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Rice fallows- An opportunity for horizontal expansion of pulses
Masood Ali, SS Singh Ashutosh Sarker and S K Agrawal
ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses ResearchKanpur
International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
• Introduction
• Distribution of rice fallows
• Bio-physical and production constraints
• Research & developmental efforts
• Technologies in shelf
• Recommendations
Outlines
• Low-land, mono-cropped rice under rainfed eco-system
• Remain fallow during winter due to inadequate moisture /excessive moisture in surface soil at planting time of winter crops
Assam
Jharkhand
Chattisga
rh
Eastern Regions
Central Region
Costal Peninsula
Rice fallows in India (11.65 million ha)
Eastern Region : 5.7 m haHot dry sub-humid, cool winter, poor drainage, deep Alluvial , mod. calcareous (1200-1700 mm rainfall)
Central Region : 4.4 m haDry/moist sub-humid, silty clay-clay, 1200-1600 mm rainfall, cool winter
Coastal region: 0.48 m haDry sub-humid, mild winter, bi-modal rains (1000-1200 mm), soils mod. alkaline
Bio-physical and production constraints in Rice Fallows
A. Bio-physical•Rainfed ecology
•High run-off and low moisture storage
•Water stagnation/excessive moisture in coastal
region and low residual moisture in central region
•Hard soils after puddle rice, develops cracks
•Low organic matter content
•Terminal drought & heat stresses
B. Production constraints•Narrow window for planting
•Lack of short duration and high yielding varieties
•Poor plant stand (poor soil-seed contact in relay sowing)
•No use of fertilizers/chemicals
•Severe weed infestation including parasitic weeds
•High incidence of diseases: powdery mildew- urdbean
and mungbean, rust- lentil, wilt complex - chickpea
•Moisture stress and terminal drought
C. Socio-economic constraints•Resource-poor farmers
•Lack of credit and market infrastructure
•Non-availability of critical inputs
•Scarcity of human labours after rice harvest
(migration to urban areas)
•Lack of mechanization/ draft power
•Stray cattle
Poor plant population in relay sowing
Stray animals and un-controlled grazing-a social problem
Blue Bull menace
Planting system in rice fallows
Rice-lentil
Rice-Grasspea
Rice-Urdbean/Mungbean
Major rice-pulse relay cropping
International
• ICRISAT: Enhancing chickpea production in rainfed rice fallow land
of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, 2008
• ICARDA: Expanding lentil production in Eastern and North-eastern
states under rice based production system in India, 2010
• ICARDA: Enhancing grasspea production in Eastern and North-
eastern states under rice based production system in India, 2010
• OFID-ICARDA: Enhancing pulse production through intensification of
rice fallows with pulse as a second crop, 2013, Nepal, Bangladesh
R & D Efforts
Lentil grown in Rice-fallow
Kamrup Manipur
Improved v/s local varieties of grasspea across project
sites (2013-14 and 2014-15)
Nirmal Ratan Prateek Mahateora0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
955.134
1356.25
1193.5
437.5
707.8
1033
835.5
201
44.61 32.8592.5 118.25
Demonstration yield (Kg/ha) Farmers’ practice (Kg/ha) % increase
Yield advantage in lentil over farmers’ practice across project sites (2013-14 and 2014-15)
Moitree KLS-218 IPL-406 HUL-57 PL-6 PL-8 PL-70
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1354
1032.5
11231161.6
996
1135.165 1109
678 706.5746 753.3 729 713.5
769
60.86 47.39 52.13 54.05 35.3759.96 44.2
Demonstration yield (Kg/ha) Farmers’ practice (Kg/ha) % increase
Glimpses of capacity development
No. of capacity development Male Female Total
211 7105 1699 8804
National:• All India Coordinated Pulse Improvement Project, 1967
• AICRP on Mungbean, Urdbean, Lentil, Lathyrus, Rajmash
(French bean) and Peas, 1995
• Mitigating abiotic stresses and enhancing resource-use
efficiency in pulses in rice fallows , 2010
• National Food Security Mission, 2007
• Brainstorming meeting on rice fallows, 2013
• Strategy workshop on pulses-April 2016
Research & Developmental Efforts
CONVENER Masood Ali
Co- CONVENERS Sajeev Gupta
A Sarker
Technologies in shelf
Short duration and disease resistant varieties
Green manuring and application of FYM in rice crop
Zero-till drill
Enhanced seed rate under relay cropping
Seed priming
Seed treatment (Rhizobium and fungicides)
Management of rice stubbles
Contd….
Spray post- emergence herbicides
Seed coating with micronutrients
Foliar spray of 2% urea/DAP
Adoption of suitable IPM module Water harvesting (farm ponds, community
reservoirs) and recycling (sprinkler)
Potential pulse crops identified for rice-fallows in different states of India
Pulse crops States
Lentil Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
Grass pea Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal
Chickpea Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand
Mungbean Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
Urdbean Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Odisha
Rice ratoon extracts 20-25 % of soil moisture over non-ratoon
Ratoon rice
Spray Quizolofop- N- ethyl (post-emergence) herbicide
Interventions to avoid regeneration
Low ratooning rice line (IET 4786)
Characteristics of crop varieties
• Early seedling vigor• Early maturity • Small seed size• Resistant/tolerant to key diseases • Drought and heat tolerance• Amenable to mechanical harvesting
Improved Varieties
Lentil: HUL 57, moitree, NDL 1,
Pant L 8, Pant L 6, IPL 81, KLS 218
Urdbean: LBG 17, LBG 402, LBG 623, KU 301, TU 94-2
Chickpea: BG 372, PG 186, JG 315, JG 16, JG 14
Mungbean: LGG 450, Pusa 9072, Pairymung, TM 96-2. TARM 1
Grasspea: Ratan, Prateek, Mahateora
Soaking seeds in water for 6-8 hrs and sowing of primed seed at 8-10 days before harvest of rice
Improves germination, growth, plant stand and yield
Seed Priming- a simple and effective practice in relay cropping
Further refinement
•Soaking seeds in KH2PO4 solution
•Sowing methods for primed seed under minimum tillage
•Optimum seed rate
Further refinement
• Formulation with micronutrients, growth hormones and PGPR
•Seed pellets with nutrients
Foliar Nutrition- a low cost effective intervention
Effective in both under relay cropping or zero tillage system
• Spray of 2% urea/ DAP @ pre-flowering stage
Quizalofop @ 100g/ha for rice stubble management
Use of herbicides- an important intervention
Imazethapyr @ 50g/ha at 2-4 leaf stage for seasonal weeds
20 cm rice stubble Residue removal Mulching
Planting lentil after harvest of rice crop
0-5 cm 5-10 cm 10-15 cm
Moisture extraction pattern under stubble management in lentil
Significant yield gain due to life saving irrigation with minimal amount of water (2.0 cm) under
severe moisture stress in rice fallow pulses
Water harvesting and life saving irrigation
Life saving irrigation through sprinkler system
Mechanization
(A)Opening furrow, placing fertilizer, seeds and covering of seeds (B) Manual furrow opener (C) Manually operated IIPR No- Till Drill (D) Tractor Operated Happy Seeder
Drainage channel 30 x 30 cm around the field
Avoid water stagnation in Rice fallows ( provision for Proper drainage)
Recommendations
• Disaggregated mapping of rice fallows• Consolidation of R & D activities• Pilot projects• System approach• Development of short duration, high yielding and
disease resistant varieties having tolerance to terminal drought and heat stress
• Scaling-up crop management practices• Rural credit and market
I. R & D Issues
Public awareness Creation of community water reservoirs Solar energy operated shallow tube wells Creation of seed hubs Mechanization of field operation Rural credit Road and marketing infrastructure Legislation for containing menace of blue bulls
II. Policy issues
Pulses in Rice fallows……. ……..brings
Prosperity & Sustainability
Assessing optimum soil moisture for relay sowing
Reasons for fallows
Rainfed/ Lack of irrigation
Highly variable and inadequate monsoonal rains; very
low probability of winter rains
Low soil moisture in surface layer after harvest of rice
Water stagnation/excessive moisture in
November/December
Soil compaction and cracks in Vertisols
Cultivation of long duration rice varieties
Lack of appropriate varieties of winter
crops for late planting
Lack of public awareness, R & D efforts
and policy support
Stray cattle
Cont.….
Rice fallows in IndiaState Kharif-rice
area ('000 ha)Rabi-fallow
('000 ha)Rice-fallow area as
% of kharif rice area% of total rabi-
fallow area
Andhra Pradesh 2657 305 11.5 2.6
Assam 2234 539 24.1 4.6
Bihar 5974 2196 36.8 18.9
Karnataka 984 182 18.5 1.6
Madhya Pradesh 5596 4382 78.3 37.6
Maharashtra 1762 629 35.7 5.4
Orissa 3879 1219 31.4 10.5
Uttar Pradesh 6255 353 5.6 3.0
West Bengal 4617 1719 37.2 14.8
Others 2378 128 5.4 0.4Total 40,184 11,652 29.0 100.0
Selection of appropriate variety of rice and pulses
Timely sowing under relay cropping
Mulching / complete soil cover