y c r itrrq A 50 pa ccrc: Plllhupct
lOlh vear SOth )edr \ere dnd Puthupel rtspu.l~\el) j showing an i~tnenolauon In so11 tenllll! 11 O?OfiCx ?X 423 , K' 0 7 0 5 1 So11 udler holdtl~p c~puctty showed sxh~h~rcd n n ~ ~ x e d trend (25 3 pl
~.cttt. 22 X per cent !I I pcr L~II. ?h 5 per LCIII ?Y h 1x1 tcnl lor 2nd ycdr 4111 !car. 10111 !car. ?(hh !car \cle .end h l l iupc l rc\pccl~\cl) I tnd~~dltt ie the ~niponsncr of \ltc ~~t rhcr Illan rgu ( r 0 79Xx - 28 423, R: 004511 Wner huldlng rapacll! tr htghc\~ In !he 4th yru wtc A\ 11 I\ Icrated adjacenl 11) a p n d
I., ono!nt, Vui1:c
01 lllr IIFJ spec~rs recordcd In I~II~ \tud!. 70 (64 per CCIIII ar Il$led by the P~lchand~hula~n Bto-Retourcr P rqw t a\ h .~ \ l t~g rolne uhe Fon~-\even arc tor ~ n e d ~ c ~ n s l u'c The re\( are used tor fodder. tue lund. cawnrr). reltptour pulp.~s\. Itdlr-C~R. lnaktn!: IJ~ICI\ 10 / r r r r < ~ dnd I\IIIICI\ cAppend~\ A) The Flor,tol 'Idnlll tiadu(Ndtr dnd Henr\ l'4X31 11~1, 46 rpccles a ~ . ~ t ~ n o n i ~ r a l all c i ~ c p t h \ c l r l t lg Il\led h! Ptlch:lnd~huli~tn BIII-RC~~IUIC~ PI~IICLI Thc g r ~ w ggntted on lk hcld h ~ \ c II~I hccn r c ~ o ~ d c i l h! c~lhcr \ourLe hul Ihr gra\\er q x c ~ c \ H pcrrtrtu. S c 1111ii,i r ~ r r t o ~ t r r ~ ~ H cortrorr~rr mJ I):, , filru Ii.rltunl o,.,v\l>rturr~ xc UCII Lnoun rl* beltlg g c d lor f dde r and \UII rrc1*1011 rcmlrol. and um worded n* ~ h c rvplcal \pecle* Inund In dl*lu~bed grd\*limd* (SLe~rnm and Rtrercn. 1990. Purndilu.. IWI. P m h m c.1 n i . lW91
C'/r:l11~1 111 $CI IPS ('l~lt1/1~~11110n 11tld A~IIIII<~II~( I,
The 2nd year. 4Q ycur. 10th year ere \ can be conaidered lo be earl) sera1 slope\ when an Increase tn a dlven~l! tollowed hy a dccl~ne ~ \ c r l w c ~ e d (Trarnct. 1475. MrCnnk, lW4. S~ngh r t o l . 20(f11 The Slhlt !ear ere where rhtr ucondsry me species Illcrcnsc i ~ n d sppcur In greater ahundurc t I? rrcc *pw~c \ l can he m n n d e d as rhc
]AND DhGRADATION C Dk\. hl.OPMLNT I9 I- I 4 IZIXNI M I Ill llYl?IIB
l~ptnntng o l the mtddle seral \tagcs ol hecondar) \tticc\,tun The prrcentage o l herbs seen in the warteland' I\
32 p r cent, and shmhs and under\hruh\ ui i* 2hpcr cent ual tteea lnakc up 17 pet zettt The uood! rpeclo are In rxic,s o l that recorded earlter t I 0 per cent, I~II the .Ire.i h!j H l r ~ o and l*frt\ t 1973) A dccrc,l\c'" ol herhilcecas dtverrtfy, and Increase In v a d y \pecte< dlver\tt! I< reflected hy HtII'\ Hi1 numkr. Stmp*on \ ( I lD i ;md Shanmn'r H tnd~ce\ i'luhle I and tlgurc I I progrr\\tvcly thtouglt thr *err.\ u.15 dt*cerned The lop-normal dt\lrthult~rn ofthe ,pe~le\ In the *re\ I* rnntrar! 11) e\prctntlon*. d\ lop-notmdl dt*trthullon curbcr ~ndtine undtrturkd I m J ~ r n ~ ~ r ~ tM.tgurran. 2iMkll. \111cc nll the sctal \tape* .itr \uhlcctcd to grr/lng i~nd rc*ourcc rcniovrl
Senin~bry wcceh\ton u r n frt~rn Iltc advent111 Itlc. Iortn\ and \pectc* \~IIU\ that JUII tl~rec hhruh ,prLtc, xppur tn tltc 2nd ?car ,en., and except lor the common Lruc ,pale\ lthc .4 rr~d!r u. Pr~,\(~/~i~]~rlrtlr,rn. Borurtln flrih~lilI~,t dnd .I l irtir Z~pphrr\ r,pn<rpltu whore \apltnps ucrr rr~otdcd In the 2nd and 4th ycar \ens. mo\t of !he \econd,ir! ttre ~ W L I C \ .NU "hlc lu cstdhlt\h Ihcn~*cIvc\ trnl! 111 1111, cnd , t i c.eIy .lad hcgttietng oi middle succea\~onsl ,tdyck Thtr ~nd t~ r t c \ that o l k r \ p t e \ \\ere not r\dllahlc In the tmnledldle \tc!ntt\ of the \ltc\ Spec~es utrhtn the tmn~cdtatc \ ~ r ~ n ~ l y o l the \noare Ihe one5 (11 colonire mrl! rnd late +p i l e \ ttltpht hs \lo& In arrtvlnp tf sources 111 propayule* .Ilr dt\tanl lrom oeu ute\ (1'1att and ('otlt~ell ?cW)ir 11 I\ cle'tr ~ h d ~ thc buicebston r r n occurrtng In tht\ L httmorcqucnce tr thc lactlttalt\c i\,lic u t t l i huh* Ik.1~1tttg 111 \h~uh* and tree, tn 50 ?cars tltne rConncll and Sl.t)tct. 1'177. Platl .tnd C~~nltcl l !(Kt? hoha\rrltt 2lHLII
I he r~rntl~trtt! tilrlrtx i'lahlr IVJ rnd K ' 4 Il.t;orc. 41 ttr! \uppl,r! a ihanpr of \egeutton t)pe Irutii tlir cdtItr\l rrlls IMI l h c i ~ l d r * ~ wrr \tudtcd Thz Idck<n1 ~ t t t i t l ~ ~ t t ! h~t\~cc.n thr ~ l d r \ t plot* itnd the Io~e*t.dom~n,~trd h\ pr,tii,tr! \pi [I.\ doc\ 1101 neir\\rr~I! tncm m~n-n~n \c tpc i i ~ i~ (11 \cpct.tllon hut 1h.11 .W !c.lr\ I\ 11x1 citrl! to crpcit *ri,rt~d.~r) icpct.t t~~m la rrcdih r ~lt t i inh L t ~ h t d~111.1ndttip l lcr\ nr r r the d~nilnrtit ~ ) C L I C \ dtler 50 yea\ In Ilong Kt?n: t/.It~ratig and ('orlclt IW71 r l ~ d r c l o d Ldtalp! { r l \hruhh 811 20 )ear\ resitltrd In Papua heu Gulnsa. in thr ~ t h ~ c n ~ r 01 dt\wrhancrc ~C'orletl. lUli7t (itten thr ~ i i ~ l . r i l i t ~~ax of iTL)EF) and a u h iChampton dnd Seth 1')hXi alttch e\t\l\ In ~ l ~ e tcgton. Ihe wcce*\ttbn (auld he III contlnuuni utth Troplcdl dl) evergreen \hrub and not I I Obi-I. due tu the dt*turkd nature uf the \ I I~ l'hc ih;ttigr tn commun~t) uucture. and the presence of h e prtm.tr! \Iwxtr\ d\ ddult tee\ I* Ir\ter lhdn an! ~hnttgr rep~rted In other \tudte*, where presence o l onl) reedllnp and >.tpitngr 111 umdy lote\t \pertc\ alter ?il \rs\ (C'orlett. 19871 and 50 !err* (Zhuang and Cnrlett. 1997) I* tnlr~ttt~mcd
Mwt 01 Ihc rhmh, 411d \eit\ndar) tree \pi te\ rciordcd. >urvt\.e aa the! have thorn* a\ defence agatn\l herhlwn H r I h !p~ tb r~~ r r !ha1 tlir pttmrr! ~ c c rpeite\ tlundgr to *ur\ t\e duc to prolectt1m rllorded h) thethl~rn! \e~ond.~r! y x * ~ Ie. .I\ the vc:et.iln,n tmd, 111 u i u r In iItlmp\ 111 111c olde\~ *ere Thetc ilump\ w e r an rpproxlmate 30 p r rent 01 1111. pin, i l t ~ l t t i ' ~ l h h I< \trntlrr In tz\uIt\ !cpi,ttcJ Itom .In ,\lrt~.dn rd\dI111~1 In Sun~tland u l l c ~ r \htilh i t i t t ~ ~ ~ i l i t ~ t c t t ~ t~~irea\cd [rot11 ? per c~111 111 1'147 10 ? I FI icrit In IcMl .tnd ua, rurrrlalcd utlh grdLtng. ult t ih iontrolled hrr lrcqltcn~! tK~qoe\ el ul.. 2001 i Stnrr gr.t*rl.tt~d hrc\ sn unhm~u n l01;1*co and Lrpn*. 19121 tn the T1)l.k rrca', praftng ptoh.thl! atd* rhmh encru.t~ hn~ettt h \ decreaslnp cotnpetlttnn from krhs and dlsper\al of wed* through d,~nte\la ~ntrnd1rIVitn Aulcn ?ltKt! .\\ lcn,ltn\ herc are p i r t~i<~r~ontsmaucr anddr) tBla~o.111d I.epr~\. 1'1731 dn tncrcru In orprole m.lltrr r \en rl1111tpl1 itallrttcall! non-upn~hc.~nt can prr\umahl! a d tn the r*t.~hl~*hn~enl ~ r l [me\ .tnd rhmh\
tc OII<II~II~ u l \i1111r o( N1l~fr11t11~1.t itnd /I~I/I/I~ 'I~I(~II\ tc,i ( on~~ri1111or1
MO,I r ~ l ~ h c rpr tc r contnhultng 111 the h t~dt \c r \~ l ! 01 1111. agrtiultural I . l l l~w\ JIC 01 u tdc geographtcill dt~tt~hultoti [.\en the see, are mo*tl! A\ttn Bur though thc \pcitc\ ,!re not unlque to the lepton a\ expected (Krllnian. 1980~ ihcl! CCIHIUI~IC~I valw lor Ik Iwal pupuldlto~~. ,lr rciordcd h! Ihc P~lchdadlluldm Bturc\ounr Prqccl i Jn hc lodged Inm thc tact that nearly 70 spectc* rrcibrtled are u ~ d , n mqont) for medtctnal purpose, (Appenh\ 41 h rqd on ~rad~tlonal heultng *)atellis Thu* the 'ud\telrtids' niake nn Important contr~huttoti to the health of p o p k III the run11 arcu. whew malent health wr\tce* rrc tt~udyuate
Gtven the tmp>rt~ice 01 Ihr unrtel~ttdsico~nn~~~n pnqrert! resources to the petryle, the plsture (if then1 k t n g an rrnnonlic and ecoloftc;ll nd\te \hould he rca\\rrsed An! attempt to UK rhesc bnda lot 'dc\elnpment' rchemes, a tccumnl mnd (Slnph. 19851, sbuld k rc-c\alua~cd 111 the llgltt olrhc dependence t1ra1 thc p ~ " ~ 1 \e(.lloll% ~d the
10 V KIVti4t AYD N MRIIiAIRATHY
rural populat~on have (J11dh.1 l11k~"'. 8r1Lt.h u r s l . IWK) on the local hlodlvenlty Development agmile\ u d l hnd [Q4 - 11 harder and liiole expznrlve lo i i lo t~de *uhrlltutr\ for the loml. mcdlc~ne\ fuel*. loddc~ r l ~ d ntlier et~v~ron~nem aervlces llLe cnwlrli uclnlrul. ~IC~III UIICI lhal Ihc~e ion~munl l) rcuiurre< offer cur~enll) (K,~lrnowllr and Slie~l. ZW71 The total ot I0 plant \pc le \ recorded III the snld! area of 1200 m' ulilch I\ contrrr! to thr urual absumptlon $11 pu" hlo-dl\cr\~t) of 'ua\telrnd\' \hixlld hc kept 111 mlnd h l ~ i r c replaclrig them u ~ t h montxuln~re\ or other land-us change
CIC~I cutlln; (11 cxllltlng ~cgCldt11111 Ihi~uc\cr tho~n). trl liidk~. u r y lor pldntrlliin\ ,hi,uhl hi. .itold r\ the \eionddr) \pecle\ lound llcre arc rd rp~cd 10 thrne In lhc dr) and brrrcn condll~on\ found In \i.~\tcl:~nd\ The rrilc ul
$hruh< In fac~lllrung x ~ o n t l r r y ~ t a c r \ i ~ ~ n c!pcrlally In olxn dry n c r * I\ *ell ehtahl~\hcd ~Cranc/-Apar~c~o PI nl , ?(YWI The w ~ d r g ~ . c ~ ~ r a p l ~ ~ c r l dlrlr~hutlonirl turd> rnrl llghl l o l s a ~ ~ t rnult~ple-ux \econdsr) tree \ p i l e * lecorded wl l~cl i .trc eltlic~ o I p . ~ ~ i t r o p ~ t r l or A*I,III ~I\III~~IIIOII (Appclid~x 111. Crn be an asx l ra the! c.ln c . ~ \ ~ l ) hc s\cd In !q lon \ w ~ t h dr). ~ r t ~ p ~ c s l lore\t* III loulrnd lndla rnd Axlr lor rerlorauiln ol toreal* l h c ~ i . " ' pioneer y m l e i th,~ugh are ..I \urt.~hIe lor I I I I ~ ~ ~ U C I I ~ I I 1 0 wet 111rt.t m a . where the! ma! colon~,e rap~l l , 1 1 n c l IWI'"') Managrnirnl and chl~lce ol \pcitek In rul i l r ruon In human dominated land need lo relrln ~niult~ple vdlue\ ot product~\c lh ld rnd p~c \cn t an\ l u ~ t l ~ c ~ lo*\ In h ~ o d ~ \ e ~ \ ~ l ) h! d ~ \ c r \ ~ o n ol i~tlu-I ndtural h.~h~trtr l ~ k r lo~c\t, ID~II! I'NO
CONC'1.I SIOS
In 50 year! ~ h r r r I\ r clear p.l!lcrn I I~ ~ h r l i g c 111 *pec~e\ iolnpmltlon ~ n d abundance lerdlnf lu lhr domlnance (11 tree, and rhruh* making ~ h c rnlddic *e<ondrn \uc~cr\~onul stags Though there I\ no con\,crgeace of the \tud! \ ~ l c \ dlter 511 ?.rill\ u ~ l h lhr L~IO\CII ~11nirx plot\. thr ~ ! n c r p I lhr l '~d>telaIIdb' are p a r in b l~x l~ \er r~ l ! . due lo reroulce rrmo\nl thould he rr .~\x*red Ikbpllc (he lac1 that shrub rnd lrer clump\ ewer onl! .30 pcr dent of [he arm, the) rdn pla) an ~ m p i n m c rille in ni,untdlnlng health) pnpul,ltlon \17cs ol the fore\t rpccle* KIIICII n iuagr 10 rhrl\e III lhe rgrituliural Fallou* Fai~lltdtlon 111 fure*t specie\ h! p~iinrer shruhs and small \econdrn tree $pecles with mul~lple I txal urc, should he ~ntepaled Into r c a ~ o r a ~ ~ o ~ i proce\* Our uud! clearl! denlon\tratr\ that ~hr \e 'ua\tcla~ld\' makc a \~gn~Tti.,~nt ~III~III~IIII<II~ w<m~~m~ca l l ! and c~ i i l t>g~cr l l y
Wc rrc grarclul 10 Jow Brrmk\ The I ' ~ t ~ l ~ . ~ n d ~ l u l . i m Blo-rcv~urcc\ Prt,jet.t lor collatkirrting u ~ r h 11\11! \h,irlng thc plat11 teu)urcc u\cdd~a Dr D e \ ~ p r r s ~ ~ d \ Ih'lp u l th \MII\IIL~I ,HY~I!*I\ I\ 111uch apprcc~ated We thank D Sdrr\anan and Bcmrld IXL lereq ~JIII AWN l l le III ~ d r t ~ t ~ l ~ ! In: and pertn~lt~n; 11, 10 collect duca f r n ~ ~ ~ l l i c~r rltc\ Thal~k* s e due to Arul Prdp.i\:ln k ~ r hl, help on tlie held and III Dr \1dn1 .lod .\nahar\an
&I*k, I lW? tllrrlr graranf n,n~prl~!rtn <lirlilhnrr m l hrr ton \put< La,rnp>\~ltnnrno.l dl\ma! m pr\\lanrliol>tmut,ti>r~ Jr,itn~c,iid #.qrfsnlrr Sf snt , 3 IK?.?IXI
Uchm I I)rslJ~<n Hunt l 1)nulu)n Hltnl h I'wK I)ncnr!\ $,I ,<lmnloo pn+m iv.iunc u.r d m l Jltennr of \tr!,tl i 1 1 t ~ i i . 1 ~ 111 lllr u c w r lndjr!! Hbmula)r M<wnr,~tn R~sntn h end I k l r Ihrlt*tr~l I8 19-11
Blzn I. Mwn-l.rrhw 0 Par81 I - P /INN1 Si!udtsn. lleor~rl~r nmgwrsln 2nd wtural rrgrntrvtttul tn ~hr tnrr\b nl ('.I: Tcli U.llton.01 Prrk \ o ~ ~ , I I I ! An anul,\n to1 lh. \rwiu\r8onal !r$,ml\ l . ~ a i ~ t ~ i l (81 Ht~~(~ ,~)qniph! 27 141 1(7
H l u c o l I ry r~ \ P IU71 Ur, mrrprrcr I~nc\i 01 PI^ filtmcrc i81d MrrLtinm krtrrnul (81 B<nnbs, ,\~s,mii I l i l s i n \ r * w r i 70 !7'&2UI
Challgm 1% (clh SK l U i X ,1 K<~nrrl . S l m r , r l r l ~ Rue,$1 T I ( Y $ ,$ L d l ~ (i(l(l 01 In11a PTw NCY k l h l (unncll Ill 'ilr!tm 110 1977 Mcdre~m, ol .a<cc\ \wn 81, n,\tut,tl ion~mun111r~ rn~J ~hclr mlc III ,,~antuntlt rlrhal~n nlld urg,~nlullon
Amnrtun U~t t rv l r t r 121 78U-K!J
. . h1, \ r ~ # ~ l m , n \I lW4 (11.8.x. i. gt mirr. r i 8 t s i t . .lnd nundgemcnl tw/ i ,~ i t~ i ! A/8p/il(irir~n( 3 I--!O aft1 ,s#L 1 J lcP14 1 r%k!\~4,1dl$\? .<,)I 8 ! > ~ , 1 1 .t,<!lrr>u!>Io \u'cc5uon ~ ~ u \ d l n!,"I\l\ d > ~ $ l lh~r>ncs a rc\#<u I < ; < , t!,. Ill! I \ < 14- \ I r b ~ r ll~,ill~~ \ \ I 11171 .\ p h ~ i ~ ~ \ ~ i ~ ~ ~ I ~ & ~ ~ . , l .11ds !hC 4/hl:1~ utruni H L S I ~ i~ , rnn~unr I~ ol Ind8.1 P!IIIII, ,i,~t~l,,:i I I ! I 4 I ? $ \l~.hrs \ \ \ \ J ~ I I ~ I h 2lXb ldmq>t>.j I .~ I lsl,t>x~ ,tn,n ptl~,s Iu, g q m $ IM~IL\ I I r ~ u , n, b,~a!$ Sw .Ul :I) 21 ~I,>o.I K I ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~b ,I,,I~. ,)I (I!, I ! I ~ ~ , I L ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ > l t l ~ ~ 8 ~ l ~ ~ IIW t g p ~ , 6 d n g t ~ , < PI~SI ) I , , J ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ tq IS,^,^^^, ~ , I < , ~ c ~ , , , ~ , $,,, ,<,> u I-- h f % ~ [ c , HI\ \\dlL<,# I K IWI- I'I~IIL utLLiwtt~,t l p~ , l~x ,n \ ,," Pwno R I . ~ ldt1&41& I , , ~ ~ u , ~ ~ , I or l r ,q~~,o1 l!,.l,rv, 13 lb5 1-7 \.,I$ Wt fI,lir\ \ \ lqK i ti,,,,, ,of I,,,,,# brrlr,, (cnr. I 4nrh.1. l l $c,lumi\! lJl~l+l~i#~.#l \ u n i \ 01 1ilJi.c C?x#lnhdiitr~
\ .~~ ls ru l Nr,~rl.ir+d. Is\r!%lor, I ' rwr~ l ! ' r r i \ \ .~~ l ,~h l< from I'KL u u u mr,go\ idr\(l~.u~hilnUl,ldl 1111111 ,.8i1,.\ed on ~ IMh i)Ctoh.l !Ill-,
Prn,ln CR \111ph I \ I t#? K * ~ ~ t . ~ i l i n d rtii i l ir i l l cu . <\n nn p d u ~ l n t n !ti r m>phr l ,r\*nnu lndlr f i . , ! r * i 72 ?MI' ?Il!I 13.~rrlwrt \\ K.h A \.$h Il KAI \h lv'fi' I I . , r ~ l t n g plallolug\ dr\pawl untl m d :crm>ii.tlkn tn rlghl t r<~p l i .~ l pr>~nn8.J .'rd.,e, li,,[,~r<ii
/,,tI,l,., 40 ::-I> I 'mhrwr l !n \ \r.cI~t P lW' Trrc<a,d I,dtlr .piti. dnri\ t lb r n d ~ u l a ~ < u \ u r u ~ l u r c ~n*!nylt,rl dr! r\irgrccn 1,~reil lii \,rib indlr Tnp,cel
t.,ll,.ill 3m I " 10 I',I,LAI JV IONh !4,+ l . 8 , ,q rc r t l I,,!, , 8 , v! ,I, L\?,kr~, 1,hw 41mIw t<,t lux\ $ r r v < ! u f c (,mq!,!!,it,,r, '~JJ \!#,t,\%,,,tt h 'mh 11~~1~1~4lt
l'<~,,d,<Il~,,, lLrm!~~~.8 ti \ IWNl Tr,tpccdl gr.wI$#~d. 831 v I d t b d81J M t d lc~t,,>!ol ,,I H~ov,,~:r~~[>ln I1 7 W 41x1 P I A ~ < \Vl 1 tmnncll Ill ?(Nl\ \.ttur.+l ~ # ~ ! w + . ~ I I ~ L ~ , t t m d#rmt!<ml rep lucmc~~! c,: ~XYIC, t.,,rl,,q!~~tj 4 1 ~ ~ r ~ 0 ~ , ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 8 ~ 72 $117 5 2 Kr., h \ K.~nuLr~rhnm t'\ IUK7 l'lmlpd, 8 1 % ~ .il~.~Iv\i\ *(the pt lp~ ld l r~m din1~1t,ti> 111 ~ Y I , h m h w ,w'tcr I k . n i l ~ ~ ~ . ~ I . i ~ ~ l i ~ hdmlldl88 md
\n,h.r,,i>.r B~III>Y I#! n W L L < ~ L I ~ I I ~ . ~ > , i ,illi!~ic.nl /on )I t ( ~ k ! y i (itld MNIIII\~IIIII !I 1-7 1x4 Kcdcl\ hI\ P , ~ r c l ~ ~ . ~ c , ~ ~ h ~ \ t (.a#) , \ I~S~I~IW ~md db1rthttc.t tn lout trt~ptc,tl c ~ ~ r $ ~ ~ c n l ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n l h ~ ( L~~,I!I#.~$$cIc, .,I,M cot w t l ~ h 1ndt.1
R,',l,l,,l,~. I $11, /l,,,l,,.llt l,,, l,, I! 11<111 1 1 "
K i $ o * I N l~~,tc~tc~ntr#i Jh A d . I\! 21kX1 I ,lmt ReIc1~cn ~ ~ i ~ h ~ ~ t ~ c d ~ g 1 1 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ w i I Ih1dkt111 k.ir\tri,gilm~.I 1111 l I ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i . ~ n KL.IBU~~L 131t<ul 1,,21,,:> I* 11. 125
ktqw, K G 11 ( <L$UNU I<; N~\!.,#IV~ A t l > l ~ l l l ~ ~ ~ ~ , 3 ~ m t . ~ o l ~ h m h e n t n ~ c h m r z ~ t rnd8) 41rr,.31 , , f ~ , # n n ~ RtI.~t>lc : ~ ~ l l c z ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ,#I lhrc krhnor! T,IIIII,~II dn~ l ,Ic!\uI> & ~ l w n d t n ~ ~ i~~,,so~,U I!!/,'!, ,I 1, ,,I, K> 38 ?6S-?Ull
\ar\dn.ln J 4ldh.#(,a!n R 21111 1 I I $ I I ~ F :ICUI.ICI I l ~ i i 111 Ldilh M a i h 1s 10 4 I \ k t 1 0 I'rrr Iktcli8ptop a\!, 111 ruk%n*iiln 1 1 nip81hcx. u ~ t h w c \~ ru t tu l r i l pgitlittvn. inJ r.ru~\inci,l ~min; lul,; wrnl d.ktd lrnni ,i I ~m4.1 I.IIII IIIIC\I I'imr L,I/I~YI 140 11- 1:-
\ tnpl>lS Ct~d~t,, K luhu Ilnct,~r, ds,nw~.uiil l,,lh~lit> (todnc~ prUduc118 III 111, pr*.\l,ind-.~t \.\m~\i 111~1t.1 (ti,~~icl!ti!i I,ii~i,ti!il! HOIN~~ 17 4?5-J!7
%nyh I\ Pulfh Cl' (WPM SK !lX* I., ,mil,:,$ I P~~II~I)IIII~,II (~,~RF~I,IIII, C o ~ ~ ~ o ~ o ! ~ , ~ ~ ~ 4ndn,4$4 I 'uh l~ \ l i~ r \ h ~ i i OfIhl SangI, b 1985 bnc rqwr l r c1 lllc ~L~c~I~~FIL.II crl.1. ~n l tdlu hr,nl A,rrnii,! 13 82-XY P k n u n 111 K~$rror I IWXl k 4 0 ISI*n# dial I ~ I ~ ~ I L c I ~ ~ ~ \ C ~ C I h<+ ?: Fwd ~)nd AC~ILII~IUTC Orp111,~11011 01 illi l'ntcrd \1(1<10\ R<#mt h r n r . ~ (cL %ttlgli I\ IU7.l 4 d\nlt81!k p>o(l~,m!t~~tnp ~ P ~ Y L I I It, LI~IIII~I rr.i,ln(l \iluegccr urmg i ~ e i ' c \ ~ ~ o t i . ~ l r l* icl l i r i uupli.\l
pa,.ldtd I ~ w t a i i ,,I ~ p ( ~ i i ~ , l 1 l r t ~ l i ~ i I 1 sn 54s T~nnxr t 1117' Thr r r g u l , ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ i ol p l ~ n l ynlr. di\rtrll\ r s an crrl! \uctcrrt,,nil clld l l r ld tcolz,ri 56 905-Ul4 ' a n Aukcn OW :Ill1 Fhruh ~ m a . l , ~ s . in1 cu!rlh An8cni.n wmb-rrd pra,<irnd\ .In,!tuz/ Rl i t lu 141 F C ~ I I ~ I ~ I ,l~!iI T!$ll,nlurirk 21
1'47 ?IT mLnowurm K Ihnhu*un~lh\ \ :(XI' 1#~1(,kil dn c $ r r f m Icwrl*on l l l r iu&un~andrl ioa\l, ul 111d#il SIIULLUII. ~~nil j l , . l f l l ln .~nd IIUIIW~ dmlurkunr< trrmryv<a 9 41 58
hung XI' (mluu KT IW 1.trr.1 m d I~sr,! \ ~ c i c \ ~ ~ a ~ t m Hung &,nf Chln, I ~ ~ ~ , n a ~ l ill 7~**8~ii i t r r b i r l x i I 3 8%' YNi
I 2 V KINHAI AYI) N PA\KTI I~TARATHY
Appendix A. LI*I ( 1 1 rlwLlc* e~lurnerdled In agr~rullur,ll lalluws oo thr. Co~orn.inil~.l c o ~ ~ t
? yr
t i 2 H I5 H 0 H I I H I, H h II J t i 0 H O t l T I H 5 H 3
ti I I H 0 II H H O H 2 H I) H 1
H 5 H 211 H i ii 0 ti 21 H (1 H u H I H I ? H I II! Ii Ih' H h i iI h H 2 t i IV SI: 54
- - - -
I)tllrl!\ llscr --
4 \ 1 IO,, fJnK 1.h DI,I
44 I I4 0 M.HC I 42 221 0 M I
11 ! 0 A ! I O M E T
I1 I1 t 1. 0 I1 I! h l t i l ' b T 7 I! II ~1 T II I 0 I 0 ' ( 1 M 01
Qh 121, 11 \I I. T x 7 0 t , , r ! I1 11 w L I 1 51 0 1 I (I I T I hfi I ! hl t 1
I 1 11 (I 51 t T 11 0 (I \I H I- I I 1) II E T 11 11 I! M I I I II t 'r l l 1 1 1 M T
1'41 44 0 F,, T 0 l i i II Fo T II~ $7 I7 tn Y I o OT I 0 I! T
10 17 I (IT I h 11 E 4
IXS <XI I I A I W f i l i 0 A1 \ II I ? I 7 11 1 1 I1 M 1 5 11 11 M t T
7 1 4; I! M T I! -1, 0 r
l i 2 II T 11 II 0 [I 1 I! I1 2 I
MI 210 IV $
I I I (I r (1 0 I! I h 0 (I 4 6 2 0 T I1 7IU 11 I
U7 I1 0 I 0 11 0 or O 0 (I T 0 I 0 ( 17- n I o T
~ ~ y n g h l c 2lllll John Wile) & .W\ Ird
l i.c,
? l l i r I'HK TN DISI
S I~II n 11 (I
S 16 ll I1 0 M 1- S 0 I 0 M S 11 I! I ?I F t- S i , I Z 223 \I s ti o 21 11 S 0 0 (I I ? 51 S 2 I1 I 4 I< M I S O (1 ( I 211 M 5 I! 0 Jh 5 1 M E C' 0 I1 I 0 M 1. C It li I1 7 M I-
C h - ll ll FY 11 I! 0 I F PS 0 I 1 I I M t T I1 0 I II M E T 2 l i l 1 0 M t T O I! I! M U I. T O O O l o M t T O l l I I M T O O O M E
w T t T
I' 5 I' 5 P S 4 4 \\
(IT P 1
I 4 I' klU l lA l AND K P ~ \ R I H \ \ K A I I I \
Appcndla ,\ ~('(IIIIII~UC~J . ~ - . .
Slxrw, 11-I Fdn~i ly I)cnr,l!
2 > l J!, I l l !, 2Il!,
4r i i r io irlrrriplilrrrri ~ K i n h I W ~ l l r l M ~ m o s a c e ~ ~ i ~ T 0 11 I rl 41ncro n,rrr,i,l,lo,iiir, ACunn rx Hcnlll Mlrnl~vaccrc 1 I 11 10 l i A, ol h o / o , c r ~ r a 4 Curia r\(i Ulm h l~n r ruccd r 1 II 0 2 3 t'n,,r,lu\ ~ui,ll,au 1 5 u I Lfr blln~oraicdc 7 0 I 0 11 Lt:,/>httt ~ J P ! V ~ / ~ / ! O t l 1 %I111 R h d ~ n n ~ u ~ r '1 0 4 I 10 ( t ~ l t u , ~ z ~ < vc,,,t ~ , U , I , ' W ~ T l ~ u n h RU~WLCIIC -T 11 I1 0 77
It,t,o l ~ ~ ! ~ ~ ~ l l i t ,\t~d! KLI~IJLSJ~ 7 I1 II 11 I ,M,tr~,t,/o ,uO>< H,U< J L S I ~ I I ~ K ~ h ~ ~ t c c d c T I K I q 7 I I I I x K I R ~ ~ h ~ a c e : r T 0 0 0 211 ~ / ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ !<,I, f!,o IW Rulscrac I 0 0 II I h 7v , !,I,,,, ~ , O , K / , \ I I Vcrknrrcdr 7 11 O I II
i ~ l d l 1117 1515 3851 vCJ
I)LII%II\ ltll Hclh. 1;1.1\11. \lilgcl I4trh,#ict~ul iltnikr* I:n&r'hruh\ air 101 IU % .qu*rt r > i l \ ~ r c yr \c.$I
Indcr \I \ I ~ i l ~ ~ ~ t i . t K RL~IPLCW PLIIFI.~. C (.$cpmcri I: Fuclucxxl Id I lun. ~d lh l r IILIIS~I~ 101 \I~l!h\ ( I~!nher\ I'.#r;$rtoi ~ l t n h r ~ .mil shrub, and ~tri.i arc Ihr 11x1 vluatr ov*crc HI H+(,*srd h\ ;LI.I% Kdll 11.t in~hcl r i hrmlle. rnd r.ifvr3 'I lulner. Hi I lr irrrrc I' I'e.ii<ldt 1 0 l txl l i~r I \ 11111.1 ~.IIIIII Y A ~ U 15irlr .lr~d H~rlr) IUXil I ~~ . l l $hu l l~~s 1 ( 1 ,m!~l.mdrl CO.I\I 1'1 I'inlllblil.lr 131r P \ PCIIIII\II~.II lllili.l h \n I ,lnk,i \ 4\11 I Isdirn ruhi<.itncnl ~Hcln l rdc~h f'.sl$rl.m \ q r l X lnd~al 07 Old I n y ~ t i r I I'in trupl,, W i~nnclp>l>i.tn I)rt!.llr ltlr Hcrh, L~r.s.\c, \~Jgc. Ilcrh.ari,u\ G lln!hrr lindcr\luuh, r c lm IY i .qurtr ~ n i r a c
,. ,* * - 1
Indm J w d ot Sdence and Techndogy h$ lM tndpt ag Vol 1 No 3 (Aug 2M)8)
E d o g y d a dioeciouc palm m p - (Arecacaaa), endsmic to Commandel coast of I d n Vllayalaxmt Klnhal and N Parthasamthy*
Depanmenr otEcology and Env~mnmen~alSuences. Pond- Univatsttv, Puducheny- 605014,lnd1a
Ematl parthapu@yahoo wm' AImbnct The influence of bght on Phoenrx W l a , as fwnd m Charnaehum luteurn a lily (Meaghec, in different matrtces- savanna, plantatcon, troplcal 1981). Bmssus aemtopum a savannah palm dry evergreen forest and open area was studled. (Barol et a/, 1999), double coconut (Savage & Its lndlvldwls In 40, 100m2 quadrats were classed Ashton, 1983: SilveRown.l987), and the cycad Into four ontogenlc stages The palm shwed Zamiaskinnen(Clark 8 Clark, 1987) mcreaslng clumplng up to juvenile stage ln There are relatively few ecological stud~es of plantatcon, savanna and forest, wth decreaslng palms, wth most s tuds dealtng wth taxonomic or densales m succeeding ontogenlc stage, economr botany of the fam~ly (Tmllnson, 1979. suggeslmg suwlval of Phoen~x pusdla only ~n Borchsenius eta/, 1998) even though Arecacaae favorable mlcrohabllats In addltmn, Phoenix is one of the most useful group of plants d~str~buted pusila found In rnultl-spectes aegregates ~n open ~n the tropln and parts of subtroprs, cons~t~ng of area. show decreaslng clumping wth decreasfng 201 genera and 2650 specles (Mabberley. 2000) dens~tms. caused by dens~ty-dependant forces Palms are economically lmpoltant as they Include also Sex ratto devtates only In open area from m a p plantatmn species llke od palm. coconut and 1 1 Mantel test results lndlcate preference to date palm However most palm products are non- mrrohabttats wth hgher llght lntenslty by female commercial, bang part and parcel of dally Itfe ~n but not male adults, suggesttng a part~al niche rural areas wwldmde, used predornlnanny for d~fferenflat~on between sexes Thus mcro-habltat food, thatch. handcrafts, constructton and heterogeneity influences dtspersmn and population rnedlnne (Basu 8 Chakravety. 1994. Borchsentus structure of Phoemxpustlla etal. 1998) Key wwds D~sperscon, light gradlent, rnrrohabitat, In thls the first ecological study on the endemr nlche dlfferenmtlon, phoenix palm, popubtcon palm Phoentx pus~lk, Gaertn (Nair 8 Henry, structure 1983),a shrub, we considered the ~mportance of Introduction ltght ln seine phases of Itfe-hstory of the palm in
Mcrohabltat and habmt heterogene~ty have rnatnces of plantatmn, savanna, forest and open been fundamental In explatnlng d~str~butcon of plant area The objecl~ves of tha study were to spec- (Denslow, 1987. Gentry. 1988). and examlne (1) Dlspersan and populahon structure of mfluenccng densltles and popubt~on structure Phoen~xpusilla ln different habmts (2) The f l ed (Alvarez-Bylla, 1994. Barot et a/. 1999) The of micro-hatMat heterogenetty, measured here in dtslnbutan of palms too, across tropla provide Ilght tntenstly, on recruitment and establ~shmem evidence of the tnfluence of heterogene~ty at the of Phoen~x pustlk, (3) The ~nfluence of llght on level of hab~tats (Kahn and De Castro, 1985, vegetative tralts and reproductive actwtty of Peres. 1994), and mtcrohabltat as seen In the Fnoen~xpt l le Amazonian palm wmmunity (Svanntng, 1999). Ma*wia$ and mehods Costa Rmn palms (Cbrk et a/, 1995) and Alrlcan Study area &rassus aethmpum (Barot et a / , 1999) Factors of Four study sltes were chosen on the tmportanca have been dentt f i i as lght (Chazdon. Coromandel coast of south Indta. Puthupet, a 1986), edaphr (Clark el al., 1998). and topography sacred grove of tropml dry evergreen forest. Type (Svennlng. 1999. Svennlng 8 Balsev. 1999) 7lC1. (Champmn 8 Seth. 1968). IS 15 km north of Microhabitat heterogeneity IS lmpwtant for palms Puducherry (12'03' N. 79'52' E). mth a speaes as regeneration nrhe (Svennmng 8 Balsev. 1999). richness of 33 tree spaaes >10cm gbh ( and along the ltght gradient for growth and Patthasarathy & Sethl, 1997) and 28 kana species reproductive activity as well (Oyarna. 1990; > lan dbh ( Reddy & Panhasamthy, 2003) The Chazdon, 1992, Svennlng, 2002) tree savanna and A m r a a u l l c u I ~ ~ s plantation
In d i i cous plants, various envlmnmental are wilhin the Pondzheny Unwersity c a m p . The gradtents like nutrtents (Cox. 1981), temperature wastelandlopen area, located 12 km west of and soil moisture content (Freeman et al. 1980. Puducherry was a Casuanna W U ~ W F m a n and Vitsle. 1985), and l i ~ h t (Onyekwelu silviw)hlreplantahon common in the region, left and Harper, 1979), akmg which sexes segregate fabw for five years p m to the study. The repion have been idenlifkd prcducing deviations of sex has an average dry penod of 6 to 8 months with a ratb from 1:l (Meagher, 1980). A makbtased sex mean annual rslnfall of 1033 i 69.79 mm. ChuIe ratio is USUBUY more M Y o n in dmcbus p n b . dam for Puducheny. for the past decade (1992-
hdiPn hrnd of Saence nd Tectmobgy
2002), reveal a mean annual temperature of 29 5 k 2.45'C (Mani and Pafthasarathy. 2006) Species descnpt~on
Phoenix pusilla IS a small dioecous palm. locally abundant but endemc to the Coromandel area, India, at low ekvatons close to the sea (Gambk 8 Flscher, 1935. Basu & Chakravety. 1994. Mabberley. 2000) It grows on sandy w l s and in coastal forests (Basu & Chakravety, 1994) It 1s a shrub (small, thorny and acauiescent), grcrmog up to one and a half metre hlgh, the leaves are pinnately ribbed, spreadlng to form a globose crown, wtth a cover of one and a half metre (Uhl & Dransfleld 1987) It has many uses, ripe frults and farlnaceous plth as gruel, used as fwd by people. the entlre shoot t ~p used as fuel m ltme maktng. kaflets for maklng mats and the pettole for making baskets (Gamble & Facher, 1935. Basu 8 Chakravety, 1994) Bes~des bemg Ilsted out In reg~onal floras (Gambk & Flscher. 1935. Basu & Chakravety. 1994. Mabberley. 2 W ) . there 1s no ecological study conducted on thls endemc palm and hence thls research was undertaken Fmld methods
In a half a hectare plot selected tn each study Me. ten quadrats. each 10 m x 10 m were laid at regular intervals (every 20m apart honzontaliy, and 10m apart vew l l y ) All md~vlduals of Phoen~x pus,~lla encountered In the quadrats were counted and dassed Into four ontogenc stages lndlviduals were mnsldered as adults, only if they had tnflorexences (male or fernak), and lndwlduats as large as adults but wthout inflorescences as juveniles Palms were dassed as seedl~ngs d Uley had s rwo llve kaves and sapllngs d they had > two llve leaves The number of llve fully open kaves and lhve ~nflorexenars, cf any, were counted and recorded L ~ h l lntenslty (an lux) was recorded for each palm Data colleclmn was collected tn May 2005, durlng one of the flowering season d the palm &ta Anelp~s Tam 1. Dens~ty of lhe cntmenc smoes of Phoenu
At the outset. we must mention, that the experimental design lacks replicates at the habital kvel (Huribert. 1984, Mentls. 1988).
Palm denslty of the four ontogencc steps ln each habltat was mpu ted by cnrsldenng tndiv~duals In each subplot Since Phoen1x- 1s a droecous palm, the sex ratto was checked for devlal~ons from 1 1 using a chl-square test (wim Yates' correctm factor for contmuq) in each habltat (Zar. 1984) Population structured Phoenix PUSI!/B In each hab i t was studied, and Standardlsed Morislta's Index was used to detect spat~al panems In the four habits for all ontopenic stages of Phoenix pusilla (Hood, 2004, K r h , 1989)
Mantel test was used to study. 11 l~gM Intensity at the mlcrohabit area of 100 m2 had any Influence on the dtspervon of different ontogenc stages, by constderlng mrrelatlons between I i iM mtenslty and abundances of seedlings and sapltngs for recruitment, between light Intensity and abundances of juveniles and adults for establishment To check d dtspenon was concentrated around the nearest femak plant, conelatons between other ontogentc stages and femak Phoenix pus#& was also studled by the Mantel test (Hwd, 2004; Kreb. 1989) For the Mantel test. Dlstanoe matmes were cakulated u s q the Bray-Curtis index for abundances d male and female adults, juven~ks, saplings, seedllngs as well as lght lntenstty measurements The abundances of plants were ranked as' 0- nll, 1- one to five. 2- SIX toten, 3. 11 to 15,4-16 to 30. 5 -31 to €4 plants In case of light Intensq, k* meter readmgs In the range of 20.000 were mulbpl! by a factor of 10 and In the range of 2,00,O00 were munipled by 100 The average lux value for each subplot was considered The readings were then ranked as 0 for l to 1.000. 2 for 1W1 to 10,000. 3- 10.001 to 20,000. .. then at every 10,000 intend to 10-80.001 to 90,000 IUX
The Influence of hght on plant size and reproductwe activity was cons&& only for the
purlla, and &age I r g h ~ n t m ~ t v X each of Hnr bur s k s of hal(hecta10.
I~~antatod~avanna( 'yZzt I ight (lux) 111849 00113140.60( 3644.80 b8415.
ot. pop. 1 241 1 148 1 10 1 74 A hmeb=A&m**:Amnb=AdMmab.
adults -mak and- female, by regresing hgM mtenstty on plant sue (number of llve leaves) and reproductwe act* (number of mnflomcwm) respwwely for boVI saxe$. The hear regression of number d InRoresceMz on planl sue was used lo ctwk f a correlalm d any, between vegetative a r m and rewoductbe actmh, an this d i i bm. FtauAla ~ b w , s 8 u I u n ? a M i ~ K n
~rsnds in poputa(ion m four hab#ats. show h i t densiiy in the p$ntatm (W241), folkwed by savanna (N=148), open ma (N.74) and the least m PuthupcW forest (N=10). Puthupet
3 lnd~an Journal of Saence and Tech* nwllwww mdlst org Vd 1 No 3 (Aug 2008)
Increased up to juvenile Fig. 7 Population strumre of Phoenixpusilia m the four habitats stage in all the habitats
except the open area In the 200 , plantat~on, clumping was
180 4 maxrmum for juveniles, with
I\\ the panern becoming equally
160 , I \
sparse In female and male
140 -( I \ palms In savanna, females
' 1 were less clumped than
120 i I \ juveniles but male palms
I agaln. were very densely loo packed In open area, the
clumptng decreased up to adult stage, except for
60 I fernak palms. which showed a greater degree of clumping Palms In forest showed Increased clumpng from seedltng to saphng
I stage whlch showed a S e e d y \.* Jwemk M.* .dult kern* sdun maxbmum Monstta's Index
value of 1 00 repeated In bf-lyc. - - rl"t.um - - juven~les
\.ly.. -0p. .re. -runam btll Mantel test to study the forest had the kast (zero) adults, the highest number of adults belng In the open area (Table 1)
The population of the savanna and pbntat~on showed a debyed reverse J curve, wth a maxlmum found In the ontogenlc stage of sapllngs (Fig 1) The populatmn structure In the open area showed a gradual decrease ln the number of the palms but the density of adult female rose agaln There was no appreclsble change In the denslly of the palms In PuMupet forest, though the saplings were the most numerous ontogenlc stage The sex ratlo (male female) was skewed towards males In the case of savanna (1 33 1) (8.6 ~ndw~duals) and piantat~on (1 28 l ) i (9 7 lndlvlduals) and towards females In open area (1 3) i (7 21 lnd~dualS).The sex ratm was only significantly dmerent (x2 = 7 197. P 0 0073) from 1 1 in case of the open area (Table 2)
lndtviduals of all ontogenic stages of Rhxnix pustlla were clumped in the four habltats (Table 3) at subplot area of 1 W The degree of clumping
effect of female palms on the dipenton, showed no slgnrilcant correlatmn In abundance of seedlings and sapltngs to abundance of adult female pahs (Table 4), but adult females were correlated with juveniles (FO 132, P O 025) and more so with males abundances (-0 226. P O 005) Micmhabitat influence
The Mantel test for the influence of mlcrohabrtat heterogenetty of lght showed that there was a negative mrrelatlon. though not slgnlficant between lght tntenslly and Me ln ls l ltfe stages of seedlmngs, saplings and juveniles (Table 4) Male adult palms showed positlve but non- slgnlficant mrre lam for light The abundance of female adults was slgnficantly correlated with Itght. mdtcatlng their preference for micmhabiits wtth h~gh lght intensity ( rO 133, P O 025) Vegetat~ve gmwth and W r m W e m'v&
Vegetatwe growth, measured by mean number of leaves, of adult Phoenx pusilla was more open area than in the other two habitats (Table 5), rewodw3ve activii. measured bv number of
T a M Z ~ ~ ~ & j n ~ @ m ~ b y ~nkrescenoe, being similar in all 'habitats The linear regresscon llne of light on vegetative growth showed a positive but non-significant relationship for male pahns (y=O aOOlx + 16 078; R=O 1315) and female palms (p9E-05x + 17.295: R=0 89659) There was no significant effect of light on inRoresance productton as shorm by lhe regression (y=-lE-L%+2 6877; R 4.0008) for famale palms a male pahs (y= -2E-x +2.4544; R =0.002). There was a signirwnt eoneblkn of
NS= M)/VSS nolw, -= wmnt at plant size on infkueurrnce p r o d e n for male e o . 0 1
lndM Journal of Saeme and Technology http lhmrw ~ndpl org Vd 1 No 3 (Aug 2008) palms (Fig 2). (y=O 0871x+ 0.8229, R =0.4072 wtth maks more abundant where condlbons are F15.11334, P;0.000793), though n d for the kss favwrable (Meagher. 1981, Ramadan e r a / , femakadults(y=O.0539~+1.5843. R=O0657) 1994) as was found here ~n the savanna and
rat& J Sfanderdma MOMIM~ Index 8t- sue plantawn The reasons mentlonea tn literature for IOOm2foraUMe onmgen~c srspas o fPhoenl~m~@ the mak blased sex rato are true aenebc sex raho
no1 a~~Ilc8b/e, n the foresf due to a b s m ofadufis Abbnwahons lo/low Tabk 1
Dincussion The results of Mantel lasts revealed that In
~ n ~ t ~ a l stages -seedltngs, sapllngs and juvendes- Phoen~x pus~lla preferred (though not s~gnikantly) low l~ght lntenslty or shade That, male palms, showed posltlve though non-sgnfint preference for I~ght, and female palms a slgn~ficant conelatmn wflh I~ght, s~gnrfies that female adults developed In mlcrosnes wth hlgh llght cntenslty, lndlcabng at kast a parllal ntche d~fferent~at~on between sexes Clearly female plants have h~gh l~ght needs for flowermg, and development and npenlng of fru~ts (Meagher, 1981. Clark 8 Clark. 1987) Table 4. ManteI cofrelalions, of dnrt8nce mahx of each onlogenic stage of Phoenix pusiYla mH, aduh
panlal shady envlronmenls of me plantahon (mean lux = 11849 i 8924 63 S D 1 and savanna (mean
P
A female r
P
lux=13140.60 t 13032.81 S D ) respectively, adults were totally absent In the canopyclosed under- stcry of tropkal dry evergreen forest (mean lux = 3644.83 i 2798 01 S D ) The high female. male sex ratio fwnd in lhe open area is typical of femak adults exploiting favourable rites (Onyekvalu 8 Harper, 1979, Clark 8 Ckrk, 1987),
(Barbw 8 Welns, 1979), d~ffereiicas caused m flowering or SuNlval (Meagher, 1981) or microsite preferences (Meagher. 1980) Meagher (1 980) found dtfferences m the spatial dlstribuhon of Chamaelinurn luteurn along envlronrnental gradlenls and suggested that tt IS a byproduct of semi dmorphlsm due to varylng physiological demands Thls brlngs about dtferences In the emlogleal tolerances In the sexes on the scale of
' . '. Sgnific~nt at PcO 05and P<O W S l a r p ~ 1 ~ ~ l y Other 8bbrevrebons M o w Table 1
Thls pan~al n~che d~fferentiat~on expla~ns the observed sex-ratlo, wlth the hlghest numbers of female Phoenixpusilla In open area with hlgh llght Intensity (mean.38415 34 lux i 15645 07 S D ) and female baised sex ratm (male femak) of 1 3, compared to the male skewed sex ratm (mak female) of 1 28 1 and 1 33 1 in the moderate and
0025
mlcr<es The dflerent preference for I~ght and the varylng dfsperslon of abundance of adults seen In Phoenixpusilla suppons th~s theory
There were more of younger ontogenlc stages In plantation and savanna, whose semi-shady environment provlded a heterogeneous mcrohabttat favonng the establtshment of seedlings and sapllngs than open area The open area wlth hgh lght Intensity and heavy grazlng resulted ln few seedhngs survlvlng to the sapllng stage but had more adults Man savanna and plantatmn, due to the hlgher llght tntmslty that adults need for thew growth and fecund$ (Table 1) Thls populahon stNC1ure (Flg. 1) of delayed reverse J structure In Phoenix pusiI!a In all h a m e except the open area. Indi t ing hlghest mortahty In the youngest classes, a n d Me den* dlstrlbuton of the classes, IS In agreement wkh that observed In other tropical palms (Van Valen. 1975: Pmard, 1993, Silva Matos et a!. 1999; Souza 8 Martin, 2002)
The Mantel test results which show abundances of seedllngs and sapllngs are not correlated w#h the female adult abundances. ~nchcate survival of seedlmgs away from the m a r palm Thls agrees wnh dlspersmn !n the Brazil~an acaulescent palm Amh humllnr (Swza 8 Maan, 2002), and Eumrpe eduls (Silva Matos 8 Watklnson. 1998), but not Inam defiadae, In whtch, Svenning 8 Balskv (1999) found their Mantel test showed a strong corralahon beween seedllngs and adults
The htghest p e d s of mortality resulting in a sharp decrease in tha number of young81 lndlvlduals m the Phoenirpuulla, when considered In conjunction with the increasingly dumped dispersm seen from seedlHlgs to pveniles In the savanna, plantation, and Puthupet fwest shaws that p a h am -concentrated In favouraMe mwchabitats indicating density - independent mortatiry. The favwrabil~I~ of micro-habitats could be due to light, and availability of water and nutrients Mtcrohabitat heterogeneity could explain
0916
0.226" 0005
0627
0 132' 0025
0421
0 0187 0.219
0618
0 033 - 0219
5 lndlsn Jowna of Saence and Technology n~ l l w IMP cq ~d .1 NO 3 (tuq 2008) the correlation of juveniles and adult males to aggregation mth other plant species In a females. Compelion among adults produces less surrwndtng matrtx of bare area. Consequently, degree of clumping in the savanna and plantatton areas of shade are local~zed, favoring clumped Dispersion m other palms, with eggregaton of later seedbng establishment In thew aggregates, stages- pveniles- In favourable habltats (Siba Phoentx pus,tlla showed decreasing denshes M a m & Watkinson. 1998. Bacot et al.1999) and through the ontogene stages as weH as less more diffuse clumps In the adub (Souza 8 Mawn, clumping lndicatlng that denslty dependent forms 2002) 1s ~n agreement with our observabon In all are also acting here Female palms an, the habltats sgnificantly clumped agaln due to hgher densALes.
Table Mean andstandarddevtatm ofplant stze As light IS not a llmlbng factor in this (number of leaves) and tWprUdudiv0 adIWW ( n u of habitat, factors llke better nutrient
tnflorescencasl of alladult femk, and male Phoenfxpustla avallablllty tn aggregatrons (Barot et found tn Fhe three habitats a/,1999) may be respons~ble for the
dumplng L~ght IS an Important factor for plant
sue Increase In plants (Chazdon, 1992), but the plant slze (number of llve leaves) and reproductive actwlty (number of Inflorescence) of adult male and female Phoentx pusilla was not influenced by ltght There was sgnnicant correlaton between plant sue and inflorescence production In case of male but not female palms (Fg 2)
Since the ten lndlvlduals of Phoentx pusilla Cbrk and Cbrk (1987) found a slmtlar
occurred only at the edge, and there are no adults cOrre'aton Of reproduct've a*W and plant 'Ize
In the tropical dry evergreen forest, we hypothesue but In both sexes Of *Innen It can be seen
that Phoenlx pustlla occurs due to mass effect In (Table '), that In female palms the number Of
this particular habitat and is for leaves Increased from plantation to =vanna to recruitment of new ~ndiv~duals from the Open area, but reprodu*ve a*W1 number Of
neghbourlng matrlx (Shmlda & Wilson, 1985. lnflOrescences per pahn decreased frcfn
Svenning. 1999) Svennlng (2002) found that In lo Open area In Ihe Inale pa'ms, plant
even shade-tolerant understwy palms, llke 'IZe and reproductive Increased
Geonoma macms,achys, low plantation to savanna to open area, r*ting the
mcrosites could result ~n populat~on level Of plant size and lnflorescerce
consequences severe enough to lead to local n u m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ 1 3 of female extlnctlon In the open area, indlcabng preference to palms to bht, explained with Our data
favourable sltes. Phoenix pusills IS usually seen In by Influence Of lght edher On Or
fig 2 Influence of vegetabvegmwfh on reproduc(fve The Impoctance Of light
, , acltviW tn adull female and male Phoenixpustlla z z dlspersmn of the adults Sinca the open area has the highest adult population, the brgesl plant sue of the adub as a measure of favourah habRat (Ramadan el a / . 1994). as well the presence of the hghest female-ba~sed sex ram which usually happens when the amdtions are favorab!e (Meagher. 1980). we hypothesize that open areas are the most suitable of me four habitats s tud i i for
.A A.U. A Y m o m x pus*, However, further stu&es on pHination and truiting are neca!mry to mnclude In which habitat Phoenx prsJle
0 I0 .20 30 40 IS most productive.
Y&rolkavn p r p h
bbk rb"l.*Il!4 . &M,plll. -Umr lWr*a( r~ l lh ) - - Uru(Fclr* ~ l r ~ I 1 l ~ t . . . . . . -. . . . .
i s r r a & : ~ - v a d r W c g y ~ r P h o a r i x p r s s ~ byvijayWmM&-y IQbk-'Eduo*bn
lndlao Journd of Sasnu, and Tachnology
Concbulons Populatlon structure of the endemr Phoenu
pusrlb was varlabk with ,the savanna and plantalons dlsplaytng a delayed J curve, and the forest and open areas displayng a gradual decrease In number from ywngest to older stages The intensity of clumplng lnueased mth decreastng numbers in each wcceed~ng ontogenr stage sugeestlng that the merohabttat IS
heteroganeous and that the palm manages to sutvwe only m favwarbk sltes. A preference to mlcrosltes W h higher light mtenslty by the female palms as compared to male palms shows a partlal sex nlche dffferenltatmn between the sexes There was no Influence of llght on elther plant sue or Inflorescence Heterogeneity at mlcrohabltat level ~nfluences dlspers~on and population structure, but light intensity alone IS not adequate to explaln the observed differences between the populations AdvldedOemenb
We are Indebted to Dr Devf Prasad for h~s help at varmus luncture In stabslrs 1 would llke to thank Mr Saravanan. Aurovllle for Dermaslon to work on the open area In Aranya. I have also beneffied f r m d~scuss~ons wtth Ms Anushree Battacharpe and Ms Geeta Nayak ROfsrencerr 1 Alvarez-Buylla ER (1994) Density dependence
and patch dynamlcs In troplcal ramforests. Matrlx models and applmtlons to a tree Am Nat143, 155-191
2 B a r h BA and Welns D (1979) Translocabon heterozygos~ty and sex ram In Vecum fischen HcKed1v37.2740.
3 Barot S. Glgnoux J and Menaut. J-C (1999) Demography of a savanna palm tree predmlons from mprehenslve spat~al pattern analysts Ecdogy80, 1987-2005
4 Basu SK and Chakravely RK (1994) A manual of c&vated pa lm fn lndm* Botantcal Survey d lnd~a. Cakutla.
5 Bcfchsenus F. Pedersen HB and Balslev H (1998) h4anual lo Palms of Ecuador AAU Repons 37. Aarhus University Press. Denmark.
6 Champcon HG and Seth SK (1968) A Rev~sed s u ~ y of the Forest Types of lndm. Govl of India P~ess. New Delhl.
7 Chazdon RL ( lQ86) Light variabon and carbon gain in rai&est &?&tov palms J. Eml 74, 995-1012.
8 Chazdon RL (1992) Patterns of growM and repcoduc(ion of W;laKwrw, amgasta, a clu8ted u n d e m palm. Bbtwka 24, 43- 51.
9. Clerk DA and Clwk'DB (1987) Temporal and m v m n t a l patterns of reproduaion In
6
hnp l l w 1ndgt.org Vd.1 No 3 (Aug 2008) Zam~a sklnnen' a troplcal rmnforest cycad J Eco175, 135-149
10 Clark DA, Clark DB. Sandoval M. Castro C and MV (1995) Edaohr and human eftects on landscape-scale datnbutms of troplcal palms. Ecology 76.2581-2594
11 Clark DB. Clark DA and Read JM (1998) Edaphc varlabon and the mesoscale dtstnbutmn of tree species on a neotmpml ralnforest J Ecol 86, 101-1 12
12 Cox PA (1981) Niche partttlonmg between 'iexes of dloeclws plant. Am Nat 117, 295- 307
13 Denslow JS (1987) Tr0~ l~a l ralnforest aaos and tree spedes d;vers~$ Annu Rev kcbl Syst 18,431-451
14 Freeman CD and Vltale JJ (1985) The Influence of environment on the sex ratlo and filters of splnach Sot Gaz 146. 137-142
15 Freeman DC. Harper KT, and Charvov EL (1980) Sex change In plants old and new observations and new hypothesis OecuIog~ 47. 222-232
16 Gamble JS and Flscher CEC (1915-1935) Flora of the Prssdency of Madras Vols 1-3, Adlard and Son Ltd. London
17 Gentry AH (1988) Changes In plant community dlverslty and flortsbc composition on environmental and geographical gradents. Ann M~ssoun BcZ Gam'75.1-34
18 Hood GM (2061) PopTwls vetston 2 6.2 hnp l l w cse csiro au/poptwls
19 Huribert SH (1984) Pseudorepllcatlon and the desgn of ecological field experiments. Ecol Moncgr 54, 187-21 1
20 Kahn F and De Castro A (1985) The palm wmmunlty In a forest of Central AmazonIan Brazll Biotropca 17. 210-216
21 Krebs CJ (1989) E c o l o g ~ ~ ~ l M e f h e y Harper and Row Pubbhers. New York
22 Mabberley DJ (20M)) The Plan-, 2* edn Cambridge Unlversfty Press. Cambridge
23 Man1 S and Parthasamthy N (2006) Tree dlverslty and stand structure In ~nland and coastal troplcal dry evergreen forests of peninsular lndla. Cum Sd 90. 1238-1246
24 Meagher TH (1980) Populatlon bmbgy of Chameelinurn Bteurn,a dmeuous Illy. I. Spatial dlstrlbutlons d maks and females Evoluhbn 34. 1127-1137
25 Meagher TR (1981) Popubtmn twology of Chameknurn lumm, a dmeclous lily II Mechanisms governing sex ratlos Evolubbn 3, 557-567.
26. Mentts MT (1988) H y p ~ t h e I ' i u c t l v e approaches ~n ecology Fu-I Eadogy 2 , 5 1 4
indlan .bum@ of Sfme and Techmy
27 Nalr NC and Henry AN (1983) Flora of Tamil Nadu, Inda Senes 7. Analys~s (3 voIums), Botanical Survey of Indla, Cambatore
28 Onyekwelu S and Harper JL (1979) Sex rabo and nlche different~at~on In splnach (Spinatla oleracea L ) Nature 282. 609-61 1
29 Oyama K (1990) Varlat~on ~n growth and reproduction In the neotroplcal d~oec~ous palm Chamaedorea tepej~bte J Eco/78,648-663
30 Parthasarathy N and Seth1 P (1997) Trees and llana specles dlverstty and populatmn structure In a troplcal dry evergreen forest In south lndla Tmp Em1 38. 19-30
31 Peres CA (1994) Composlt~on, denstty, and fru~tlng phenology of arborescent palms In an AmazonIan terra firme forest B~otmp~ca 26, 285-294
32 Plnard M (1993) Impacts of stem harvesting on populatmns of lriartea dekodea (Palmae) In an extracttve reserve In Acre, Brazll Biotmp~w 25, 2-14
7
hnp Nwwv.indpt.wg Vol 1 No 3 (Aug 2038) communtty in AmazonIan Ecuador J. E w l 87. 55- 65
42 Svennlng JC (2002) Crwn illumination ltmlts the populatmn growVl rate of a neotropical understwy pahn (Geonoma macrasachys. Arecaceae) Plant Em1 159, 185 195.
43 Svennlng J-C and Balslev H (1999) M~crohabttatdependent recruitment of lriarea delto~dse (Arecaceae) In Amazon~an Ecuador Ecotmpic~ 5.69-74
44-Van Valen L (1975) Llfe, death and energy of a tree B~otmp~w 7,260-269
45 Zar JH (1964) Bmslat~st~wl Analys~s, 2nd edltmn Prenthze Hail, New Jersey
33 Ramadan M, Keblawy AE, Shaltout KH and Lovetl-Doust J (1994) Sexual dlmorphlsm. growth and reproductive effort In Egypban Thymelam h~rrula (Thymelaceae) Am J Bot 81.847-857
34 Reddy MS and Parthasarathy N (2003) Llana d~verstty and dlstrtbutlon In four trophzal dry evergreen forests on the Coromandel coast of south Indla B m d m Consew 12. 1609- 1627
35 Savaae AJ and Ashlon PS 119831 The popuiaton struclure of the double k o & t and swne other Scyclmlles palms BIO~UPIW 5 15- 76 -"
36 Shm~da A and Wllson MV (1985) Blologlcal determinants of specms dlvers~ly J Bmgeogr 12, 1-20
37 Sllva Matos DM and Watklnson AR (1998) The fecundity, seed, and seedling ecology of the edible palm Euterpe eduhs In Southeastem Brazil. Biolq?h30.595-603
38 Silva Matos DM. Freckleton and Watklnson AR (1999) The role of density dependence In the populatmn dynamln of a tropml palm. Em/ogy80.29352650
39 Silvertown J (1987) Possible sexual dimwphlsm in the double coconut Re~nterpretation of Ute data of Savage and Ashton Biotrcpm 19, 282-283.
40 Souza AF and Marttns FR (2002) Spatml distribution of an underprowlti palm In frwments of the Brazilian Altantic forest Plenl E d 164, 141-155.
41. Svenning J-C . (1999) Microhabit rqmcialitation in a species-ri palm
